Al-Hurr Al-Amili
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Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī al-Mashgharī (; 1033/1624 - 1104/1693), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmilī (), was a prominent
Akhbari Akhbarism () is a branch of Twelver Shia Islam, whose adherents do not perform imitation ( ''taqlid'') of an islamic jurist ( ''marja''). Akhbaris rejects the use of intercessory reasoning via trained Islamic jurists to derive verdicts in ...
Twelver Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the Islamic schools and branches, largest branch of Shia Islam, Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twel ...
Shia Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...
muhaddith A muhaddith () is a scholar specialized in the study, collection, and interpretation of hadiths, which are the recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. The role of a muhaddith is central to the science of hadith (ʻilm a ...
. He is best known for his comprehensive hadith compilation known as
Wasa'il al-Shia Wasa'il al-Shia (, ' lit. ''Means of Shiite'' or ''Shiite Rituals'') is a reputable book of hadith in Shia Islam, compiled in the 17th century by Al-Hurr al-Amili, Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili. Shaykh Al-Hurr wrote two editions of this book, Ahl al-Bay ...
(also known as Wasa’il ush-Shi’a) and as the second of the “Three Great Muhammads” in later Shi’a Islamic history.


Biography


Early life and education

He was born on Friday, 8th of Raj̲ab 1033AH/26 April 1624 CE in the village of Machghara in the ʿĀmil mountains of southern
Lebanon Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula, it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south ...
, a center of Shi’i Lebanese in the region, to Al-Hurr family descended from Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi al-Tamimi. His early education began with a family of teachers that included his father, his paternal uncle, his maternal grandfather (Shaykh ʿAbd Salām b. Muḥammad), and one of his father's maternal uncles (shaykh ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd; at Ḏj̲abʿ). He also studied under Ḥusayn b. Hasan b. Yunus Ẓahīr and Ḥasan b. Zayn al-Dīn ʿĀmili (d.1011/1602), who was the great-grandson of al-Shahid al-Thani, in al-Jaba, a nearby village. Ḥusayn Zahir was the first to give al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili
ijaza An ''ijazah'' (, "permission", "authorization", "license"; plural: ''ijazahs'' or ''ijazat'') is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority. It is particul ...
, a license to teach and transmit ahadeeth.


Later life and travels

Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili performed the
hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...
twice and went on
ziyarat ''Ziyara(h)'' ( ''ziyārah'', "visit") or ''ziyarat'' (, ''ziyārat'', "pilgrimage"; , "visit") is a form of pilgrimage to sites associated with the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his family members and descendants (including the Shī'ī Imāms), ...
, visiting of holy Shi’a shrines, in
Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...
. Other than these trips, he remained in the Jabal ʿĀmil for the first forty years of his life. He lived during the era of the
Safavid Empire The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...
, which at the time was pushing Imami Shi’ism upon the people of Iran. When Sunni ulama fled from the Safavid Empire, specifically the religious centers of Iran, the empire brought in many Shi’i scholars to replace them, a large amount coming from Jabal ʿĀmil. Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili was one of the many scholars that migrated to take religious leadership positions in Iran at the time, eventually journeying to
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
, Iran and settling there in 1073/1663 where he became
Shaykh al-Islam Sheikh ( , , , , ''shuyūkh'' ) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning " elder". It commonly designates a tribal chief or a Muslim scholar. Though this title generally refers to men, there are also a small number of ...
in the shrine of the 8th Imam,
Ali al-Ridha Ali al-Rida (, 1 January 766 – 6 June 818), also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the eighth imam in Twelver Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Musa al-Kazim. He is also part of th ...
. He settled after traveling first to
Isfahan Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
, Persia where he became acquainted with
Muhammad Baqir Majlisi Mohammad Baqer Majlesi ( – 29 March 1699; ), also known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was an influential Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shia scholar and thinker during the Safavid era. He has been described as "one of t ...
, the third of the Great Muḥammads (the first of the Three Great Muḥammads of later centuries is Muhammad Kashani, also known as Muhsin al-Fayz). The meeting between these two scholars left an impression on them both and they mutually granted each other ijāza to transmit hadiths. Majlisi also introduced al-ʿĀmili to Shah Sulayman of the Safavid Empire. Al-ʿĀmili died in Mashhad on the 21st of
Ramadhan Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ('' sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed to have been rev ...
1104 AH / 26 May 1693 CE and is buried there. He was succeeded by his brother Ahmad (d. 1120/1708-9) as shaykh al-Islam in Mashhad. Some have claimed that al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili actually died in
Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...
in 1079/1669, but there is no evidence in support of this. Al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili was not only known as a scholar, but also as a poet. He is credited with a diwān of approximately 20,000 verses, which includes several didactic poems (manẓumas), most of which constitute panegyrics to the Prophet
Muḥammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
and to his descendants. However, in two verses, he also expressed his inner struggle between his poetic and scholarly leanings: “My scholarship and my poetry fought one another, then were reconciled / poetry reluctantly surrendering to scholarship” (ʿelmi wa-šeʿri qatalā wa-ṣṭalaḥā / fa-ḵażaʿa al-šeʿro le-ʿelmi rāḡemā); “My scholarship objected to my being considered a poet / poetry, however, conceded that I be regarded as a scholar” (fa-l-ʿelmo yaʾbā an oʿadda šāʿeran / wa’l-šeʿro yarżā an oʿadda ʿālemā).


Works

#
Wasā'il al-Shīʿa Wasa'il al-Shia (, ' lit. ''Means of Shiite'' or ''Shiite Rituals'') is a reputable book of hadith in Shia Islam, compiled in the 17th century by Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili. Shaykh Al-Hurr wrote two editions of this book, Ahl al-Bayt which is a 30 v ...
: a vast but concise compilation and classification of Hadith based on
the Four Books The Four Books () are the four canonical hadith collections of Shia Islam. The term is used mostly by Twelver Shias. Shi'a Muslims use different books of hadith from those used by Sunni Muslims, who prize the six major hadith collections. I ...
(al-Kafī, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, al-Taththib, al-Istibrar) as well as on many later sources. It took 18 years to compose. #al-Jawāher al-saniya fī al-aḥādith al-qudsiya: considered the first collection exclusively devoted to Sacred Hadith, or aḥādith qudsiya. #Isbāt al-Hudāt bin al-Noṣuṣ wa al-Muʿjizāt: describes the miracles of the 12 Imams and deals with the question of the divine right of the Imams to rule # Risala fī Tawatur al-Qur'an #Risala fī Mas'ala al-Rija't #Risala fī Khalq al-Kafir #Risala ithnā ʿashariya fī al-radd ʿalā al-ṣufiya : an anti-Sufi treatise representing much of his literary activities regarding them. #Fawaid al-Toosiya: a rejection of Usoolism - Translated in English by Sayyed Athar Husain Rizvi #Amal al-āmil fī ʿulamāʾ jabal ʿāmil: a biographical dictionary of Twelver Shi’i scholars who originated from jabal ʿĀmil in southern Lebanon.Ess, “Amal”
Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: E.J.Brill


Students

# Allamah Mohammad Baqir Majlisi (writer of ''Bahar al-anwar'') # Sheikh Mostafa Hoveizy # Seyed Mohammad Hosseiny A'raji # Seyed Mohammad Bady' # Seyed Mohammad Moosavi Aamely # Mola Mohammad Taghi Abd al-Wahhab # Mohaddes Mola Mohammad Saleh Heravi # Mola Hassan ebn Mohammad Taher Ghazviny Taleghani # Mohammad Meymandi # Seyed Mohammad ibn Zein al-Abedin Moosavi Aameli # Sheikh Aboo al-Hassan ibn Mohammad al-Nabati al-Aameli # Nur al-Din Nimatullah al-Jazayiri


See also

*
Shia Islam Shia Islam is the second-largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political Succession to Muhammad, successor (caliph) and as the spiritual le ...
* Wasael ush-Shia *
Akhbari Akhbarism () is a branch of Twelver Shia Islam, whose adherents do not perform imitation ( ''taqlid'') of an islamic jurist ( ''marja''). Akhbaris rejects the use of intercessory reasoning via trained Islamic jurists to derive verdicts in ...
*
List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam Shia Muslim scholars of Islam include: Alive * Khorasani, Hossein Vahid (b. 1921) * Hamedani, Hossein Noori (b. 1925) * Jannati, Ahmad (b. 1927) *Mousa Shubairi Zanjani (b. 1927) *Naser Makarem Shirazi (b. 1927) * al-Fayyad, Mohammad Ishaq ...
*
List of maraji Maraji are the supreme legal authority for Twelver Shia Muslims. The following articles contain lists of maraji. * List of current maraji * List of deceased maraji See also *Marja' *Ijtihad *Hawza *Risalah (fiqh) Risalah () is the Arabic wo ...
*
List of Shi'a books A list of religious books of Shia Islam: Books attributed to Shia Imams :# Mus'haf of Ali, a Tafseer of the Quran by Imam Ali :# Al-Jafr by Imam Ali :# Nahj al-Balaghah, a collection of sermons, letters and quotes attributed to Ali :# Ghurar a ...
*
The Four Books The Four Books () are the four canonical hadith collections of Shia Islam. The term is used mostly by Twelver Shias. Shi'a Muslims use different books of hadith from those used by Sunni Muslims, who prize the six major hadith collections. I ...
* Sayyid Murtadhā *
Al-Sharif al-Radi Abū al-Ḥasan Muḥammad bin al-Ḥusayn bin Mūsā al-Abrash al-Mūsawī (; 970 – 1015), also known as al-Sharīf al-Raḍī () was an Iraqi Shia scholar and poet. Al-Radi wrote several books on Islamic issues and interpretation of the ...
* Shaykh al-Mufīd * Shaykh al-Tūsī * Shaykh al-Sadūq * Muhammad al-Kulaynī * Allāmah Majlisī


References


External links


Wasail Al Shia - Online English Translation

Online (Arabic)


{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Hurr al-Amili Lebanese Shia clerics Iranian ayatollahs Iranian people of Lebanese descent Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Iran 17th-century writers from Safavid Iran 1624 births 1693 deaths People from Machghara Burials at Imam Reza Shrine 17th-century Twelvers