ʿAin Ebel ( ar, عين إبل; Syriac: ), the ancient 'En Bol, is a village located in the Lebanese Upper Galilee in the

Caza Caza (), the pseudonym of Philippe Cazaumayou (; born 14 November 1941), is a French comics artist. Biography At 18, Cazaumayou started a career in advertising which lasted for ten years, but in 1970 he entered the field of bandes dessinées, ...

of Bint Jbeil in the

Nabatiye Governorate Nabatieh Governorate ( ar, محافظة النبطية, ') is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. The area of this governorate is 1,058 km2. The capital is Nabatieh. Districts The governorate is divided into four districts (Aqdiya, sing ...

Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...

Etymology

Historian Taissier Khalaf writes that the name of the town means "Spring of the Monk" because in

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated i ...

''Ain'' means spring and ''Ebel'' means the hermit, who wears a monk's garb. While Anis Freiha and Friar Youakim Moubarak believe that ''Ebel'' is a corruption of the word

Baal Baal (), or Baal,; phn, , baʿl; hbo, , baʿal, ). ( ''baʿal'') was a title and honorific meaning "owner", " lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied ...

, in reference to the

Semitic Semitic most commonly refers to the Semitic languages, a name used since the 1770s to refer to the language family currently present in West Asia, North and East Africa, and Malta. Semitic may also refer to: Religions * Abrahamic religions ** ...

god associated with storms and thus irrigation, and combined with ''Ain'' then the name may mean the "Spring of Irrigation".

Edward Henry Palmer Edward Henry Palmer (7 August 184010 August 1882), known as E. H. Palmer, was an English orientalist and explorer. Biography Youth and education Palmer was born in Green Street, Cambridge the son of a private schoolmaster. He was orphaned a ...

, in 1881, wrote that it meant "The Spring of Camels" taking a literal translation for the name from classical Arabic.

Variation of Spelling

Due to the different standards in the

Romanization of Arabic The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of Modern Standard Arabic, written and varieties of Arabic, spoken Arabic language, Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of na ...

, the spelling of the name of the village has sometimes varied, such as Ainebel, Aïn Ebel, Ain Ebl, Ain Ibl, ‘Ayn Ibil, ‘Ain Ibil, Aïn Ibel, and Ain Ibel.

History

Ain Ebel is a historic village with numerous archaeological sites.

Prehistory

Lower Paleolithic implements were found in Ain Ebel, and historian believe that prehistoric man lived and hunted in the area from the most ancient times. A Heavy Neolithic site of the Qaraoun culture was discovered by Henri Fleisch west of Ain Ebel in the Wadi Koura, with tools found suggested to be part of a forest dweller's toolkit at the start of the Neolithic Revolution. The region stretching from the north of Ain Ebel to south near

Yaroun Yaroun (also spelled Yarun; ar, يارون)From personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p104"perhaps the Iron of Josh. xix 38" is a Lebanese village located in the Caza of Bint Jbeil in the Nabatieh Governorate in Lebanon. Geography Yaroun oc ...

is rich in flint instruments, and the whole surrounding region as far as Jish contains megalithic ruins, perhaps pre-Canaanites.Hulot & Rabot, "Actes de la societé géographie," Seance du 6 décembre 1907, La Géographie, Volume 17, Paris, 1908, page 78

Ancient History

In the

Babylonian Talmud The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law ('' halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...

, Ain Ebel is referred to as En Bol'', and identified as a village northwest of

Safed Safed (known in Hebrew as Tzfat; Sephardic Hebrew & Modern Hebrew: צְפַת ''Tsfat'', Ashkenazi Hebrew: ''Tzfas'', Biblical Hebrew: ''Ṣǝp̄aṯ''; ar, صفد, ''Ṣafad''), is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevat ...

, where minorities practiced a form of

niddah Niddah (or nidah; he, נִדָּה), in traditional Judaism, describes a woman who has experienced a uterine discharge of blood (most commonly during menstruation), or a woman who has menstruated and not yet completed the associated requirem ...

in which female infants were made to undergo the ritual immersion before their mothers. Historian John T. Durward argues that Ain Ebel, located west of Kedesh of Naphtali (an ancient town documented in Judges 4:6, 10), is probably the biblical town of Beth Maacah, and was the spiritual retreat of the clergy from Tyre and Acre. On the outskirts of the village is an area called

Chalaboune Chalaaboun (Arabic: شلعبون) is an archeological site in the outskirts of Ain Ebel in South Lebanon. History Ernest Renan visited Chalaaboun during his mission to Lebanon and described what he found in his book Mission de Phénicie (1865-1874) ...

where

Ernest Renan Joseph Ernest Renan (; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote infl ...

, a French historian and philosopher who was sent by Emperor

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A neph ...

to Lebanon, found ancient graves. According to Renan, Ain-Ebel had beautiful underground passages and large buildings in colossal stones and admirable carved sarcophagi in two remarkable places, Douair and

, which he believed was the Biblical town of Shaalabbin of the

Tribe of Dan The Tribe of Dan (, "Judge") was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, according to the Torah. They were allocated a coastal portion of land when the people of Israel entered the Promised Land, later moving northwards. Biblical narrative In ...

. On one of the graves, Renan discovered a

bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term '' relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...

Apollo Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...

and

Artemis In ancient Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion, religion, Artemis (; grc-gre, Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, Kourotrophos, care of children, and chastity. ...

. The relief was transported to

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...

where it remains today at the Louvre. In 2011 and after months of negotiation, the

Musée du Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...

agreed to make an exact replica of the bas-relief, which was delivered to the municipality of Ain Ebel in November.

Modern History

It is believed that the village has been continuously inhabited at least since the 15th century when Christians from the north of Lebanon migrated to lower elevations in the south to cultivate feudal lands. In his book, ''Salut Jerusalem: Les memoires d'un chretien de Tyr a l'epoque des Croisades'', the Lebanese historian, Bechara Menassa, wrote that the people of Ain Ebel were in touch with the Crusaders in

Toron Toron, now Tibnin or Tebnine in southern Lebanon, was a major Crusader castle, built in the Lebanon mountains on the road from Tyre to Damascus. The castle was the centre of the Lordship of Toron, a seigneury within the Kingdom of Jerusa ...

, modern

Tebnine Tebnine ( ar, تبنين ''Tibnīn'', also Romanized ''Tibnine'') is a Lebanese town spread across several hills (ranging in altitude from 700m to 800m (2,275 ft to 2,600 ft) above sea level) located about east of Tyre (Lebanon), in ...

. Menassa described how a Frankish monk killed a wild animal in Ain Ebel.

Late Modern Period

In January 1837, Ain Ebel was hit by the Galilee earthquake, which devastated the South all the way to Safad and Tiberias. By the mid-nineteenth century, Ain Ebel had become the principal village of Christianity in the Upper Galilee, and in 1861 it was chosen for the first religious retreat organized in the Holy Land where 55 priests from the archdioceses of Tyre and Acre gathered for a reunion. Ain Ebel is mentioned in a Christian anthology, containing contributions from ministers and members of various evangelical denominations published in the United Kingdom in 1866: In 1875

Victor Guérin Victor Guérin (15 September 1821 – 21 Septembe 1890) was a French intellectual, explorer and amateur archaeologist. He published books describing the geography, archeology and history of the areas he explored, which included Greece, Asia Min ...

visited, and noted 800 Maronite and 200 Greek Orthodox villagers. In 1881, the

PEF PEF, PeF, or Pef may stand for the following abbreviations: * Palestine Exploration Fund * Peak expiratory flow * PEF Private University of Management Vienna * Pentax raw file (see Raw image format) * Perpetual Education Fund * Perpetual Emigratio ...

's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) described 'Ain Ibl as a: "Well-built modern village, with a Christian chapel ; contains about 1,000 Christians (800 Maronites and 200 United Greeks). It has vineyards on the slope of the hill on which the village is placed, and olives in the valley below. Good water supply from springs in the valley." P. Engbert writes that the inhabitants of Ain Ebel offered the Jesuits in 1888 a fairly large lot of land after almost all the inhabitants signed the petition which was presented to R. P. Lefebvre. In 1889, the village harvest was bad and an epidemic spread among the townspeople, lasting all winter and killing more than fifty people.

=French Mandate

= By 1920, Ain Ebel had a population of 1,500, living in about 300 houses.''The New Near East'', Volumes 6–8. The Near East Relief, New York, NY, June 1921, page 12 That year, while delegates from The Shia Conference of El-Hujair were in Damascus swearing allegiance to King Faisal, an act the Maronites of Jabal Amel considered threatening, Mahmoud Bazzi's gang, which "proceeded from brigandage to confronting France and its Christian friends in the south,"Harris, William H. ''Lebanon: A History, 600 – 2011'', Oxford University Press, 2012, page 177 attacked Ain Ebel on May 5, 1920, pillaging and killing more than 50 people. The people of Ain Ebel defended the town from sunrise to sunset until they ran out of ammunition The town was completely destroyed, and the damage done to the two churches, school and convent, were evidence of sectarian malice. The neighboring villages of Debel and Rmaich were also attacked so after 12 days of plundering and massacres, the French arrived and suppressed all activities in Jabal Amel region The massacres hardened Maronite opinion in favor of Jabal Amel being part of Greater Lebanon, which borders were cemented at the San Remo conference in 1920. During the French Mandate, the network of paved road expanded, coinciding with the introduction of automobiles in Lebanon. The arrival of the first car in a village became a celebratory event, and this was true in Ain Ebel, where the inhabitants, dressed in their Sunday best, gathered in the church square to welcome the first car to drive through the village. The French planned to build an automobile road to connect the southern villages with those of

Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 i ...

. The original plan was to build the road from Bint Jbeil via

and Rmaich, but the people of Ain Ebel protested, knowing the significance of such a road for the development of their town, and in the end, they were able to convince the French government to change the plan and have the road run through the village.

Contemporary History

During World War II, the Vichy French had a line of widely spaced blockhouses that stretched from the coast to the inland heights, reaching Ain Ebel. During the

Syria–Lebanon Campaign The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the Allied invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941, during the Second World War. The French had ceded autonomy to Syria in Septem ...

to liberate Lebanon and Syria from the Vichy, Australian Captain Douglas George Horley was ordered to clear Ain Ebel. Australian Brigadier J. E. S. Stevens decided that he would seize Aitaroun, Bint Jbel, Ain Ebel, Yaroun, Rmaich, Ayta ash Shab, Ramié, Jereine, Aalma ech Chaab and Labouna to cut a road from Al-Malkiyya to the French frontier road so as to make a second gateway into the coastal zone. The Australian squad, guided by Meir Davidson's squad, finally captured the town of Bint Jbeil and the villages of

Aitaroun Aitaroun (or Aytaroun; ar, عيترون) is a Lebanese village located in the caza of Bint-Jbeil at 33.1156° North, 35.4722° East. It is on the northern border of Israel and 125 km from Beirut. The village's name origin is Itruma, whic ...

and Ain Ebel. After taking Yaroun and Bint Jbeil, Ain Ebel was found to have been abandoned by the Vichy. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the village was often caught in the skirmishes between the

Palestine Liberation Organization The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; ar, منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية, ') is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and st ...

and the Israel Defense Force. The

imposed a food and fuel blockade on Christian villages, such as Ain Ebel and Qlaiaa, forcing the inhabitants to deal with Israel. Christian militia arrived in Ain Ebel and neighboring Christian villages in August 1976 to open a new line of confrontation against the PLO strongholds in neighboring villages, thus jeopardizing the very good relationships that Ain Ebel had with its Muslim neighbors. In July 2006, Ain Ebel, like other villages that string Lebanon's southern border, such as Debel,

Qaouzah Qaouzah ( ar, القوزح) is a Lebanese village located in the Caza of Bint Jbeil in the Nabatiye Governorate in Lebanon. Geography Qaouzah occupies a hill with elevation ranging from 700 to 800 meters above sea level. The main agricultural ...

, Rmaich, and

, was caught in the 2006 Lebanon War between Hezbollah and the Israeli army. The village and its surrounding valleys were used as a military area by Hezbollah. During the conflict, the village witnessed ferocious battles with missiles destroying many houses and orchards and leaving the townspeople besieged and without bread for three weeks. After allegations that Hezbollah was using humans as shields, the

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human ...

visited Ain Ebel on several occasions, and their "investigations revealed that Hezbollah violated the prohibition against unnecessary endangering civilians" when they launched rockets from or near civilian homes, adding that on July 24, around 9:30 am, a convoy of 17 vehicles, fleeing Ain Ebel also came under Israeli fire, putting civilians under risk and preventing them from leaving the village. In 2009, there were 410 members of the Lady of the Assumption parish of the Melkite Church in the village.

Geography

Located in the mountainous region of southern Lebanon, known as Belad Bechara in Jabal Amel, or the Lebanese Upper Galilee, Ain Ebel occupies several hills with elevation ranging from 750 to 850 meters above sea level. There are three natural springs in Ain Ebel, including Tarabnine, Tahta and Hourrié, and in the valley between Ain Ebel and

Hanine Hanine ( ar, حانين) is a Lebanese municipality located in the Bint Jbeil District. Name E. H. Palmer wrote that the name Hanine came from a personal name. However, the name has Semitic - Arabic roots, which means "Mercy". History In 1875, ...

is Ain Hanine. AinEbelWinter

Climate

The village enjoys four seasons with autumn and spring being mild but rainy, winter being cold and sometimes snowy and summer being dry and very pleasant with average temperatures between .

Geology

Deposits of

bitumen Asphalt, also known as bitumen (, ), is a sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term ...

, a black mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally, is found in Ain Ebel. Flint is also found; it was excavated and used to build tools by ancient dwellers of the region.

Vegetation

The main agricultural products are

olive The olive, botanical name ''Olea europaea'', meaning 'European olive' in Latin, is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. When in shrub form, it is known as ''Olea europaea'' ...

s, almonds,

chestnut The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. The unrelate ...

pecan The pecan (''Carya illinoinensis'') is a species of hickory native to the southern United States and northern Mexico in the region of the Mississippi River. The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States, primarily in Georgia, ...

grape A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry (botany), berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus ''Vitis''. Grapes are a non-Climacteric (botany), climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. The cultivation of ...

figs The fig is the edible fruit of ''Ficus carica'', a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Moraceae. Native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, it has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the worl ...

pomegranate The pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punicoideae, that grows between tall. The pomegranate was originally described throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean re ...

s, and

apple An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (''Malus domestica''). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus '' Malus''. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ances ...

s. Oak and pine woods can be found on the outskirts of the village.

Demographics

The people of Ain Ebel are mainly Maronite Catholics, Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics.

Education

There are three schools in the village: two

private school Private or privates may refer to: Music * "In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * Private (Ryōko Hirosue song), "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private ...

s (Saints-Cœurs and Saint Joseph) and one public school. Of the three, the oldest is Saints-Cœurs, which was established by the Jesuits in 1881. Within a decade, Ain Ebel had two schools, and Missionary Père Angelil requested the aid of the nuns of Ain Ebel in 1890 to teach for eight days the inhabitants in neighboring Mi'ilya after which two nuns remained there to manage the new school.

Arts & Culture

Architecture

There are three historic churches, built in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and a convent that was built in 1857.

Religious Structures

Chapels * Chapel of the Sacred Heart * Saint Mary's Chapel Churches * Our Lady of Ain Ebel Maronite Catholic Church * Saint Elie Greek Catholic Melkite Church * The New Saint Elie Greek Catholic Melkite Church Convents *

Convent A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglic ...

of the

Sacred Heart The Most Sacred Heart of Jesus ( la, Cor Jesu Sacratissimum) is one of the most widely practised and well-known Catholic devotions, wherein the heart of Jesus is viewed as a symbol of "God's boundless and passionate love for mankind". This de ...

Shrines * Saint Charbel Shrine * Our Lady of Lourdes Monument

Festivals

Each summer, a grand festival is organized in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The festival culminates on the

Assumption of Mary The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII defined it in 1950 in his apostolic constitution '' Munificentissimus Deus'' as follows: We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by ...

on August 15. Outdoor events and open-air concerts are held in the village's square. The festivities peak with a procession of the

Virgin Mary Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...

icon.

Notables from Ain Ebel

Academia * Joseph Toufik Khoreich, Author & Prof of Philosophy and Civilization * Dr. Hiam Sakr, the President of the American University of Science and Technology Arts * Francois Diab, author of ''Le Mirage humain'' * Wadih Chbat, author of ''Constitution of Lebanon: History, Text, Amendments'' *

George Diab George Diab ( ar, جورج دياب) is a Lebanese actor and voice actor. Filmography Film * Very Sweet and a Liar. 2013 Television * '' Nos Youm''. 2016 * ''Cello''. 2015 * '' Chawareh Al Zill''. 2013 * Sweet and a Liar. 2012 * Hotel Al Afr ...

, actor * Raimundo Fagner, singer * Karol Sakr, singer *

Pascale Sakr Pascale Etienne Sakr ( ar, باسكال إتيان صقر; born September 23, 1964) is a Lebanese singer. She was born in Zahlé, Lebanon to Maronite parents from Ain Ebel, south of Lebanon. She performs a leading character in many musicals. Sh ...

, singer * George (Raji) Haddad, singer Diplomacy *Ambassador Mounir Khoreich Clergy *

Anthony Peter Khoraich Patriarch Moran Mor Anthony III Peter Khoraish (September 20, 1907 – August 19, 1994), (or ''Antonios Boutros Khoraish'', ''Antoine Pierre Khreich'', ''Khraish'', ''Khoraiche'', ar, أنطونيوس الثالث بطرس خريش), was the 75t ...

, the late Cardinal, is the most prominent modern figure from Ain Ebel. He was the second Lebanese

Patriarch The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in ce ...

to become cardinal of the

Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

. * Bishop Maroun Sader *

Archimandrite The title archimandrite ( gr, ἀρχιμανδρίτης, archimandritēs), used in Eastern Christianity, originally referred to a superior abbot ('' hegumenos'', gr, ἡγούμενος, present participle of the verb meaning "to lead") wh ...

Boulos Samaha *

Monsignor Monsignor (; it, monsignore ) is an honorific form of address or title for certain male clergy members, usually members of the Roman Catholic Church. Monsignor is the apocopic form of the Italian ''monsignore'', meaning "my lord". "Monsignor" ca ...

Elie Barakat * Monsignor Elias Farah * Father Youssef Farah * Father Hanna Haddad * Sister Therese Haddad * Monsignor Albert Khoraich * Sister Layla Matar * Clementine Khayat, a Catholic nun from Alep who wrote several articles in the journals, ''El-Mashriq'' recounting the events of the massacre of May 5, 1920 that she witnessed.Chalabi, Tamara. ''The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amin and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918–1943''. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2006, page 79-80 Journalism * Jean Diab, who wrote for the ''Revue du Liban'' * Wafai Diab, who was believed to be the first Arabic-language journalist to interview an American President at the

White House The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. preside ...

. * Nasrat Khoreich, Correspondent for both ''Annahar'' and ''L'Orient Le Jour'' Military * General Maroun Diab * General Maroun Khoreich

In Literature

* In ''Half a Lira's Worth: The Life and Times of Vivronia'' by Mick Darcy :"The Kazzy family, in the early 1920s, were small landholders in the village of Ain Ebel, in Southern Lebanon.

Gallery

Image:Baydar.jpg, Ain Ebel at sunset in the summer

References

Bibliography

* * * *

External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/19990117073503/http://ain-ebel.org/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20090422040334/http://www.khoreich.com/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20061010121040/http://www.ain-ebel.ca/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20071001005424/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LE/2/Ayn_Ibil.html
The siege of Ain Ebel
* http://www.ourladyofainebel.org

Localiban * Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4
IAAWikimedia commons
{{Bint Jbeil District Populated places in Bint Jbeil District Ain Ebel (Lebanon), Our Lady of Lourdes in Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon Melkite Christian communities in Lebanon