''Al-Ahram'' (; ), founded on 5 August 1876, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second-oldest after '' Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya'' (''The Egyptian Events'', founded 1828). It is majority owned by the Egyptian government, and is considered a

newspaper of record A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large newspaper circulation, circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and i ...

for Egypt. Given the many

varieties of Arabic Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernaculars) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively. Arabic is a Semitic languages, Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic family that originated in the Arabian P ...

language, ''Al-Ahram'' is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described ''Al-Ahram'' as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, "What ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...

'' is to Englishmen and ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'' to Americans";Middle East Institute, 1950, p. 155. however, it has often been accused of heavy influence and

censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...

by the Egyptian government. In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the

Arab world The Arab world ( '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in West Asia and North Africa. While the majority of people in ...

and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English and French.

History

''Al-Ahram'' was founded in

Alexandria Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...

in 1876 by two Lebanese Melkite Christian brothers, and

Saleem Takla Saleem Takla (, also spelled Selim Taqla; 1849 – August 8, 1892) was a Lebanese-Ottoman journalist who founded of ''Al-Ahram'' newspaper with his brother Beshara Takla. Early life and education Saleem Takla was born in Kfarshima, Lebanon in 184 ...

. It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876. The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881. Its headquarters was in

until November 1899 when it was moved to

Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...

. Initially the Cairo and Alexandria editions remained separate but later there became only one out of the new headquarters.Kendall, Elisabeth. "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). ''Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean''.

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...

, 2002. . Start: p
330
CITED: p
338339
The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

. The religious innovators Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a Lebanese journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901. In the early 1920s Muhib Al Din Al Khatib, a Syrian journalist, served as the editor of the paper.

Under Heikal

President

Gamal Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and revolutionary who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 a ...

made his friend Mohamed Hassanein Heikal editor-in-chief of ''al-Ahram'' in 1957, and the paper gained semi-official status. On 24 May 1960, it was nationalized when Nasser passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers. Under Nasser, ''al-Ahram'' became an internationally respected paper. It moved to a new headquarters in

Bulaq Boulaq ( from "guard, customs post"), is a district of Cairo, in Egypt. It neighbours Downtown Cairo, Azbakeya, and the River Nile. History The westward shift of the Nile, especially between 1050 and 1350, made land available on its eastern si ...

in the 1960s. Heikal was known for high standard of production quality and contacted Linotype in 1965 seeking to acquire state-of-the-art Elektron linecastes. The circulation of the paper was between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in 1937 whereas it was 90,000 copies in 1947. In 1976 the paper had a circulation of 520,000 copies, making it the second-most read daily in Egypt after '' Al Akhbar''. ''Al Ahrams circulation in 2000 was 1.2 million copies.

Profile and editions

''Al-Ahram'' daily is the flagship of what is now the Al-Ahram publishing house, the largest in Egypt.Islam, 2002
p. 277
''Al-Ahrams headquarters is in Boulaq, Cairo. Its content was controlled by the Egyptian Ministry of Information. The pan-Arab Arabic-language edition of the paper, called ''Al Ahram Al Arabiya'', is destined for readers in the Arab World and the Egyptian expatriates in Arab countries. It is published daily in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE and distributed in Egypt and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Arabic weekly, '' Al Ahram Al Arabi'', which was launched in 1997 is another publication of the publishing house. An international Arabic-language edition called ''Al Ahram al Duwali'' has been published daily in London since 1984. It is printed in both London and Paris and is distributed throughout Europe, USA, Canada and Egypt. Two foreign-language weekly versions are also produced: the English '' Al-Ahram Weekly'' (founded in 1991) and the French '' Al-Ahram Hebdo''. ''Al-Ahram'' produces a continually updated news website in the English language at english.ahram.org.e.g., called ''Ahram Online''. It also has an Arabic news website which was the 20th mostly visited website for 2010 in the MENA region. It was named as the most popular news portal in

the Arab world The Arab world ( '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in West Asia and North Africa. While the majority of people in ...

in the period from 31 August 2011 to 31 August 2012 by ''

Forbes ''Forbes'' () is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917. It has been owned by the Hong Kong–based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes. The co ...

Middle East''.

Ownership and government influence

''Al-Ahram'' is owned by the Al-Ahram Foundation which is managed by the Egyptian government's "Supreme Council of Press". ''Al-Ahram'' is one of the largest circulating newspapers in the world. Long-term editor of the daily Mohammad Hassanein Haykal was the confidant of Nasser and also, the semi-official voice of the Egyptian government when he was in office. The Egyptian government owns a controlling share of the stocks of the paper and appoints the editors. As appointees of the state, little censorship is exercised over them; it is understood that they are loyal to the state. Under President

Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 and the 41st Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister from 1981 to ...

, ''Al-Ahram'' largely ignored, and trivialised the opposition parties to Mubarak's ruling National Democratic Party, and did not publish much direct criticism of the government. The Anti-Defamation League, in a review of Arab newspapers in 2005, stated that ''Al-Ahram'' "is given substantial leeway" by the government so long as they avoid "certain 'taboos'."

Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders (RWB; ; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organisation, non-governmental organization headquartered in Paris, which focuses on safeguarding the right to freedom of information. It describes its a ...

, in their 2005 report on press freedom in Egypt, reported that editorials in many newspapers, including ''Al-Ahram'', had become increasingly critical of the National Democratic Party's control of the government, and the corruption of the Mubarak regime.Egypt – 2005 annual report
,

, January 2005 In an interview with Reporters Without Borders, Abdel Halim Qandil, editor of the weekly magazine ''Al-Arabi'', said that the government interfered with independent operation of ''Al-Ahram'' by controlling the printing presses and appointing the editors. ''Al-Ahram'' generated controversy in September 2010 when an Egyptian blogger, Wael Khalil, revealed that the newspaper had altered a photo of Middle East leaders walking with United States president

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...

so that instead of Obama leading the group, Egyptian president Mubarak was placed in the front when he was actually walking in the rearmost position. Osama Saraya, ''Al-Ahram's'' editor-in-chief, defended the altered photo, stating that it was meant to underscore Egypt's leading role in the peace process: "The expressionist photo is... a brief, live and true expression of the prominent stance of President Mubarak in the Palestinian issue, his unique role in leading it before Washington or any other."

Notable writers and editors

Mohamed Hassanein Heikal was the long-term

editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun ...

of ''Al Ahram''. He served in the post between August 1957 and 1974. Ali Amin served as editor-in-chief between 1974 and 1976. From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of ''Al Ahram''. He also served as the chairman of the daily until 2005. Nafie was replaced by Osama Saraya as editor-in-chief in July 2005. In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council. in May 2017 Alaa Thabet became the editor-in-chief of the paper. Notable writers include: * Fekry Abaza * Shahid Alam * Khalid Amayreh * Azmi Bishara * Hamid Dabashi * Sabah Hamamou * Mohamed Hassanein Heikal served as editor-in-chief * Taha Hussein * Yusuf Idris * Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature * Anis Mansour * Joseph Massad * Salama Moussa * Ihsan Abdel Quddous *

Edward Said Edward Wadie Said (1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American academic, literary critic, and political activist. As a professor of literature at Columbia University, he was among the founders of Postcolonialism, post-co ...

* Ahdaf Soueif

References

Bibliography

* Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980) pp 51–58 * * *

External links

*
Al-Ahram Digital

Community uploaded non-comprehensive archive of daily issues 1965 - 1998

Egyptian Press Archive of CEDEJ (Non-comprehensive archive of articles 1970 - 2009)

Edinburgh Middle East Report
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahram Al- 1876 establishments in Egypt Arabic-language newspapers Daily newspapers published in Egypt Mass media in Alexandria Newspapers established in 1876 Newspapers published in Cairo State media