Ailuk Atoll
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Ailuk Atoll ( Marshallese: , ) is an inhabited coral atoll of 57 islets in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the
Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an island country west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. The territory consists of 29 c ...
.


Geography

It is located approximately north from Wotje and south of Utirik in the northern half of the Ratak chain. It is north of Majuro Atoll, the capital of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is spread over 57 islets enclosing a lagoon covering .


Physical features

The major islets are: Ajelep, Aliej, Ailuk, Alkilwe, Barorkan, Biken, Enejabrok, Enejelar, Kapen and Marib. There are villages on Ailuk and Enejelar. Most of the islets are on the eastern side of the atoll. The western and southern sides of the atoll have a nearly continuous submerged
coral reef A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in group ...
. Three main passes enter the lagoon through the western reef: Erappu, Marok and Eneneman. Based on the results of drilling operations on Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll, in the nearby Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands, Ailuk may include as much as of reef material atop a
basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...
rock base. As most local coral growth stops at about below the ocean surface, such a massive stony coral base suggests a gradual isostatic subsidence of the underlying extinct volcano, which itself rises from the surrounding ocean floor. Shallow water fossils taken from just above Enewetak's basalt base are dated to about 55 mya.


Climate

The Marshall Islands are positioned within the Northeast
Trade Winds The trade winds or easterlies are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ...
belt. During the greater part of the year the prevailing winds are from the north-east to the east. Ailuk Atoll has a
tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate or equatorial climate is a tropical climate sub-type usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator. There are some other areas at higher latitudes, such as the coast of southeast Florida, United States ...
, indicating consistently warm temperatures and high humidity. Temperatures range from in April to in September, averaging around . Winter rainfall is comparatively modest, with January and February receiving about to . Spring sees an increase from to . The wettest months are August through October, increasing from to . With increased precipitation comes more rainy days, reaching a peak in July with 25 days and longer rainstorms. December drops back to 17 rainy days and shorter showers. Monthly sunshine ranges from 239 hours in January to 322 hours in July.


Vegetation

The atoll has been inhabited more or less continuously for 2000 years, and thus there has been considerable modification of islet ecologies. In the Marshall Islands, higher latitudes correlate to increasing aridity for atolls, decreasing the variety in plant life, including edible species, leading to a decreasing food availability. Almost all households have food crops around their homes and land. Water and soil is the most limiting factor for plant growth especially for cultivated crops in the atolls. Only tree crops like breadfruits,
coconuts The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (biology), family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, ...
and
pandanus ''Pandanus'' is a genus of monocots with about 578 accepted species. They are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. Common names include pandan, screw palm and screw pine. The genus is classified ...
with a few
bananas A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – berry (botany), botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large treelike herbaceous flowering plants in the genus ''Musa (genus), Musa''. In some countries, cooking bananas are called pla ...
are visible around homes and settlements. Every household have access to these tree crops for daily substance. The lagoon adjacent portion of eastern islets are planted with coconuts. This is surrounded by a crescent of dense mixed forest, often edged with Pandanus. Guettarda, Pandanus, Tournefortia and Scaevola taccada make up the taller part, next to the Pandanus and coconuts. This slopes seaward (and windward) becoming more of a largely Scaevola scrub. The horns of this forest crescent extend along the passage beaches, usually with Suriana and Pemphis on the margins. The outermost windward land is usually a beaten-down scrub of gnarled Pemphis and Suriana scrub, sometimes with Tournefortia and Scaevola. This extends onto the denuded ocean surf facing part of the islets.


Fauna


Birds

Common resident seabirds include the Red-tailed Tropicbird, Red-footed Booby, Sooty Tern, White Tern, Brown Noddy, and Black Noddy. Common land birds include the Reef Heron, Golden Plover, Whimbrel, Bristle-thighed Curlew, Bar-tailed Godwit, Wandering Tattler, Ruddy Turnstone, Sanderling, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, and Long-tailed New Zealand Cuckoo. Introduced species include the domestic chicken and ground dove.


History


Prehistory

About 2000 years ago, Oceanic speakers who made plainware pottery (late
Lapita The Lapita culture is the name given to a Neolithic Austronesian people and their distinct material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 to 500 BCE. The Lapita people are believed to have originated fro ...
) and used shell adzes, fishhooks, and other implements migrated from the Solomon Islands to found settlements on several volcanic islands of central Micronesia (Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae), and colonize the atolls of the Marshall Islands.


16th to 19th Century

First recorded sighting of Ailuk Atoll by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of
Miguel López de Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi (12 June 1502 – 20 August 1572), also known as ''Adelantado, El Adelantado'' and ''El Viejo'' (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippines, Philippine islan ...
on 10 January 1565. It was charted as ''Los Placeres'' (The Pleasures in Spanish). Two of its islets were charted as ''San Pedro'' and ''San Pablo'', those being the names of the flagship ("capitana") and the "almiranta" (secondary ship or ship of the Admiral) Ailuk Atoll was claimed by the
German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...
along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1885.


20th century to present

After World War I, the island came under the
South Seas Mandate The South Seas Mandate, officially the Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean Lying North of the Equator, was a League of Nations mandate in the " South Seas" given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following W ...
of the
Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...
. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia administered by the United States from 1947 to 1994. The Imperial Japanese South Seas Mandate had been seized by the U.S. during the Pacifi ...
until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986. In December
2020 The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of even ...
, Marshall Islands police found an abandoned 5.5-meter (18-foot) fibreglass boat that washed ashore at Ailuk Atoll with 649 kilograms (1,430 pounds) of cocaine worth an estimated US$80 million. This was the largest drug haul in Marshall Islands history.


Demographics

Ailuk Atoll had a population of 235 in 2021.


Infrastructure


Transportation

There is a pier and an
airstrip An aerodrome, airfield, or airstrip is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither, and regardless of whether it is for public or private use. Aerodromes in ...
on Ailuk islet. The atoll is unique among the Marshall Islands in still commonly using sailing outrigger canoes for local inter islet transportation and fishing, sparing the residents dependence on infrequent fuel and spare part resupply.


Services

There are medical facilities on both Ailuk and Enejelar. Ailuk has mobile phone accessibility, but no internet access. All households in both communities have solar power for lighting. Less than 50% use theirs for refrigeration, with the rest using the public school’s solar power. The Ailuk City Hall provides a space for community meetings and some basic administrative services.


Education

Marshall Islands Public School System operates public schools: * Ailuk Elementary School * Enejelar Elementary School Northern Islands High School on Wotje serves the community.Annual Report 2011-2012
." Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands). Retrieved on February 22, 2018. p. 54 (PDF p. 55/118). "Northern Islands High School takes students from the Ratak Ean zone including schools in Aur, Maloelap, Wotje, Ailuk, Utrik, Likiep and Mejit."


Footnotes


References

* * * * * * * *


External links

* *
Archaeological and Anthropological Survey of Ailuk Atoll


See also

*
Desert island An uninhabited island, desert island, or deserted island, is an island, islet or atoll which lacks permanent human population. Uninhabited islands are often depicted in films or stories about shipwrecked people, and are also used as stereotypes ...
*
List of islands This is a list of the lists of islands in the world grouped by country, by continent, by body of water A body of water or waterbody is any significant accumulation of water on the surface of Earth or another planet. The term most often refer ...
{{Authority control Atolls of the Marshall Islands Ratak Chain Municipalities of the Marshall Islands