Agrias

''Agrias'' is a genus of Neotropical charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America.

The German lepidopterist Hans Fruhstorfer wrote:
"In this magnificent tropical genus, upon which nature seems to have showered all her abundance of most brilliant colours, and which is, therefore, justly called the 'princely race' of the Nymphalidae, we are most surprised to meet a repetition of two genera of not less abundant colours: the '' Callithea'' and '' Catagramma'', except that the ''Agrias'' species greatly excel the latter in size and magnificent colours, and only the males of this genus bear a sexual distinction in the shape of a hair-brush on the hindwings. Some of them, like the famous '' A. sardanapalus'', having been first discovered by Bates in the Amazon Valley, are of an absolutely charming beauty, and the contrast of its purple-red forewings beaming through a blue lustre hued over them as if in a violet purple gloss, with the brilliantly sapphire-blue hindwings, is undoubtedly one of the most magnificent sights that nature has ever produced in the whole world of butterflies."Fruhstorfer, H. (1913). Family: Morphidae. In A. Seitz (editor), ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'', vol. 5: 333–356. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

Prized by collectors, these large, showy butterflies have had hundreds of names applied to polymorphic variants.

Description

The species of the genus ''Agrias'' have, variously, very bright red, orange, iridescent blue and yellow colouration contrasting on the black or bluish background of their upperside wing. The underside wings are patterned. They have a robust appearance (broad thorax and short wide abdomen) allowing fast flight. The wingspan is 70–120 mm. Males of all ''Agrias'' species have prominent yellow tufts of androconial scales on the hindwings. These disperse pheromones for attracting suitable mates.

Biology

Adult ''Agrias'' live in the forest canopy, occasionally visiting the forest floor to feed on decomposing fruit. The butterflies always feed and rest with their wings closed, but if disturbed they may give a rapid flick of the wings, displaying the vivid colours of the upperside. Males establish territories and perch on tree trunks, branches, and even the ground.

''Agrias'' larvae feed on ''Erythroxylum''. The smooth and round eggs are laid singly on the leaves of the food plant. The larvae are pale brownish, marked with lichen-green spots, have recurved "horns" on the head capsule and a bifid tail. They feed at night and spend the day on twigs. The pupa is pale green. It has a dorsal hump, and tapers sharply toward a stout cremaster and the bifid head. It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the food plant.

Habitat

''Agrias'' are found in both lowland and montane tropical wet forests. Adults of ''Agrias amydon'' are also found in pasture habitats in the wet season but probably pass most, or all, of the long dry season in forest refugia. During the dry season, strong-flying ''A. amydon'' undoubtedly forage in open areas, only to return to sheltered retreats in response to thermal stress.

Mimicry

''Agrias phalcidon'' is a Müllerian mimic with the '' Asterope'' (formerly ''Callithea'') species complex.

Systematics

Clade showing phylogenetics of ''Agrias''.

Hybrids

*''Prepona'' × ''sarumani'' was described by Paul Smart in 1976 is considered to be a hybrid between ''Prepona praeneste abrupta'' and ''Agrias claudina lugens''. Intergeneric hybrids are rare and this may indicate ''Prepona'' is very closely related to ''Agrias'' or that the genera should be combined.

Species

The following species are accepted by the ''Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera''.Lamas, G. (Ed.) (2004). ''Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea''. Gainesville, Florida: Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. .

* '' Agrias aedon'' – Aegon agrias
* '' Agrias amydon'' – white-spotted agrias
* '' Agrias claudina'' (including ''A. sardanapalus'') – Claudina agrias
* '' Agrias hewitsonius''
* '' Agrias narcissus''

Other authors differ, for instance in regarding ''A. narcissus'' as a subspecies of ''A. aedon''.

G9DC5664a.jpg, '' Agrias amydon phalcidon'' upperside
Agrias narcissus narcissus MHNT.jpg, '' Agrias narcissus narcissus'' both sides
Agrias claudina claudina MHNT.jpg, '' Agrias claudina claudina'' both sides
WachenheimiP3020012.jpg, '' Agrias claudina wachenheimi'' upperside
Satanas P3020013.jpg, '' Agrias claudina satanas'' underside

References

* Barselou, P. (1983), ''The genus Agrias (Nymphalidae) '', Sciences Nat, Venette

* Eugène Le Moult, Le Moult, 1931–1933, ''Formes nouvelles ou peu connues d'Agrias''. '' Novitates Entomologicae''
*Floquet, Ph., 2008. ''Agrias'', Volume 1. Publication à compte d’auteur. 98 pp accepts the same 9 species as Spath (q.v.)
*Floquet, Ph., 2010. ''Agrias'', Volume 2. Publication à compte d’auteur. 57 pp
* Floquet, P., 2010: A new form of ''Agrias phalcidon'' Hewitson, in the Maues region, Amazonas, Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). ''Lambillionea'' CX 1 (Tome 1): 132–135.
* Floquet, P.,2010: Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson, 1855, et description de la femelle de la forme floqueti Floquet, 2010, Brésil(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) 'Lambillionea' CXI, 3.
* Floquet, P., 2011. Les variations chez Agrias pericles Bates (1860), de la région de Maues et Itaituba au Brésil (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXI, 1.
* Floquet, P., 2012. Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy, 1924, Brésil(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXII, 1.
* Floquet, P., 2011. Les variations chez Agrias phalcidon ssp.fournierae (Fassl, 1921), au Brésil (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXI.
* Floquet, P., 2011. Forme rouge d’Agrias amydon smalli Miller & Nicolay (1971), du Costa-Rica (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXI, 1.
* Floquet, P., 2012. Les sous-espèces d’Agrias narcissus Staudinger, 1886 et leurs variations(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXII, 2.
* Floquet, Ph., 2012. Les sous-espèces et variations chez Agrias beatifica Hewitson, 1869 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXII, 3.
* Floquet, Ph., 2012. Agrias hewitsonius Bates, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ''Lambillionea'' CXII, 3
* Floquet, Ph., 2013. Variation chez l'Agrias phalcidon phalcidon Hewitson, 1855 f. floqueti Floquet, 2010, et description de la f. manfredi nov. Floquet,2013 Lambillionea CXIII, 1
* Floquet, Ph., 2013. Forme récurrente chez les Agrias Doubleday, 1845 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIII,1
* Floquet, Ph., 2013. Decouverte et description d'unenouvelle forme d'Agrias beatifica stuarti Godman & Salvin, 1882 f. pseudohewitsonius nov.(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIII,2
* Floquet, Ph., 2013. - Formes et Variations chez les Agrias (Version Française). 72 pp.
* Floquet, Ph., 2013. - Agrias, Forms and Variations (English version). 72 pp.
* Floquet, Ph., 2014. Variations chez Agrias amydon athenais Fruhstorfer, 1912 et description d'une forme nouvelle auriflamma (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXIV,3,2014
* Floquet, Ph., 2015. Notes sur les populations d'Agrias aedon Hewitson, 1848 du Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXV,3,2015
* Floquet, Ph., 2016. Découverte et description de la forme rouge d'Agrias phalcidon excelsior Lathy, 1924, Brésil f. akai nov. Floquet, 2015 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Lambillionea CXVI,1,2016
* Rebillard, P. (1961), ''Révision systématique des Lépidoptères Nymphalides du genre Agrias''. ''Memoires du Museum National d`Histoire Naturelle'', Nouvelle Serie, Serie A, Zoologie, Tome XXII, Fasicule 2.
* Späth, M. (1992), ''Sous-espèces et formes nouvelles d'Agrias''. ''Bulletin de la Société Sciences Nat'', 75–76

* Späth, M. (1999), Pt. 2. ''Agrias''. In: E. Bauer (Ed.), ''Butterflies of the World.'' (Vol. Nymphalidae I, pp. 12 p., 20 col. plates). Keltern: Goecke & Evers. Accepts 9 species ''Agrias beatifica'' Hewitson, 1869;''Agrias hewitsonius'' Hewitson, 1860; ''Agrias sahlkei'' Honrath, 885 ''Agrias claudina'' (Godart, 824, ''Agrias aedon'' Hewitson, 1848; ''Agrias narcissus'' Staudinger, 885 ''Agrias amydon'' Hewitson, 1854, ''Agrias phalcidon'' Hewitson, 1855 ''Agrias pericles'' Bates, 1860
*Allen M. Young, 1981 Responses by butterflies to seasonal conditions in lowland Guanacaste province, Costa Rica ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society'' 1981 Volume 35: 155-15
pdf

*Thomas S. Ray, 1985 The host plant, ''Erythroxylum'' (Erythroxylaceae), of ''Agrias'' (Nymphalidae) ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society '' 1985 Volume 39: 266-26
pdf
includes photos of larvae and pupae
*George T. Austin, 2009 Nymphalidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Variation and phenology of Agrias (Charaxinae). ''Tropical Lepidoptera Research'' 19(1): 29–34, 33 figs
pdf
*Carlos Antonio Peña Bieberach, 2009 Evolutionary history of the butterfly subfamily Satyrinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Thesis Department of Zoology Stockholm Universit
pdf
*Furtado, E. 2008. Intergeneric hybridism between ''Prepona'' and ''Agrias'' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Charaxinae). ''Tropical Lepidoptera Research'' 18(1): 5–
pdf

External links

*
''Agrias'' (as ''Prepona'') images
at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
''Agrias claudina''
at ARKive
BOA
Photographs of type specimens including subspecies and forma
"''Agrias'' Doubleday, 1844"
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
Agrias Butterflies: The Gems of the Insect World


(Japanese site with binomial names)
Janzen
photos of larvae and pupae (2 pages). Via search Agrias + caterpillars

{{Authority control

Charaxinae
Nymphalidae of South America
Nymphalidae genera
Taxa named by Henry Doubleday