was a domain of the

Tokugawa Shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars ...

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

during the

Edo period The , also known as the , is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional ''daimyo'', or feudal lords. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengok ...

from 1601 to 1871.Ravina, Mark. (1998)
''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan,'' p. 222
The Aizu Domain was based at

Tsuruga Castle , also known as Aizuwakamatsu Castle (会津若松城 ''Aizu-Wakamatsu-jō'') is a Japanese castle in northern Japan, at the center of the city of Aizuwakamatsu, in Fukushima Prefecture. Background Tsuruga Castle is located in the center of the ...

in Mutsu Province, the core of the modern city of

Aizuwakamatsu is a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 118,159 in 50,365 households, and a population density of 310 persons per km2. The total area of the city was . History The area of present-day Aizuwakamatsu ...

, located in the

Tōhoku region The , Northeast region, , or consists of the northeastern portion of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. This traditional region consists of six prefectures (): Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, and Yamagata. Tōhoku retains ...

of the island of

Honshu , historically known as , is the largest of the four main islands of Japan. It lies between the Pacific Ocean (east) and the Sea of Japan (west). It is the list of islands by area, seventh-largest island in the world, and the list of islands by ...

. The Aizu Domain was ruled for most of its existence by the '' shinpan'' ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and no ...

'' of the Aizu-Matsudaira clan, a local

cadet branch A cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch's or patriarch's younger sons ( cadets). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the family's major assets (realm, titles, fiefs, property and incom ...

of the ruling

Tokugawa clan The is a Japanese dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful ''daimyō'' family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of ...

, but was briefly ruled by the '' tozama'' ''daimyō'' of the Gamō and Katō clans. The Aizu Domain was assessed under the '' Kokudaka'' system with a peak value of 919,000 ''

koku The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. One koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about of rice. It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1,000 gō. One ''gō'' is the traditional volume of a single serving of rice (before co ...

'', but this was reduced to 230,000 ''koku''. The Aizu Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the ''han'' system in 1871 by the

Meiji government The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan. Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji ...

and its territory was absorbed into

Fukushima Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Fukushima Prefecture has a population of 1,771,100 () and has a geographic area of . Fukushima Prefecture borders Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture ...

, covering much of the traditional region of Aizu.

History

Pre-Edo period

The area of Kurokawa, later called "Wakamatsu", was under the control of the powerful

Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

temple of Enichi-ji during the

Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kammu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means in Japanese. It is a ...

. However, Enichi-ji sided with the

Taira clan The was one of the four most important Japanese clans, clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period, Heian period of History of Japan, Japanese history – the others being the Minamoto clan, Minamoto, the Fujiwara clan, Fuji ...

during the

Genpei War The was a national civil war between the Taira clan, Taira and Minamoto clan, Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yori ...

and fell into decline after the victory of

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, ruling from 1192 until 1199, also the first ruling shogun in the history of Japan.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako ...

. He awarded the territory to the Ashina clan, a powerful local ''

samurai The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court d ...

'' clan, who ruled from the

Kamakura period The is a period of History of Japan, Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura, Kanagawa, Kamakura by the first ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the G ...

into the

Muromachi period The , also known as the , is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate ( or ), which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi ...

. However, in the wars of the

Sengoku period The was the period in History of Japan, Japanese history in which civil wars and social upheavals took place almost continuously in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Kyōtoku incident (1454), Ōnin War (1467), or (1493) are generally chosen as th ...

, the Ashina were defeated by their powerful and aggressive neighbors to the north, the

Date clan The is a Japanese samurai kin group.Edmond Papinot, Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)"Date", ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 5 retrieved 2013-5-5. History The Date fam ...

. In 1590,

Toyotomi Hideyoshi , otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period, Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: ...

awarded the Aizu Basin to Gamō Ujisato as part of a 919,000 ''

'' fief following the submission of

Date Masamune was a Japanese ''daimyō'' during the Azuchi–Momoyama period through the early Edo period. Heir to a long line of powerful feudal lords in the Tōhoku region, he went on to found the modern-day city of Sendai. An outstanding tactician, he w ...

. Ujisato was succeeded by his son, Gamō Hideyuki, but he fell out of favor with Hideyoshi and was transferred to Utsunomi with a reduction in his holdings to only 180,000 ''koku''. The Aizu Basin was then assigned to

Uesugi Kagekatsu was a Japanese samurai ''daimyō'' during the Sengoku and Edo periods. He was the adopted son of Uesugi Kenshin and Uesugi Kagetora’s brother in law. Early life and rise Kagekatsu was the son of Nagao Masakage, the head of the Ueda Naga ...

, who was ordered by Hideyoshi to relocate from his power base in

Echigo Province was an old provinces of Japan, old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen Province, Uzen, Iwashiro Province, Iwashiro, Kōzuke Province, Kōzuke, Shinano Province, Shinano, and Etchū Province, ...

Edo period

In 1600, after

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo; 31 January 1543 – 1 June 1616) was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was the third of the three "Gr ...

's victory at the

Battle of Sekigahara The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was an important battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, ...

, Uesugi Kagekatsu was deprived of his holdings in Aizu and was reassigned to the much smaller

Yonezawa Domain was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Yamagata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered at Yonezawa castle in what is now the city of Yonezawa, and its territory extended over the Okitama District of Dewa Pr ...

Dewa Province was a province of Japan comprising modern-day Yamagata Prefecture and Akita Prefecture, except for the city of Kazuno and the town of Kosaka. Dewa bordered on Mutsu and Echigō Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was . History Early per ...

. The Aizu holding was reduced in half, and 600,000 ''koku'' was returned to Ieyasu's son-in-law, Gamō Hideyuki. However, the death of his son, Gamō Hidesato, in 1627 without a direct male heir provided an excuse for the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars ...

to order the clan trade places with the Katō clan of the Matsuyama Domain in

Iyo Province was a Provinces of Japan, province of Japan in the area of northwestern Shikoku.Louis-Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tosa''" in . Iyo bordered on Sanuki Province to the northeast, Awa Province (Tokushima), Awa to the east ...

. The Gamō were replaced by

Katō Yoshiaki was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the late Sengoku period to early Edo period; he served as lord of the Aizu Domain. As a retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Katō fought in the battle of Shizugatake in 1583 and soon became known as one of the ''shich ...

, but reduced to 200,000 ''koku''. His son, Katō Akinari was dispossessed due to an '' O-Ie Sōdō'' (clan dispute) in 1643. The Aizu Domain was then given to Hoshina Masayuki, the

illegitimate Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as ''b ...

son of the second Tokugawa ''

shōgun , officially , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamak ...

'' Tokugawa Hidetada. Masayuki had been adopted into the Hoshina clan, who had formerly been senior retainers of the

Takeda clan The was a Japanese samurai clan active from the late Heian period until the late 16th century. The clan was historically based in Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. The clan reached its greatest influence under the rule of Taked ...

and who were ''

'' of the 30,000 ''koku'' Takatō Domain in

Shinano Province or is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture. Shinano bordered Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital was located near modern-day Matsumoto, whi ...

. Masayuki was a senior advisor to third Tokugawa ''shōgun'',

Tokugawa Iemitsu was the third ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, who acted as his political adviser and was at the ...

, and was transferred to the 200,000 ''koku'' Yamagata Domain in 1636. When Aizu Domain became vacant in 1643, Masayuki was transferred to that holding, whose official ''kokudaka'' was raised to 240,000 ''koku''. The actual ''kokudaka'' of the domain was perhaps double this, as management of all of the ''

tenryō The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil war ...

'' (directly shogunate owned) holdings within the Aizu region were assigned to Aizu Domain. Masayuki later acted as a

regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

for Iemitsu's successor, the underage fourth ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ietsuna. Masayuki was offered the use of the Tokugawa '' mon'' and the Matsudaira surname, though he declined, partly out of respect and partly to emphasize that he had no ambitions towards being regarded as part of legitimate Tokugawa line of succession. However, the Matsudaira name and the Tokugawa symbols were later adopted from the time of the 3rd ''daimyō'' Matsudaira Masakata and were used by his descendents that ruled the Aizu Domain. In 1822, the Hoshina-Matsudaira line became extinct with the death of the seventh ''daimyō'', the 15-year-old Matsudaira Katahiro, and was succeeded by Matsudaira Katataka, who was a sixth cousin (twice removed) and a member of the Takasu cadet branch of the Mito-Tokugawa collateral line. Katataka died without heirs in 1852 and was succeeded by his grandnephew, the famous Matsudaira Katamori, one of the final supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Aizu Domain was known for its martial skill, and maintained a

standing army A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers who may be either career soldiers or conscripts. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars ...

of over 5000 men. It was often deployed to security operations on the northern fringes of Japan, at the time a

frontier A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary. Australia The term "frontier" was frequently used in colonial Australia in the meaning of country that borders the unknown or uncivilised, th ...

region, as far north as southern

Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, p=səxɐˈlʲin) is an island in Northeast Asia. Its north coast lies off the southeastern coast of Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, while its southern tip lies north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. An islan ...

. The Aizu Domain's two sets of formal rules for its army, the Rules for Commanders (将長禁令 ''shōchō kinrei'') and Rules for Soldiers (士卒禁令 ''shisotsu kinrei''), written in the 1790s, laid down a professional, modern standard for military conduct and operations, including the following two items in the Rules for Soldiers which codified the human rights and protection of enemy noncombatants, over 70 years before the first

Geneva Convention upright=1.15, The original document in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian t ...

of 1864:

Around the time of the

Perry Expedition ] The Perry Expedition (, , "Arrival of the Black Ships") was a diplomatic and military expedition in two separate voyages (1852–1853 and 1854–1855) to the Tokugawa shogunate () by warships of the United States Navy. The goals of this expedit ...

, Aizu had a presence in security operations around Edo Bay. During the ''

Bakumatsu were the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate Meiji Restoration, ended. Between 1853 and 1867, under foreign diplomatic and military pressure, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a Feudali ...

'' period, the domain deployed massive amounts of troops to

Kyoto Kyoto ( or ; Japanese language, Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan's largest and most populous island of Honshu. , the city had a population of 1.46 million, making it t ...

, where Katamori served as '' Kyoto Shugoshoku''. Operating under the orders of the Shogunate, they also acted as the first official supervisor and patron of the ''

Shinsengumi The was a small secret police organization, elite group of swordsmen that was organized by commoners and low rank samurai, commissioned by the (military government) during Japan's Bakumatsu period (late Tokugawa shogunate) in 1863. It was ac ...

''. Earning the enmity of the Chōshū Domain, and alienating the

Satsuma Domain The , briefly known as the , was a Han system, domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871. The Satsuma Domain was based at Kagoshima Castle in Satsuma Province, the core of the modern city of ...

, Katamori retreated to

Edo Edo (), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the '' de facto'' capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogu ...

with the final ''shōgun''

Tokugawa Yoshinobu Kazoku, Prince was the 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned his position as shogun in late 1867, while ai ...

in 1868 at the start of the

Boshin War The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the Impe ...

. Following Yoshinobu's resignation, Katamori took great pains to avoid conflict with the new

which could only be averted by an equitable settlement with the Tokugawa clan. However, the new government was filled with anti-Tokugawa clansmen from the Satsuma and Chōshū domains, who sought to settle old scores. During the Boshin War, Aizu fought as an ally of the

Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei The was a Japanese military-political coalition established and disestablished over the course of several months in early to mid-1868 during the Boshin War. Its flag was either a white interwoven five-pointed star on a black field, or a black ...

, although it was not an official member. In October 1868, Aizuwakamatsu Castle, the seat of the Aizu Domain, eventually fell during the Battle of Aizu. Although branded as an "enemy of the

Court A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between Party (law), parties and Administration of justice, administer justice in Civil law (common law), civil, Criminal law, criminal, an ...

", Matsudaira Katamori was placed under

house arrest House arrest (also called home confinement, or nowadays electronic monitoring) is a legal measure where a person is required to remain at their residence under supervision, typically as an alternative to imprisonment. The person is confined b ...

and was later allowed to serve as the head ''

kannushi , also called , is the common term for a member of the clergy at a responsible for maintaining the shrine and leading worship of the there.* ''Kannushi'' (in Japanese), Iwanami Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version The chara ...

'' for the Nikkō Tōshō-gū shrines to the Tokugawa clan. The Aizu Domain was assigned by the Meiji government to Sakai Tadamichi, formerly of the Shonai Domain, as the Imperial Governor from 1868 to 1869. After the

abolition of the han system The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...

, the Aizu Domain was absorbed into the new Iwashiro Province, and subsequently into

List of ''daimyō''

Genealogy (Hoshina-Matsudaira line)

, 1st Tokugawa Shōgun (1543–1616; r. 1603–1605) ** Tokugawa family crest

Tokugawa Hidetada, 2nd Tokugawa Shōgun (1579–1632; r. 1605–1623) *** I. Hoshina Masayuki, 1st ''daimyō'' of Aizu (cr. 1643) (1611–1673; r. 1643–1669) **** II. Hoshina Masatsune, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1647–1681; r. 1669–1681) **** III. Matsudaira Masakata, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1669–1731; r. 1681–1731) ***** IV. Katasada, 4th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1724–1750; r. 1731–1750) ****** V. Katanobu, 5th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1744–1805; r. 1750–1805) ***** Hirofumi ****** Kataaki (1750–1785) ******* VI. Kataoki, 6th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1779–1806; r. 1805) ******** VII. Katahiro, 7th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1803–1822; r. 1806–1822) ** Tokugawa Yorifusa, 1st ''daimyō'' of Mito (1603–1661) *** Yorishige, 1st ''daimyō'' of Takamatsu (1622–1695) **** Yoritoshi (1661–1687) ***** Yoritoyo, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Takamatsu (1680–1735) ****** Tokugawa Munetaka, 4th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1705–1730) ******* Tokugawa Munemoto, 5th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1728–1766) ******** Tokugawa Harumori, 6th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1751–1805) *********Tokugawa Harutoshi, 7th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1773–1816) ********** Tokugawa Nariaki, 9th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1800–1860) *********** X. Nobunori, 10th ''daimyō'' of Aizu, 10th family head, Viscount (1855–1891; Lord: 1868; Viscount: cr. 1884) ********* Yoshikazu, 9th ''daimyō'' of Takasu (1776–1832) **********Yoshitatsu, 10th Lo ''daimyō''d of Takasu (1800–1862) *********** IX. Katamori, 9th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1836–1893; r. 1852–1868) ************Kataharu, 11th family head, 1st Viscount (1869–1910; 11th family head: 1869–1910; Viscount: cr. 1884) ************ Rear-Admiral Morio, 12th family head, 2nd Viscount (1878–1944; 12th family head and 2nd Viscount: 1910–1944) ************* Moritei, 13th family head, 3rd Viscount (1926–2011; 13th family head: 1944–2011; 3rd Viscount: 1944–1947) ************** Yasuhisa, 14th family head (b. 1954; 14th family head: 2011– ) ********** VIII. Katataka, 8th ''daimyō'' of Aizu (1806–1852; r. 1822–1852)

Bakumatsu period holdings

Unlike with most domains in the

han system (, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the Estate (land), estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji (era), Meiji period (1868–1912).Louis Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan Encycloped ...

, Aizu Domain consisted of a continuous territory calculated to provide the assigned '' kokudaka'', based on periodic

cadastral A cadastre or cadaster ( ) is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes and bounds, metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref> Often it is represente ...

surveys and projected agricultural yields.Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18
At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the domain consisted of the following holdings: * Mutsu Province ( Iwashiro Province) ** 181 villages in Kawanuma District (+67 ''tenryō'' villages) ** 309 villages in Aizu District ** 57 villages in Ōnuma District (+104 ''tenryō'' villages) ** 242 villages in Yama District (+68 ''tenryō'' villages) ** 11 villages in Asaka District *

Shimotsuke Province was a Provinces of Japan, province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today Tochigi Prefecture.Louis-Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''SHimotsuke''" in . Shimotsuke was bordered by Kōzuke Province, Kōzuke, Hitachi Province, ...

** 6 villages in Shioya District *

** 157 villages in Uonuma District (+79 ''tenryō'' villages) ** 4 villages in Santō District ** 211 villages in Kanbara District ** 59 villages in Iwafune District * Ezo ** Nemuro Province ** Kitami Province

Notes

References

* Sasaki Suguru (2002). ''Boshin sensō: haisha no Meiji ishin.'' Tokyo: Chūōkōron-shinsha. * * Noguchi Shinichi, ''Aizu-han''. Tokyo: Gendai Shokan, 2005. () * Bolitho, Harold. "Aizu, 1853–1868." ''Proceedings of the British Association for Japanese Studies'', vol. 2 (1977): 1–17.
Aizu's "Rules for Commanders" and "Rules for Soldiers"
{{Authority control Domains of Japan History of Fukushima Prefecture 1869 disestablishments in Japan Aizuwakamatsu States and territories disestablished in 1869 Matsudaira clan Mutsu Province