Ahobilam
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Ahobilam (Telugu: ఆహోబిలం, Tamil: திருசிங்கவேள் குன்றம், Sanskrit: अहोबिलम्‎) is a revered town, collection of temples, and a sacred pilgrimage site nestled within the rugged hills and deep gorges of the
Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches along the East Coast of India, eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of , it traverses the states and union territories of India, states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Prade ...
in the Allagadda mandal of
Nandyal district Nandyal district is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh with Nandyal as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022 to become one of the resultant 26 districts. It is part of the Rayalaseema region. The district ...
, in the southern
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
n state of
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...
. The site's dramatic landscape of forested mountains and narrow ravines creates an awe-inspiring natural setting that has inspired devotion and pilgrimage for centuries. It is one of the 108 Divya desams, visited by Thirumangai azhvar, being the main Divya Kshetra dedicated to Lord
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, it has a rich biodiversity, culture, traditions, history, and great ancient Indian masters and gods are said to have walked on this spiritual land. Ahobilam is internationally recognized as the foremost center of worship dedicated to
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, the lion-headed avatar of
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
symbolizing divine protection and the victory of righteousness.https://ahobilamtemple.com/ahobilam/ His consort is worshipped here as Amrutavalli Lakshmi and Chenchu lakshmi. The pilgrimage site is divided into two main sections: Lower Ahobilam, where the principal village and the main temple complex are located, and Upper Ahobilam, approximately eight kilometers east, situated in a steep gorge hosting the revered Nava Narasimha temples — nine unique manifestations of Lord Narasimha, each with distinct iconographic and spiritual significance. This blend of dramatic topography and ancient sacred architecture creates a powerful spiritual atmosphere, drawing devotees and scholars alike. Ahobilam's rich history of religious significance is evidenced by the patronage of several South Indian dynasties, with the Vijayanagara Kingdom playing a prominent role in the construction and maintenance of many temples, preserving exquisite Dravidian architectural styles and religious artistry. Today, Ahobilam remains a vibrant pilgrimage center, where age-old traditions continue in harmony with the natural environment, offering devotees a place of spiritual refuge and connection with the divine.


Structure and shrines

The town of Ahobilam is home to ten shrines of
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, the man-lion incarnation of the god
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
in Hinduism. The collection of temples is considered the #1 place for worship of
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, #2 best place in Andhra Pradesh to worship
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
, and overall the 3rd most important temple in Andhra Pradesh. The town can be divided into Lower and Upper Ahobilam, which are separated from each other by 8 km. Upper Ahobilam refers to a forested area that sprawls up a ravine. The area is marked by nine different shrines of Narasimha representing nine aspects of the deity, as follows: * ''Ahobilanarasiṃha'' * ''Bhārgavanarasiṃha'' * ''Jvālānarasiṃha'' * ''Yogānandanarasiṃha'' * ''Chatravātanarasiṃha'' * ''Karañjanarasiṃha'' * ''Pāvananarasiṃha'' * ''Mālolanarasiṃha'' * ''Vārāhanarasiṃha''


Nava Narasimha Temples

Ahobilam is renowned for its sacred temples dedicated to various forms of
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, the fierce incarnation of
Vishnu Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
. Each temple features a unique form of the deity, with distinct iconography, legends, and spiritual significance. Collectively, they form the most iconic and deep
pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a travel, journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) w ...
destination of
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
.


1. Sri Jwala Narasimha Swamy Temple (Highest Elevation)

Description of the Deity: Sri Jwala Narasimha Swamy is depicted seated on a
Garuda Garuda (; ; Vedic Sanskrit: , ) is a Hindu deity who is primarily depicted as the mount (''vahana'') of the Hindu god Vishnu. This divine creature is mentioned in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain faiths. Garuda is also the half-brother of the D ...
Peetham with eight hands. The upper two hands hold a
Shankha A Turbinella pyrum, shankha () has religious ritual importance in Hinduism. In Hinduism, the shankha called panchajanya is a sacred emblem of the Hindu preserver deity Vishnu. It is still used as a trumpet in Hindu ritual, and in the past was us ...
(conch) and
Chakra A chakra (; ; ) is one of the various focal points used in a variety of ancient meditation practices, collectively denominated as Tantra, part of the inner traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. The concept of the chakra arose in Hinduism. B ...
(discus). Two hands hold
Hiranyakashipu Hiranyakashipu (, ), also known as Hiranyakashyap, was a daitya king of the asuras in the Puranas. In Hinduism, Hiranyakashipu's younger brother, Hiranyaksha, was slain by the Varaha (boar) avatar of Vishnu. Angered by this, Hiranyakashipu ...
on His lap, while two others tear his stomach. The remaining two hands wear his intestines as a garland. This
kshetram Kshetram (Kshetra) literally means a region. In Hindu mythology, it is referred to as the physical holy location where a temple or a collection of temples, its Temple tank, tank and deities exist. Sacred geography There exist privileged regions ...
is believed to relieve devotees from drought and unseasonal rains. This is the ultimate ugra form. Additional moorthis in the shrine include: * Sthambhodbhava Narasimha(emerging from a pillar) * Narasimha Swamy fighting Hiranyakashipu * Sri Maha Vishnu * Shukracharya History:
Garuda Garuda (; ; Vedic Sanskrit: , ) is a Hindu deity who is primarily depicted as the mount (''vahana'') of the Hindu god Vishnu. This divine creature is mentioned in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain faiths. Garuda is also the half-brother of the D ...
performed
Tapas Tapas () are appetisers or snacks in Spanish cuisine. They can be combined to make a full meal and are served cold (such as mixed olives and cheese) or hot (such as , which are battered, fried baby squid; or , spicy potatoes). In some bars ...
on a hill following instructions from
Kashyapa Kashyapa (, ) is a revered Vedic sage of Hinduism., Quote: "Kasyapa (Rudra),(Vedic Seer)..." He is one of the Saptarishis, the seven ancient sages of the ''Rigveda''. Kashyapa is the most ancient and venerated rishi, along with the other Sa ...
Prajapathi to realize the Para Tattva (Supreme Philosophy). Lord Narasimha appeared as Jwala Narasimha and blessed Garuda with two boons: the hill was named Garudaadri, and Garuda was made His primary vehicle (
Vahana ''Vāhana'' () or ''vahanam'' () denotes the being, typically an animal or mythical entity, a particular Hindus, Hindu deity is said to use as a vehicle. In this capacity, the vāhana is often called the deity's "mount". Upon the partnership b ...
).


2. Sri Ahobila Narasimha Swamy Temple (Main Temple)

Description of the Deity: Sri Ahobila Narasimha Swamy is seated in Vīrāsana posture in a cave, with two hands in Mahogra swaroopam killing Hiranyakashipu.
Prahlada Prahlada () is an asura king in Hindu scriptures. He is known for his staunch devotion to the preserver deity, Vishnu. He appears in the narrative of Narasimha, the lion avatara of Vishnu, who rescues Prahlada by disimboweling and killing hi ...
is seated in front of the deity. Chenchu Lakshmi is present beside the cave. This also has utsavar of Jwala narasimha. History: As the presiding deity of Ahobilam, the temple derives its name from the praises offered by the
Deva Deva may refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Deva, List of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition monsters, an ''Advanced Dungeons & Dragons'' 2nd edition monster * Deva, in the 2023 Indian film ''Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefir ...
s: ''"Ahoveeryam Aho Shouryam Aho Baahu Parakramam Narasimham Param Daivam Ahobilam Ahobalam"''. Worshipped by
Shiva Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
with the Mantra Raja Pada Stotram, and by
Rama Rama (; , , ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular avatars of Vishnu. In Rama-centric Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (''maryāda' ...
with the Panchamrutha Stotram. Lord Srinivasa is believed to have offered marriage food here. Goddess Mahalakshmi is worshipped as Chenchu Lakshmi. The deity is considered the Aradhya Daiva of Srinivasa. The 9th Jeeyar of Ahobila mutt's brindavanam is in the temple. There is a Shiva Linga worshiping
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
here. Shiva is considered the ultimate devotee of
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
. This is the largest shrine in Ahobilam, and where Ahobilam gets its name. It is considered the main temple structure.


3. Sri Malola Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Malola Narasimha Swamy is a peaceful form Shantha Moorthy. Goddess Mahalakshmi is seated on His lap. The deity has four hands – the upper two hold
Shankha A Turbinella pyrum, shankha () has religious ritual importance in Hinduism. In Hinduism, the shankha called panchajanya is a sacred emblem of the Hindu preserver deity Vishnu. It is still used as a trumpet in Hindu ritual, and in the past was us ...
and
Chakra A chakra (; ; ) is one of the various focal points used in a variety of ancient meditation practices, collectively denominated as Tantra, part of the inner traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. The concept of the chakra arose in Hinduism. B ...
, while the lower two are in Abhaya and Varada mudras. This is a sweet form of the lord. History: To appease Mahalakshmi, angered by His marriage to Chenchu Lakshmi, Narasimha Swamy worshipped Her on the Vedadri hills. Malola Narasimha is the Aradhya Daiva of Ahobila Matha. He appeared as an Archa Moorthi to the first Jeeyar, Adivan Satakopa Yatheendra Mahadesikan, instructing him to spread
Sri Vaishnavism Sri Vaishnavism () is a denomination within the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism, predominantly practiced in South India. The name refers to goddess Lakshmi (also known as Sri), as well as a prefix that means "sacred, revered", and the god Vi ...
village to village.


4. Sri Varaha (Kroda) Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Varaha Narasimha Swamy is depicted holding
Bhudevi Bhumi (Sanskrit: भूमि, romanized: Bhūmi), also known as Bhudevi, Dharani, and Vasundhara, is a significant goddess in Hinduism, personifying the Earth. Her earliest form is reflected in the Vedic goddess Prithvi, though their roles and de ...
on His tusks, with two hands resting on His hips. A separate moorthy of
Lakshmi Narasimha Lakshmi Narasimha () is an iconographical depiction of Narasimha, the fourth avatar of Vishnu, with his consort Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. It is one of the forms of Nava Narasimha. Legend In an alternate iteration of the legend of Na ...
is also enshrined. History: After
Hiranyaksha Hiranyaksha (, ), also known as Hiranyanetra () was an asura king as per Hindu mythology. He is described to have submerged the earth and terrorised the three worlds. He was slain by the Varaha (wild boar) avatar of Vishnu, who rescued the ...
abducted Bhoodevi to Patala Loka, Lord
Varaha Varaha (, , "boar") is the avatar of the Hinduism, Hindu god Vishnu, in the form of a wild boar, boar. Varaha is generally listed as third in the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu. In legend, when the demon Hiranyaksha steals ...
destroyed him and rescued the Earth Goddess.


5. Sri Karanja Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Karanja Narasimha Swamy is seated in Yogasana with four hands. He holds the
Chakra A chakra (; ; ) is one of the various focal points used in a variety of ancient meditation practices, collectively denominated as Tantra, part of the inner traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. The concept of the chakra arose in Hinduism. B ...
in his right hand and the Sarangam (bow) in his left. A third eye ( Trinetra) is present on His forehead. This is considered a
Rama Rama (; , , ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular avatars of Vishnu. In Rama-centric Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (''maryāda' ...
-like Narasimha, and many worship as Shri
Rama Rama (; , , ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular avatars of Vishnu. In Rama-centric Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (''maryāda' ...
. History:
Hanuman Hanuman (; , ), also known as Maruti, Bajrangabali, and Anjaneya, is a deity in Hinduism, revered as a divine ''vanara'', and a devoted companion of the deity Rama. Central to the ''Ramayana'', Hanuman is celebrated for his unwavering devotio ...
also worshipped the deity here, Hanuman refused to worship anyone other than Rama, so Narasimha appeared in a Rama-like fashion. Saint
Annamacharya Tallapaka Annamacharya () (09 May 1408 – 23 February 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a Telugu musician, composer, and a Hindu saint. He is the earliest known Indian musician to compose songs called '' samkirtanas.'' His devoti ...
composed the kirtana: ''"Phalanetranala Prabala vidyulatha keli vihara Lakshmi Narasimha"'' at this place.


6. Sri Bhargava Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Bhargava Narasimha Swamy is seated with six hands, holding Hiranyakashipu on His lap. The Makara Thorana above displays sculptures of the Dasavatara. He is in ugra, second fiercest after Jwala Narasimha Swamy History:
Parashurama Parashurama (), also referred to as Rama Jamadagnya, Rama Bhargava and Virarama, is the sixth avatar among the Dashavatara of the preserver god Vishnu in Hinduism. Hindu tradition holds him to be the destroyer of the evil on Earth. According t ...
performed penance on the banks of Akshaya Theertham to atone for Kshatriya destruction. Lord Narasimha absolved his sins and appeared as Bhargava Narasimha. The site became known as Bhargava Theertham.


7. Sri Yogananda Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Yogananda Narasimha Swamy is seated in a
yoga Yoga (UK: , US: ; 'yoga' ; ) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated with its own philosophy in ancient India, aimed at controlling body and mind to attain various salvation goals, as pra ...
posture with four hands. The calm and wisdom based Narasimha Swamy is here. He is the
Hayagriva Hayagriva ( IAST , ) is a Hindus, Hindu deity, the horse-headed avatar of Vishnu. The purpose of this incarnation was to slay a Danava (Hinduism), danava also named Hayagriva (A descendant of Kashyapa and Danu), who had the head of a horse a ...
of the
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
s. History: After slaying Hiranyakashipu, Narasimha Swamy taught Prahlada Rajaneeti (political science) and Yoga Shastra.
Brahma Brahma (, ) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the triple deity, trinity of Para Brahman, supreme divinity that includes Vishnu and Shiva.Jan Gonda (1969)The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp. 212– ...
worshipped Him here to attain mental peace.


8. Sri Chatravata Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Chatravata Narasimha Swamy is seated facing east, with four hands. He holds the Chakra and Shankha in the upper hands, while the lower right hand is in Abhaya mudra and the lower left hand plays Thala (cymbals). Chatra means umbrella and Vata means Peepal tree. The image of the deity is enshrined under a peep Al tree, which is surrounded by thorny bushes. Thus, the Lord is referred to as Chatravada Narasimha Swamy. History: Two
Gandharva A ''gandharva'' () is a member of a class of celestial beings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, whose males are divine performers such as musicians and singers, and the females are divine dancers. In Hinduism, they ...
s, HaHa and HuHu, sang praises of the Lord under a Vata tree. Pleased, Narasimha Swamy blessed them to be the best singers in the world.


9. Sri Pavana Narasimha Swamy Temple

Description of the Deity: Sri Pavana Narasimha Swamy is seated close to Chenchu Lakshmi, who faces both the Lord and the devotees, symbolizing her role as intercessor. This is the Forrest-Narasimha. Deep within the Forrest interior. The Chenchu Lakshmi is in a cave in a trek away from the location. This Chenchu Lakshmi follows tribal style worship, unlike Ahobilesan. History: This is the most important Prarthana Daivam among the Nava Narasimhas. Sage Bharadwaja attained redemption from Mahapathakam (grave sin) here. Devotees believe sins are absolved through darshan of this form. The Chenchu tribe reveres Him as their brother-in-law and conducts rituals (outside the sanctum). PLEASE DO NOT LITER IN THE AREA, a lot of tourists do, and it's a significant issue.
Adi Shankara Adi Shankara (8th c. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (, ), was an Indian Vedanga, Vedic scholar, Hindu philosophy, philosopher and teacher (''acharya'') of Advaita Vedanta. Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant, and h ...
left a
Shiva Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
Lingam at this place.


Other Notable Sites


Ugra Sthambham

Located about 8 km from the Upper Ahobilam temple, Ugra Sthambham is a cleft in a mountain believed to be the point from which Narasimha emerged to slay Hiranyakashipu. Beware of snakes and other wildlife.


Prahlada Mettu

Situated in a cave between Ugra Sthambham and Upper Ahobilam, this shrine is dedicated to Prahlada Narasimha Swamy. It houses an image of Prahlada. Nearby are sacred ponds (
Theertham Theertham (Theertha or Tirtha) literally refers to water. In Hindu sacred literature, it is referred to as the physical holy water body associated with a temple or deity. As per Hindu religious belief, water is the principal purification mechanis ...
s), including Rakthakundam, where Narasimha is said to have washed His hands. The water retains a reddish hue. This areas is considered Praklada's Patthashala or school.


Lower Ahobilam or Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple

The Lower Ahobilam temple, surrounded by three prakaras, is dedicated to Prahlada Varada Narasimha Swamy and Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy. Built in
Vijayanagara Vijayanagara () is a city located in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka state in India.Vijayanagara
style, the complex includes mandapas and a shrine to
Venkateswara Venkateswara (, ), also known as Venkatachalapati, Venkata, Balaji and Srinivasa, is a Hindu deity, described as a form or avatar of the god Vishnu. He is the presiding deity of Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, Venkateswara Temple, Tirupati. Hi ...
nearby. The Mukha Mandapa now serves as the Kalyana Mandapa. The sanctum houses Lakshmi Narasimha, along with Prahlada Varada, Pavana Narasimha, and Jwala Narasimha flanked by Sridevi and
Bhudevi Bhumi (Sanskrit: भूमि, romanized: Bhūmi), also known as Bhudevi, Dharani, and Vasundhara, is a significant goddess in Hinduism, personifying the Earth. Her earliest form is reflected in the Vedic goddess Prithvi, though their roles and de ...
. An idol of Sri Adivan Satakopa Jeeyar is also enshrined. Other acharyas like
Ramanuja Ramanuja ('; Middle Tamil: Rāmāṉujam; Classical Sanskrit: Rāmānuja; 1077 – 1157), also known as Ramanujacharya, was an Indian Hindu philosopher, guru and social reformer. He is one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavi ...
, Desika, Nam Azhwar, Thirumangai Azhvar, and more also have shrines. This is the ultimate headquarters of Ahobila mutt with the main mutt, also called the Periya ahobila mutt. The main lakshmi is Amrutavalli in lower ahobilam. This shrine dates primarily to the 16th century; its construction begun during the reign of
Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1431–1491), also known as Saluva Narasimha and Saluva Narasimha I, was the founder of the Saluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire, and ruled from 1485 until his death in 1491. A patron of the Madhwa saint Sripadar ...
, first member of the Saluva dynasty, around the 15th/16th century. It is the last of the shrines built at Ahobilam. It is the populated area of town, while the other Narasimhas are in the deep Forrest. This is considered most accessible, if you are unable to visit other shrines, this shrine will provide everything needed. The architecture features vivid carvings of Narasimha bursting from a pillar, chasing Hiranyakashipu, and wooing Chenchu Lakshmi.


History

The history of Ahobilam before the 16th century is obscure. One of the earliest literary references to Ahobilam is in the 9th-century
Tamil-language Tamil (, , , also written as ''Tamizhil'' according to linguistic pronunciation) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia. It is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world,. "Tamil is one ...
religious work '' Periyatirumoḻi'' written by Thirumangai Alvar, where it is eulogized; this led to it being codified as one of the 108 canonical '' Divya Desams.'' Ahobilam finds subsequent mention in several
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
and Telugu-language texts between the 12th and 16th centuries. Inscriptions and other material evidence indicate that the shrines of the town received patronage from the Kakatiya and
Reddi Reddy (also transliterated as Reddi or Raddi; also known as Reddiar or Reddappa) is a Telugu Hindu caste predominantly found in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in South India. They are classified as a forward caste. The origin o ...
dynasties during the 13th and 14th centuries. The historical record is more prominent during the
Vijayanagara Vijayanagara () is a city located in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka state in India.Vijayanagara
period. The site received significant patronage from rulers of the Vijayanagara kingdom, starting with the Saluva dynasty in the 15th century, and sustained by the Tuluva dynasty in the 16th century. Most inscriptions at the shrines date to the Tuluva period. The ruler Krishnadevaraya visited and patronised the town's shrines in the 16th century. The town is also the birthplace of the Ahobila Matha, a monastic institution founded during the medieval period; scholars have proposed the late 15th or early 16th century as the possible periods of origin. Ahobilam lost imperial patronage with the decline of the Vijayanagara kingdom. The site faced a raid in 1579 by Murahari Rao, a commander of the Golconda Sultanate. Ahobilam's temple was sacked and its bejewelled idol presented to Golconda's sultan. According to the ''Brahmanda Purana'', Ahobilam is the Avatara Sthala (incarnation site) of Lord Narasimha and is considered a Krutayuga Kshetra. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams, the holiest abodes of Vishnu in the Sri Vaishnava tradition. The 8th-century saint Thirumangai Alvar composed ten pasurams (devotional hymns) in praise of the deity at Ahobilam. Ahobilam is also a spiritual center of the
Sri Vaishnava Sri Vaishnavism () is a denomination within the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism, predominantly practiced in South India. The name refers to goddess Lakshmi (also known as Sri), as well as a prefix that means "sacred, revered", and the god V ...
Ramanuja Sampradaya. The Sri Ahobila Matha, a prominent religious institution, was established here by Sri Adivan Satagopa Yatheendra Mahadesikan under divine instruction from Lord Ahobila Narasimha. The temple and Matha have played a vital role in religious and cultural life, especially during the Vijayanagara Empire.


Chalukya Period

The ''Ahobilam Kaifiyat'' mentions that during the reign of Nandana Chakravarthi, a descendant of Parikshit and Janamejaya, worship at Ahobilam was flourishing. Devotion to the deity continued during the reigns of
Chalukya The Chalukya dynasty () was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynas ...
kings such as Jagadeka Malla, Bhuvaneka Malla, and Tribhuvana Malla Raja. An inscription by Kirtivarman II discovered in Peddapeta near Yadiki includes the term "Vobula", a local variant of "Ahobila", attesting to the temple's regional influence.


Kakatiya Period

According to tradition, Pratapa Rudra Mahadeva of the Kakatiya dynasty experienced a divine miracle while camping at Rudravaram. His gold, meant for a Shiva idol, repeatedly transformed into an idol of Narasimha. He accepted this as divine will, worshipped the idol, and donated the Swarna Moorthy (golden deity) to the Ahobila Matha.


Reddy Kingdom

Prolaya Vema
Reddy Reddy (also Hunterian transliteration, transliterated as Reddi or Raddi; also known as Reddiar or Reddappa) is a Telugu people, Telugu Hindu Caste system in India, caste predominantly found in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in Sou ...
, the founder of the Kondaveedu Reddy Kingdom, constructed the Sopanamargam (steps) in both Srisailam and Ahobilam. His court poet, Yerrapragada—one of the ''Kavitrayam''—authored the ''Narasimhapurana'', extolling the greatness of Ahobilam. A 1410 CE inscription (Saka 1332) by Katama Vema Reddy mentions a village grant to sustain Nitya Avasaralu (daily worship) at the temple.


Vijayanagara Period

Inscriptions confirm the patronage of the
Vijayanagara Vijayanagara () is a city located in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka state in India.Vijayanagara
Rayas. A 1385–86 CE (Salivahana 1317) record mentions the construction of a Mukha Mantapam at Upper Ahobilam by Harihara Maharaya, son of Bukkaraya. Krishna Deva Raya also visited the
temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
, offering a necklace, ruby-studded ornaments, and granting the village of Madur for the deity's Anga Ranga Bhogas (ritual ornaments and services).


Historical Islamic Invasions of Ahobilam

Ahobilam, a sacred temple complex dedicated to
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
, located in the Nallamala Hills of present-day
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...
, was subjected to two significant historical invasions: first by forces of the
Bahmani Sultanate The Bahmani Kingdom or the Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval Persianate kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India. The first independent Muslim sultanate of the Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellio ...
in the 15th century, and later by the army of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of the Golconda Sultanate in 1579 CE. Both invasions were marked by resistance coordinated between the Ahobila Matha priests and the local Chenchu tribe, as well as by a series of natural phenomena that played a critical role in preserving the sanctity and assets of the shrine. The first recorded incursion occurred in the late 15th century (estimated between 1470 and 1480 CE), when the
Bahmani Sultanate The Bahmani Kingdom or the Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval Persianate kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India. The first independent Muslim sultanate of the Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellio ...
dispatched a detachment of troops to raid the Ahobilam temple, which was reputed to hold significant religious treasure and gold-plated icons of Lord Narasimha. As the troops advanced through the forested terrain, they encountered unexpected resistance not from armed soldiers, but from the land itself. According to temple records and oral narratives, a massive avalanching landslide blocked a key mountain pass used by the invaders, killing several soldiers and cutting off supply lines. Simultaneously, dense fog, sudden downpours, and falling trees disrupted their navigation. The Chenchu tribe, who inhabited the surrounding forests, had been the first to detect the movements of the invaders. Working in coordination with the temple priests, they initiated a covert evacuation of sacred idols, palm-leaf
manuscripts A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has c ...
, and temple valuables into remote forest caves and underground shrines known only to them. Some idols were reportedly submerged in forest ponds or sealed in rock-cut niches. The pancharatra priests maintained spiritual rites while in hiding, ensuring that the rituals continued even in exile. Unable to locate the hidden treasures and facing increasing environmental challenges, the Bahmani forces withdrew. The event was viewed by the temple community as a triumph of divine protection, human cooperation, and natural defense. Nearly a century later, in 1579 CE, Ahobilam faced a second and more forceful invasion under Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali, the fourth ruler of the
Golconda Golconda is a fortified citadel and ruined city located on the western outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The fort was originally built by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in the 11th century out of mud walls. It was ceded to the Bahmani ...
Sultanate. Unlike the earlier attempt, this campaign was led by a larger and more organized force under a commander named Murahari Rao, who succeeded in reaching the inner sanctum of the Ahobilam complex. Despite swift warnings from Chenchu scouts, the invaders overpowered local resistance and seized one of the main temple idols—described in tradition as a gem-studded icon of Lord
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
. The idol was transported to
Golconda Golconda is a fortified citadel and ruined city located on the western outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The fort was originally built by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra in the 11th century out of mud walls. It was ceded to the Bahmani ...
and presented at the
Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
’s court. According to longstanding temple lore, shortly after the idol's arrival, Sultan Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah suddenly fell gravely ill. Descriptions from temple accounts speak of vomiting blood, fever, and delirium that lasted several days before his death. While not independently verified by external
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
sources, this narrative is consistent in temple tradition and is seen as a direct consequence of
sacrilege Sacrilege is the violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object, site or person. This can take the form of irreverence to sacred persons, places, and things. When the sacrilegious offence is verbal, it is called blasphemy, and when physical ...
. Following the Sultan's death, either under pressure from court officials or out of fear, the idol was returned to Ahobilam. The priests, assisted once again by the Chenchu community, a per the pancharatra tradition carried out extensive ''shuddhi'' (purification) rituals and ''punar-pratishtapana'' (reinstallation) ceremonies. The forests that once concealed the divine were reopened, and the temple resumed normal worship. This invasion, though partially successful in its initial assault, ultimately ended in failure and is remembered as a sacred episode where divine power, natural calamity, and community cooperation overcame foreign incursion. Ahobilam and its surrounding region have historically maintained a religious demography that is over 99%+ Hindu and animist, with minimal influence from
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
or
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...
. There are no religious structures of other religions in the town, however there may be small mini structures. The local Chenchu tribe, recognized as one of India's Scheduled Tribes, have long practiced a form of
folk religion Folk religion, traditional religion, or vernacular religion comprises, according to religious studies and folkloristics, various forms and expressions of religion that are distinct from the official doctrines and practices of organized religion. ...
intertwined with
Vaishnavism Vaishnavism () ), also called Vishnuism, is one of the major Hindu denominations, Hindu traditions, that considers Vishnu as the sole Para Brahman, supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, that is, ''Mahavishnu''. It is one of the majo ...
. Lord Narasimha is venerated among them as a guardian of the forest and tribal protector, making their participation in temple rituals both spiritual and ancestral. The Ahobila Matha has acknowledged the Chenchus' role in protecting the temple during both invasions. Their contribution is celebrated during specific annual festivals and remembered through
oral tradition Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.Jan Vansina, Vansina, Jan: ''Oral Tradition as History'' (19 ...
,
folk songs Folk music is a music genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival. Some types of folk music may be called world music. Traditional folk music has be ...
, and dramatizations. These episodes have become part of Ahobilam's sacred history, symbolizing not only resistance against desecration but the enduring strength of faith, nature, and community in the preservation of dharma.


Gadwal Samasthanam

Raja Soma Bhoopala Rayudu of the Gadwal Samasthanam became a disciple of the 27th Jeer of Ahobila Matha. He built the Gadwal Mantapam at Upper Ahobilam and ensured worship continued despite
Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
incursions in the area.


British Period

Under
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...
rule, Colonel Munro, the English Collector, arranged for an annual grant of 100 Varahas from Rudravaram Village for temple maintenance. British officials such as Colonel Cole referred to the Jeer of Ahobila Matha as "Ahobila Swamy" and facilitated his safe passage through
Mysore Mysore ( ), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Mysore district and Mysore division. As the traditional seat of the Wadiyar dynasty, the city functioned as the capital of the ...
.


Modern Administration

Today, all shrines at Ahobilam are administered by the Jeers of the Sri Ahobila Matha. The Matha continues to preserve the site's religious importance through regular festivals, restoration, and devotional outreach.


Legal status

The Ahobilam Temple is administered by the Sri Ahobila Matha, a traditional religious institution with hereditary rights over the temple's rituals and management. Over the years, the temple's governance has been the subject of legal scrutiny, particularly in relation to attempts by the
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...
government to appoint Executive Officers (EOs) to oversee temple affairs."Ahobilam Temple case: AP government EO appointments unconstitutional" – Deccan Herald
/ref>


Historical background

As early as 2001, the Andhra Pradesh State Endowments Department clarified that it was ''"legally not possible"'' for the state to override the authority of the Mathadipathi (hereditary pontiff) in temple administration."AP can't override Mathadipathi rights: High Court" – The Tribune
/ref> Despite this, in 2008, the state government began appointing Executive Officers without the consent of the Ahobila Matha, leading to long-standing legal disputes.https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/ahobilam-mutt-temple-sc-refuses-to-entertain-plea-against-ap-hc-order/amp_articleshow/97371023.cms "Ahobilam temple row continues" – Organizer/ref>


2020–2021: Initial legal challenges

In 2020, multiple Public Interest Litigations (PILs) and writ petitions were filed before the Andhra Pradesh High Court, challenging the state's interference in temple administration and the opening of independent bank accounts by state-appointed EOs. In 2021, the High Court issued interim orders freezing such accounts, ruling that temple funds must be jointly administered with the Mathadipathi."High Court freezes temple funds" – New Indian Express
/ref>


2022: High Court judgment

On 13 October 2022, the Andhra Pradesh High Court delivered a landmark judgment declaring that the appointment of Executive Officers by the state government was unconstitutional. The court ruled that the Ahobilam Temple is an ''"integral and inseparable part"'' of the Ahobila Matha and is therefore protected under Article 26(d) of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs in matters of religion."AP High Court: Appointment of EOs unconstitutional" – The Hindu
/ref> The judgment stated:
Posting of a Government servant in the Ahobilam Temple is not supported by any statutory provision... Therefore, the action is void ab initio and in violation of constitutional rights guaranteed under Article 26.


2023: Supreme Court affirmation

On 27 January 2023, the
Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judiciary of India, judicial authority and the supreme court, highest court of the Republic of India. It is the final Appellate court, court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also ...
refused to entertain the state government's appeal against the High Court ruling. A bench headed by Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and Abhay S. Oka remarked:
Let the religious people deal with it. Why should religious places not be left to religious people?
The Supreme Court upheld the High Court's findings, affirming that:
Andhra Pradesh has no authority, jurisdiction or entitlement … to appoint an executive officer of the 'Sri Ahobila Mutt Parampara Aadheena Sri … Devasthanam'.
"Supreme Court Dismisses Challenge On Appointing Andhra Temple Official" – NDTV
/ref>


Level of Government Interference

Among the 108 Divya Desams, the Ahobilam Temple is considered the only shrine where the traditional religious authority—Sri Ahobila Matha—retains near-complete autonomy over rituals, funds, and administration. This level of independence contrasts with several other prominent temples in South India where government departments, such as the HR&CE, have asserted control. For instance, temples like Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram and
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam The Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form of Vishnu) and his consort Ranganayaki (a form of Lakshmi). The temple is located in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the Tamil Architectural style, t ...
—though historically linked to religious institutions—are now administered under state departments, leading to criticism over bureaucratic involvement in sacred traditions.Stop Hindu Dvesha: Temple administration and the state
/ref> In contrast, Ahobilam has legally affirmed its exemption from such interference through a series of High Court and Supreme Court rulings in 2022 and 2023. These rulings emphasized its status as an "integral and inseparable" part of the Matha and protected under Article 26 of the Constitution.-Court ruling in Ahobilam case
/ref> Temples such as Veeraraghava Swamy Temple,
Thiruvallur Tiruvallur is a Grade I municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of Coovum river about from downtown Chennai ( Madras) in the western part of the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA). It is a satellite tow ...
, though also associated with the Ahobila Matha, currently face significant state interference. Reports and legal filings have raised concerns about the diversion of temple funds and lack of transparency in appointments.
/ref> Likewise, the Divya Desams at Kumbakonam, Pulamboothangudi and Aadanoor, both near
Kumbakonam Kumbakonam (formerly spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum), or Kudanthai, is a city municipal corporation in the Thanjavur district in the States of India, Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located from Thanjavur and from Chennai and is the hea ...
, show evidence of limited government involvement, although the rural context has so far kept interference relatively lower. In rare theological extensions, some even regard the Northern Ahobila Mutt, Naimisharanya in Uttar Pradesh—located deep within sacred forestland—as another example of temple-ground autonomy where the deity is identified with the very landscape, making state encroachment more difficult.
/ref> Ahobilam thus stands out as a Divya Desam where judicial affirmation and traditional authority have converged to limit state interference—an exception in the broader landscape of temple governance in India. #


Geography

Ahobilam is located at . It is located in Nallamala Forest, along the
Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches along the East Coast of India, eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of , it traverses the states and union territories of India, states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Prade ...
. Ahobilam lies in the
Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches along the East Coast of India, eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of , it traverses the states and union territories of India, states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Prade ...
within
Nandyal district Nandyal district is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh with Nandyal as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022 to become one of the resultant 26 districts. It is part of the Rayalaseema region. The district ...
of Andhra Pradesh. It is approximately 24 km from Allagadda, 65 km from Nandyal, and 112 km from Kadapa. The complex is divided into: * Eguva Ahobilam (Upper Ahobilam) – located in forested hills, with 9 Narasimhas * Diguvu Ahobilam (Lower Ahobilam) – located in the plains, housing the main entrance and Prahlada Varadan temple Other sources for reference * Survey of India Topographical Maps * Digital Elevation Models (DEM) * Google Earth / Google Maps Terrain Layer


Etymology and Legend

The name "Ahobilam" has two etymological interpretations: * ''Aho Balam'' – "Ah! What strength", an exclamation by the Devas upon witnessing Narasimha's power * ''Ahobila'' – "Great Cave", where Garuda is said to have performed penance and received darshan of Narasimha According to the
Brahmanda Purana The ''Brahmanda Purana'' () is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas, a genre of Hindu texts. It is listed as the eighteenth Maha-Purana in almost all the anthologies. The text is also referred in medieval Indian literature as th ...
,
Padma Purana The ''Padma Purana'' (, or ) is one of the eighteen Puranas#Mahapuranas, Major Puranas, a genre of texts in Hinduism. It is an encyclopedic text, named after the lotus in which creator god Brahma appeared, and includes large sections dedic ...
, and
Vishnu Purana The Vishnu Purana () is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, a genre of ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism. It is an important Pancharatra text in the Vaishnavism literature corpus. The manuscripts of ''Vishnu Purana'' have survived into ...
, this is the site where Narasimha emerged from a pillar to destroy Hiranyakashipu. The mountain is also known as Garudachala due to Garuda's penance here.


Temple practices

The temples of Ahobilam, particularly the central shrine of Ahobila Narasimha Swamy, adhere to the Vadakalai pancharatra tradition, one of the oldest systems of
Vaishnava Vaishnavism () ), also called Vishnuism, is one of the major Hindu traditions, that considers Vishnu as the sole supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, that is, '' Mahavishnu''. It is one of the major Hindu denominations along wit ...
temple ritual. The daily and festival rites are conducted with strict orthodoxy, overseen by the Ahobila Matha (also known as the Ahobila Mutt), a prominent Sri Vaishnava institution established in the 14th century by Sri Adivan Satakopa Swami. The Matha holds **exclusive hereditary rights** to all the ** Nava Narasimha temples** at Ahobilam, both in terms of **ritual worship and administrative control**. The Jeeyar (pontiff) of the Ahobila Matha is regarded as the spiritual custodian and exercises traditional authority over temple proceedings. The temples all follow hardcore pancharatra agama, excluding chenchu Lakshmi (near Pavana) which follows tribal rituals. The tribes preform a buffallo
sacrifice Sacrifice is an act or offering made to a deity. A sacrifice can serve as propitiation, or a sacrifice can be an offering of praise and thanksgiving. Evidence of ritual animal sacrifice has been seen at least since ancient Hebrews and Gree ...
near Pavana Narasimha where they have influence.


Malola Narasimha and Utsava Murti

The most significant deity for the Ahobila Matha is Malola Narasimha, representing the benevolent form of Lord Narasimha alongside Goddess Lakshmi (*Maa*). The **Utsava Murti** (processional idol) of Malola Narasimha is preserved and personally carried by the Jeeyars of the Matha during their **tours across India**, symbolizing the living presence of the deity traveling with the pontiff. This traveling tradition, called the "**Diksha Yatra**", reflects the Matha's **dual role** as both temple administrator and missionary institution promoting Sri Vaishnavism.


Daily rituals

Worship follows the ''ṣaṭkāla pūjā'' (six-daily-ritual) schedule: * ''Suprabhata Seva'' – Awakening the deity at dawn * ''Tomala Seva'' – Offering garlands and scented flowers * ''Abhishekam'' – Ritual bathing of the deity * ''Naivedyam'' – Offering of cooked food and fruits * ''Alankaram'' – Dressing and ornamentation * ''Sayana Seva'' – Putting the deity to rest Each of the nine shrines has its own dedicated rituals, priests, and offerings, though coordinated under the overarching authority of the Matha.


Major festivals

* Brahmotsavam: The grand annual celebration held in the Tamil month of Masi (February–March) * Narasimha Jayanti: Celebrating the divine appearance of Narasimha (usually in April–May) * Swathi Nakshatra Abhishekam: Monthly festival performed on the Swathi star, considered auspicious for Lord Narasimha * Pavitrotsavam: Ritual purification festival to correct any lapses in daily worship during the year


Integration of local practices

Ahobilam's forest setting and proximity to tribal communities have led to a blend of **Sanskritic, Tamil, and tribal ritual** with **regional devotional customs**. Local traditions, vows, and offerings continue to be part of the pilgrimage experience, especially in shrines such as Jwala Narasimha and Ugra Stambham, which are located in remote areas of the Nallamala Hills. Access to these upper shrines may involve steep treks and is often accompanied by local guides or devotees observing vows. The spiritual and administrative continuity maintained by the Ahobila Matha has preserved the sanctity of these ancient temples for over six centuries.


Temple Special Utsavams

:Paruveta Utsavam(starting from Makara Sankranti, lasting approximately 40 days) is the most significant and unique festival at Ahobilam. This grand festival commemorates Lord
Narasimha Narasimha (, , or , ), is the fourth avatara of the Hindu god Vishnu in the Satya Yuga. He incarnated as a part-lion, part-man and killed Hiranyakashipu, ended religious persecution and calamity on earth, and restored dharma. Narasimha has th ...
's divine hunting expedition and involves an extensive procession taking the deity's idol to 32 surrounding Chenchu tribal villages. It symbolizes the Lord's invitation to the local tribes for the sacred marriage celebration, strengthening the bond between the temple and the tribal communities. :The festival features unique rituals, including devotees symbolically aiming arrows at the deity's palanquin, reenacting the divine hunt. Recognizing its cultural, religious, and social importance, the Government of Andhra Pradesh officially declares a state public holiday during Paruveta Utsavam. This declaration allows widespread participation by the local population, government employees, and educational institutions, highlighting the festival's significance in regional identity and heritage. :Paruveta Utsavam is not only a religious event but also a major cultural occasion that fosters community cohesion, especially among the indigenous Chenchu tribal communities, who actively participate in the festivities. The festival's state holiday status facilitates large-scale observance, public gatherings, and pilgrimage activities in and around Ahobilam. :Traditional
prasadam 200px, ''Naivedya'' offered to Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir in Mayapur, India">Mayapur.html" ;"title="Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir in Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandir, Mayapur">Sri Maya Chandrodaya Mandi ...
distributed during this festival includes Kesari and Dadhyodanam. * Bhogi Andal Thiru Kalyanam (14 January) :This festival celebrates the divine marriage Thirukalyanam of Goddess Goda Devi with Prahladavarada Swamy, marked by evening rituals and offerings including Pongal, Chakkara Pongal, Pulihora, and Kesari. * Sankranthi (15 January) :Abhishekam is performed for Lord Jwala Narasimha Swamy in Upper Ahobilam and Prahladavarada Swamy in Lower Ahobilam. Prasadam includes Kesari, Pulihora, Dadhyodanam, and Chakkara Pongal. * Brahmotsavams (March) :Annual festivals celebrated separately in Upper and Lower Ahobilam, featuring processions and offerings such as Kesari, Chakkara Pongal, Pulihora, Dadhyodanam, Panchamrutham, Kadambam, and Dosa Bhakshanams. * Sri Prahladavarada Swamy Theppotsavam (Late March) :The annual float festival held as a service to the Lord during Brahmotsavams, with prasadam including Kesari, Pulihora, and Chakkara Pongal. * Panguni Uttaram :Jayanthi Mahotsavam of Goddess Sri Mahalakshmi with prasadam like Kesari, Pulihora, and Chakkara Pongal. * Samvatsaram Ugadi (Telugu New Year) :Celebrations include prasadam such as Ugadi Pacchadi, Dadhyodanam, Pulihora, Kesari, and Chakkara Pongal. * Sri Rama Navami :Commemoration of Lord
Rama Rama (; , , ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular avatars of Vishnu. In Rama-centric Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (''maryāda' ...
's birth with Abhishekam, Asthanam, and Thiru Veedhi Utsavam. Prasadam includes Vadapapu, Panakam, Pulihora, and Chakkara Pongal. * Varshaparuppu (Tamil New Year) :Traditional New Year celebrations with prasadam offerings such as Ugadi Pacchadi, Dadhyodanam, Pulihora, Kesari, and Chakkara Pongal. :Paruveta Utsavam's status as an official state holiday underscores its exceptional importance to Andhra Pradesh's cultural and religious landscape. The holiday enables government offices, educational institutions, and businesses to close in observance of the festival, thereby facilitating large-scale participation by devotees and local communities. This recognition also helps promote the preservation of tribal customs and rituals associated with the festival, highlighting the government's role in supporting regional traditions. These utsavams reflect the vibrant religious and cultural heritage of Ahobilam Temple and play a vital role in preserving the temple's ancient traditions and community engagement.


Weekly Rituals

* Ekadasi On Ekadasi (the 11th day of the lunar fortnight), special Abhishekam (ritual bathing) is performed for the deity in the morning, followed by the Thiruveedhi Utsavam (holy street procession) in the evening. **Prasadam:** Pulihora, Dadhyodanam, Panchamrutham, and Panakam are distributed to devotees. * Amavasya On Amavasya (new moon day), Abhishekam is similarly conducted in the morning with the evening Thiruveedhi Utsavam procession. **Prasadam:** Pulihora, Dadhyodanam, Panchamrutham, and Panakam. * Pournami On Pournami (full moon day), the temple performs morning Abhishekam and evening Thiruveedhi Utsavam. **Prasadam:** Pulihora, Dadhyodanam, Panchamrutham, and Panakam.


Biodiversity

Ahobilam is situated within the biodiverse Nallamala Hills of the
Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats is a mountain range that stretches along the East Coast of India, eastern coast of the Indian peninsula. Covering an area of , it traverses the states and union territories of India, states of Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Prade ...
, known for their rugged terrain, seasonal streams, and dry deciduous forests. The region falls under the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, which shelters a variety of endemic and endangered species.


Notable flora

* '' Terminalia paniculata'' – Kindal * ''
Pterocarpus marsupium ''Pterocarpus marsupium'', also known as Malabar kino or Indian kino, is a medium-to-large, deciduous tree that can grow up to tall. It is native to India (where it occurs in parts of the Western Ghats in the Karnataka-Kerala region and in the ...
'' – Indian kino tree * ''
Lagerstroemia microcarpa ''Lagerstroemia microcarpa'' is a flowering tree that is endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range, located in southwestern India. Description The tree grows more than tall. It is easily distinguishable by its smooth white bark that peels o ...
'' – Indian crape myrtle * ''
Pterocarpus santalinus ''Pterocarpus santalinus'', with the common names red sanders, red saunders, Yerra Chandanam, Chenchandanam, red sandalwood, Rakta Chandana, and rakto chandon, is a species of ''Pterocarpus'' endemism, endemic to the southern Eastern Ghats moun ...
'' – Red sanders (endemic to Eastern Ghats) * ''
Acorus calamus ''Acorus calamus'' (also called sweet flag, sway or muskrat root, among many other common names) is a species of flowering plant with psychoactive chemicals. It is a tall wetland monocot of the family Acoraceae, in the genus ''Acorus.'' Alth ...
'' – Sweet flag (medicinal) * '' Asparagus racemosus'' – Shatavari * '' Diospyros melanoxylon'' – Tendu * '' Syzygium cumini'' – Jamun * ''
Wrightia tinctoria ''Wrightia tinctoria'', Pala indigo plant or dyer's oleander, is a flowering plant species in the genus '' Wrightia'' found in India, southeast Asia and Australia. It is found in dry and moist regions in its distribution. Various parts of the pla ...
'' – Sweet Indrajao * ''
Chloroxylon swietenia ''Chloroxylon swietenia'' , the Ceylon satinwood or East Indian satinwood, is a tropical hardwood, the sole species in the genus ''Chloroxylon'' (from the Greek language, Greek χλωρὸν ξύλον, "green wood"). It is native to southern Ind ...
'' – East Indian satinwood * '' Woodfordia fruticosa'' – Dhataki * '' Boswellia serrata'' – Indian frankincense * '' Tamarindus indica'' – Tamarind * ''
Aegle marmelos ''Aegle marmelos'', commonly known as bael (or ''bili'' or ''bhel''), also Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone apple or wood apple, is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is present i ...
'' – Bael *
Ficus religiosa ''Ficus religiosa'' or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina that belongs to Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, bo tree, peepul tree, peepal tree, pipala tree or ...
– Sacred fig *
Cassia fistula ''Cassia fistula'', also known as golden shower, purging cassia, Indian laburnum, kani konna, or pudding-pipe tree,U. S. Department of Agriculture, William Saunders; Catalogue of Economic Plants in the Collection of the U. S. Department of Agric ...
– Golden shower tree * Adhatoda vasica – Malabar nut * Clerodendrum infortunatum – Hill glory bower *
Calotropis gigantea ''Calotropis gigantea'', the crown flower, is a species of '' Calotropis'' native to Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Pakistan, and Nepal. It is a large shrub growing to tal ...
– Crown flower * Cissus quadrangularis – Veld grape * Albizia lebbeck – Siris tree * Pongamia pinnata – Indian beech * Helicteres isora – East Indian screw tree *
Ziziphus mauritiana ''Ziziphus mauritiana'', also known as Indian jujube, Indian plum, Chinese date, Chinese apple, ber and dunks is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae. It is often confused with the closely related jujube, Chinese ju ...
– Indian jujube


Notable fauna

* '' Panthera tigris tigris'' – Bengal tiger (apex predator, rare sightings) * '' Panthera pardus'' – Indian leopard * '' Melursus ursinus'' – Sloth bear * '' Macaca radiata'' – Bonnet macaque * '' Ratufa indica'' – Indian giant squirrel * '' Manis crassicaudata'' – Indian pangolin * '' Tetracerus quadricornis'' – Four-horned antelope (chousingha) * ''
Axis axis The chital or cheetal (''Axis axis''; ), also called spotted deer, chital deer and axis deer, is a deer species native to the Indian subcontinent. It was first described by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. A moderate-sized deer, ma ...
'' – Chital (spotted deer) * '' Muntiacus muntjak'' – Indian muntjac (barking deer) * '' Lepus nigricollis'' – Indian hare * '' Python molurus'' – Indian python * '' Ophiophagus hannah'' – King cobra * '' Pavo cristatus'' – Indian peafowl * '' Gallus sonneratii'' – Grey junglefowl * '' Anthracoceros coronatus'' – Malabar pied hornbill * '' Spilornis cheela'' – Crested serpent eagle * '' Cinnyris lotenius'' – Loten's sunbird * '' Elephas maximus indicus'' – Indian elephant (migratory/temporary, very rare) * '' Bos gaurus'' – Indian gaur * '' Semnopithecus entellus'' – Gray langur * '' Herpestes edwardsii'' – Indian grey mongoose * '' Francolinus pondicerianus'' – Grey francolin * '' Ninox scutulata'' – Brown hawk-owl * '' Coracias benghalensis'' – Indian roller * ''
Dendrelaphis tristis ''Dendrelaphis tristis'' (Common bronzeback or Daudin's bronzeback) is a species of colubrid tree-snake found in South Asia. It is not venomous, and harmless to humans. Taxonomy ''Dendrelaphis tristis'' belongs to the genus ''Dendrelaphis'', w ...
'' – Common bronzeback tree snake * ''
Calotes versicolor The oriental garden lizard (''Calotes versicolor''), also called the eastern garden lizard, Indian garden lizard, common garden lizard, bloodsucker or changeable lizard, is an agamid lizard found widely distributed in Indo-Malaya. It has also be ...
'' – Oriental garden lizard * ''
Daboia russelii Russell's viper (''Daboia russelii)'' is a species of highly venomous snake in the family Viperidae. The species is native to South Asia. It was described in 1797 by George Shaw and Frederick Polydore Nodder. It is named after Patrick Russell ...
'' – Russell's viper * '' Bungarus caeruleus'' – Common krait * '' Elaphe helena'' – Indian rat snake * '' Phaenicophaeus viridirostris'' – Blue-faced malkoha * '' Eudynamys scolopaceus'' – Asian koel * '' Amaurornis phoenicurus'' – White-breasted waterhen * '' Nisaetus cirrhatus'' – Changeable hawk-eagle * '' Milvus migrans'' – Black kite * '' Psilopogon haemacephalus'' – Coppersmith barbet * '' Prinia inornata'' – Plain prinia * '' Hirundo rustica'' – Barn swallow * '' Argya affinis'' – Yellow-billed babbler * '' Saxicola caprata'' – Pied bushchat * '' Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'' – Asian palm civet * '' Viverricula indica'' – Small Indian civet * '' Anathana ellioti'' – Madras treeshrew * '' Felis chaus'' – Jungle cat * ''
Canis aureus The golden jackal (''Canis aureus''), also called the common jackal, is a wolf-like canid that is native to Eurasia. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller a ...
'' – Golden jackal * '' Boselaphus tragocamelus'' – Nilgai * ''
Lutrogale perspicillata The smooth-coated otter (''Lutrogale perspicillata'') is a freshwater otter species from regions of South Asia, South and West Asia, Southwest Asia, with the majority of its numbers found in Southeast Asia. It has been ranked as "Vulnerable specie ...
'' – Smooth-coated otter * '' Hystrix indica'' – Indian crested porcupine * '' Vulpes bengalensis'' – Bengal fox * '' Pteropus giganteus'' – Indian flying fox * '' Platyceps bholanathi'' – Nagarjuna Sagar racer * '' Eutropis nagarjuni'' – Sharma's mabuya * '' Amphiesma stolatum'' – Striped keelback * ''
Fowlea piscator The checkered keelback (''Fowlea piscator''), also known commonly as the Asiatic water snake, is a common species in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Asia. It is non-venomous. Description The eye of ' ...
'' – Checkered keelback * '' Atretium schistosum'' – Olive keelback * '' Rhabdophis plumbicolor'' – Green keelback * ''
Tomopterna cryptotis The common sand frog (''Tomopterna cryptotis'') is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae It is found in dryer ( xeric) regions in sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is likely a cryptic species complex, and the distribution of the nominal ' ...
'' – Cricket frog (*Note: genus Tomopterna; Falkenfels, adjust if desired*) * ''
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus ''Hoplobatrachus tigerinus'', commonly known as the Indian bullfrog, is a large species of fork-tongued frog found in South and Southeast Asia. A relatively large frog, it is normally green in color, although physiological traits vary between p ...
'' – Indian bullfrog * '' Indirana leithii'' – Leith's leaping frog * ''
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis ''Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis'' is a common Dicroglossidae, dicroglossid frog found in South Asia. It is known under numerous common names, including Indian skipper frog or skittering frog. They are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with th ...
'' – Skittering frog * '' Crocodylus palustris'' – Mugger crocodile * Numerous species of
butterflies Butterflies are winged insects from the lepidopteran superfamily Papilionoidea, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight. The oldest butterfly fossi ...
,
moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...
s, and
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
insects These species highlight the ecological importance of Ahobilam as a corridor for both central and southern Indian biodiversity. Conservation efforts are ongoing in the surrounding sanctuary areas to protect this fragile ecosystem.


Tribes

Ahobilam and its surrounding Eastern Ghats region are inhabited by several indigenous tribal communities with distinct cultures and traditions. These tribes have traditionally lived in close harmony with the forest and hills. Some of the prominent tribal groups in the area include:


Chenchus

The Chenchus are the most prominent and indigenous tribe inhabiting the Ahobilam area. Classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) by the
Government of India The Government of India (ISO 15919, ISO: Bhārata Sarakāra, legally the Union Government or Union of India or the Central Government) is the national authority of the Republic of India, located in South Asia, consisting of States and union t ...
, the Chenchus traditionally live as
hunter-gatherers A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially w ...
and forest dwellers. * Lifestyle: Traditionally reliant on hunting, gathering minor forest produce, and small-scale agriculture. * Language: Chenchu, a Dravidian language with significant Telugu influence. * Culture: The Chenchus have a deep cultural and spiritual connection to the forests, including reverence for local deities associated with the region. * Habitat: They inhabit forest hamlets within the Nallamala Hills, including villages near Ahobilam such as Bairluty and Peddacheruvu.


Native Status and Cultural Identity

The Chenchus are recognized as one of the original inhabitants of the
dense Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the ratio of a substance's mass to its volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' (or ''d'') can also be use ...
forests of the Nallamala Hills. Unlike other tribes who migrated to the region, the Chenchus have historically maintained a symbiotic relationship with the forest, relying on
hunting and gathering A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wi ...
, and small-scale shifting cultivation. Their language, customs, and beliefs are intimately tied to the ecology and history of the area.


Influence on Ahobilam Temple Traditions

Ahobilam, renowned as the sacred site of Lord Narasimha, holds special significance for the Chenchu community. Their influence is visible in various religious practices and rituals unique to the region: * Chenchu Lakshmi: The Chenchus worship a local manifestation of Goddess
Lakshmi Lakshmi (; , , sometimes spelled Laxmi, ), also known as Shri (, , ), is one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism, revered as the goddess of wealth, fortune, prosperity, beauty, fertility, sovereignty, and abundance. She along with Parvat ...
known as Chenchu Lakshmi. In the temple complex of Pavana Narasimha, a revered shrine dedicated to Chenchu Lakshmi is under the custodianship of the Chenchu tribe. The deity symbolizes their deep reverence and connection to divine protection and prosperity. * Buffalo Sacrifice Rituals: Near the Pavana Narasimha temple, the Chenchus perform traditional buffalo sacrifice ceremonies as part of their ritual offerings. * Ahobilesa Narasimha Temple: Another important shrine dedicated to Chenchu Lakshmi exists within the Ahobilesa Narasimha temple complex. This is the main Lakshmi in Ahobilam. Ahobilam is regarded as the foremost pilgrimage center for worship of Chenchu Lakshmi, underscoring the central role of the Chenchus in preserving and perpetuating the temple traditions. The lower ahobilam temple has Amrutavalli lakshmi however.


Socio-Religious Role

The Chenchus' custodianship of these temples and
rituals A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally ...
exemplifies their enduring role as both spiritual and cultural stewards of the region. Their festivals, oral histories, and ritual practices continue to shape the
religious Religion is a range of social- cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural ...
landscape of Ahobilam, blending
tribal The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
customs with the broader Hindu temple traditions. The ahobila mutt works with the chenchu tribe to help preserve traditions. The ahobila mutt allowed them to continue the rituals near the Pavana shrine while using agama rules for the shrine itself. The ahobila mutt also sponsored education for
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
members.


Contemporary Status

While
modernization Modernization theory or modernisation theory holds that as societies become more economically modernized, wealthier and more educated, their political institutions become increasingly liberal democratic and rationalist. The "classical" theories ...
and outside influences have affected many tribal practices, the Chenchus in Ahobilam strive to preserve their unique identity. Their involvement in temple ceremonies and forest conservation efforts remains a vital aspect of community life.


Sugalis (Lambadis)

The Sugalis, also known as Lambadis or Banjaras, are a semi-nomadic tribal community residing primarily in the foothills and surrounding villages of Ahobilam. * Lifestyle: Historically nomadic traders, many Sugalis have transitioned to settled agriculture and daily wage labor. * Language:
Lambadi Lambadi, Lambani, Lamani or Banjari is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Banjara people across India. The language does not have a native script. Regional dialects are divided between the Banjara of Maharashtra (written in Devanaga ...
, a dialect of Rajasthani origin, along with Telugu. * Culture: Known for their vibrant traditional clothing, embroidery, and rich oral traditions. * Distribution: Mainly inhabit villages around the base of the Nallamala Hills near Ahobilam.


Socioeconomic Aspects

Both Chenchus and Sugalis face challenges related to access to education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihoods. Various government initiatives and NGOs work towards improving living standards, forest rights, and preserving cultural heritage. Conversion is not yet a major issue and the area still remains 99%+ Hinduz These tribes contribute significantly to the cultural fabric and ecological stewardship of the Eastern Ghats region surrounding Ahobilam. Ongoing efforts aim to preserve their languages, customs, and land rights amidst changing socio-economic conditions. The ahobila mutt is sponsoring the Chenchus in education. Many times there may be conflicts between the tribes and the government who controls the forrest reserve, while the temple is under the mutt.


Notes


References

*Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', 1994, British Museum Press, *Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{Authority control Hindu pilgrimage sites in India Divya Desams Hindu temples in Kurnool district Devi temples in Andhra Pradesh Narasimha temples Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent