The Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman are ancient water channels from 500 AD located in the regions of Dakhiliyah, Sharqiyah and Batinah. However, they represent a type of irrigation system as old as 5,000 years in the region named as

qanat A qanāt () or kārīz () is a water supply system that was developed in ancient Iran for the purpose of transporting usable water to the surface from an aquifer or a well through an underground aqueduct. Originating approximately 3,000 years ...

or kariz as originally named in

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

. "Aflaj" () is the plural of "Falaj" (), which means "split into parts" in

classical Arabic Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic () is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages, most notably in Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid literary texts such as poetry, e ...

. This irrigation system effectively divided the water among all the inhabitants; it flowed by

gravity In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...

from its original sources to homes and cropland. The complex included

watchtowers A watchtower or guardtower (also spelt watch tower, guard tower) is a type of military/paramilitary or policiary tower used for guarding an area. Sometimes fortified, and armed with heavy weaponry, especially historically, the structures are ...

to protect it, but also

mosques A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were simple p ...

and other buildings. In 2006, five Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman were added to the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

list of

World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an treaty, international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural ...

s: Falaj Al-Khatmeen, Falaj Al-Malki, Falaj Daris, Falaj Al-Mayassar and Falaj Al-Jeela.

Bombing during the Jebel Akhdar War

Declassified information by the British

National Archives National archives are the archives of a country. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of modernity based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention. Conceptual development From the Middle Ages i ...

later revealed that the British government deliberately destroyed the Aflaj Irrigation systems and crops by air strikes during the

Jebel Akhdar War The Jebel Akhdar War (),
. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2012-04-12. also known as the Jebel Ak ...

in order to prevent locals in the interior of Oman from gathering crops and denying them access to water supplies. Wadi Beni Habib and the water channel at Semail were among the water supplies that were deliberately damaged. Air strikes on Saiq and Sharaijah rendered cultivation in the areas "hazardous". Furthermore, these documents reveal that the British Foreign Secretary gave the approval on 4 August 1957 to carry out air strikes without prior warning to the locals residing in the interior of Oman. The ban on visas for the press by the sultan and the ability of the British government to carry out air strikes discreetly using Masirah Airfield helped in sustaining the military operations under low profile.

World Heritage Designated Aflaj

Construction and maintenance

There are three main types of aflaj in Oman: Dawoodi (long underground channels), Ghaili (shallow channels fed by ponds and running water), and Ainy (extracting water from springs). This diversity indicates the nuanced understanding and exploitation of local hydrogeological conditions to secure water throughout the year. The aflaj systems feature access shafts built every 20 meters along the tunnel for ventilation and debris removal. A distinct feature is the ring of burnt clay at the shaft mouth, which prevents tunnel collapse and flooding, safeguards the water from pollution, and stops people and animals from falling in. This highlights the sophisticated engineering and preventive measures embedded in the design to ensure durability and cleanliness of the water supply. Despite their ancient origins, about 3,000 aflaj systems remain functional, underlining their enduring value to Oman's agricultural and domestic water supply. The maintenance and care of these systems, as in the case of Birkat Al Mus, showcase the communal effort and the high regard for water monitors (Wakils), who play a crucial role in preserving the clarity and purity of the water, essential for the survival of these desert communities.

References

External links

Explore the Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
{{World Heritage Sites in Oman World Heritage Sites in Oman Irrigation in Oman Irrigation

Bombing during the Jebel Akhdar War

World Heritage Designated Aflaj

Construction and maintenance

See also

References

External links