Agusan is a

Manobo language The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao (presently called ) and Caraga regions where they are natively spoken. Some outlying groups m ...

of northeastern

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

Distribution and dialects

Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas.

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...

Agusan del Sur Agusan del Sur, officially the Province of Agusan del Sur (; Butuanon: ''Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur''; ), is a province in Caraga region, Mindanao, Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Prosperidad. It is bordered on the northwest ...

Province: western area, southeast of

Lake Buluan Lake Buluan is a lake located on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. With an estimated surface area of , it is the third largest lake in Mindanao, after Lake Lanao and Lake Mainit. It has an average elevation of . The lake is sandwiched ...

*inland areas of

Surigao del Sur Surigao del Sur (Surigaonon language, Surigaonon: ''Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur''; ; ), officially the Province of Surigao del Sur, is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Caraga Regions of the Philippines ...

Province *southwest of Lanuza Peninsula to Lianga Bay in

Province *western

Agusan del Norte Agusan del Norte, officially the Province of Agusan del Norte (; Butuanon: ''Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte''; ), is a province in the Caraga region of the Philippines. Its ''de jure'' capital is the city of Cabadbaran with several government o ...

Province * Compostela Valley and

Davao del Norte Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...

provinces: continuous strip along northern borders *

Surigao del Norte Surigao del Norte ( Surigaonon: ''Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte''; ; Tagalog: ''Hilagang Surigao''), officially the Province of Surigao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao. The province was fo ...

Province: southern tip, inland *scattered small border areas of

Bukidnon Bukidnon (), officially the Province of Bukidnon (; ; ; Bukid language, Binukid and Higaonon language, Higaonon: ''Probinsya ta Bukidnon''), is a landlocked Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindan ...

and

Davao Oriental Davao Oriental (; ), officially the Province of Davao Oriental (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of Mati, Davao Oriental, Mati which is the most ...

provinces Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas. *northern Compostela Valley Province: upper

Agusan River The Agusan River is third longest river in the Philippines, located in the north-eastern part of Mindanao island, draining majority of the Caraga region and some parts of Davao de Oro. It is the country's third largest river (after the Cagayan ...

area *

Province:

Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...

and

Cateel Cateel (), officially the Municipality of Cateel (; ), is a municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Davao Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 44,207 people. ...

municipalities *

Province: Asuncion municipality (in Manguagan) Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas. *northern border of

Province *southeast corner of

Province *southern

Province: Lingig (in Rajah Cabungsuan) The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.

Phonology

Consonants

In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position. The glottal stop occurs in all consonant positions. Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except in word-final position. The consonants and are used interchangeably.

Vowels

Agusan has only five vowels, , , , , and . Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of , may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel never occurs next to the consonant .

References

Manobo languages Languages of Agusan del Norte Languages of Agusan del Sur {{GCPhilippine-lang-stub