Aeromonas

''Aeromonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the 14 described species have been associated with human diseases. The most important pathogens are '' A. hydrophila'', '' A. caviae'', and '' A. veronii'' biovar ''sobria''. The organisms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water.

They group with the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria.

Two major diseases associated with ''Aeromonas'' are gastroenteritis and wound infections, with or without bacteremia. Gastroenteritis typically occurs after the ingestion of contaminated water or food, whereas wound infections result from exposure to contaminated water. In its most severe form, ''Aeromonas'' spp. can cause necrotizing fasciitis, which is life-threatening, usually requiring treatment with antibiotics and even amputation.

Although some potential virulence factors (e.g. endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, adherence factors) have been identified, their precise roles are unknown.

Association with human diarrhea and human intestinal infections

Literature exists on this subject, but many papers have not adequately studied the causal role of the ''Aeromonas'' strain(s) that were isolated from the cases that were studied. The presence of an ''Aeromonas'' strain in a fecal specimen does not prove or even imply that the strain was causing the diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disease in children is usually an acute, severe illness, whereas that in adults tends to be chronic diarrhea. Severe ''Aeromonas'' gastroenteritis resembles shigellosis, with blood and leukocytes in the stool. Acute diarrheal disease is self-limited, and only supportive care is indicated in affected patients.

Wound infection

Wound infections are the second-most common type of human infection associated with ''Aeromonas''. They are associated with penetrating wounds or abrasions that place the wound in contact with fresh water or soil.

Medicinal leeches

''Aeromonas'' species are endosymbionts of ''Hirudo medicinalis'', a species of leech that is FDA-approved for use in vascular surgery such as skin grafts and flaps. ''Aeromonas'' aides leeches in digesting blood meals. ''H. medicinalis'' used after surgery has led to ''Aeromonas'' infections, most commonly with ''A. veronii''. This can present as a local cellulitis, though can progress to subcutaneous abscess and sepsis.

Respiratory infection

''Aeromonas'' species have also been associated with pneumonia after near-drowning events, especially in fresh water. Most commonly, this has been reported with ''A. hydrophila'', though the ability of clinical laboratories to correctly identify species of ''Aeromonas'' has been limited. ''Aeromonas'' pneumonia due to episodes of near-drowning are frequently complicated by bacteremia and death.

Antimicrobial therapy

''Aeromonas'' species are resistant to penicillins, most cephalosporins, and erythromycin. Ciprofloxacin is consistently active against their strains in the U.S. and Europe, but resistant cases have been reported in Asia.

Unchlorinated drinking-water supply

''Aeromonas'' spp. are ubiquitous in river and freshwater lakes and have frequently been observed in drinking water systems. An interest in ''Aeromonas'' in nonchlorinated drinking water in the Netherlands was initiated from the 1980s, after the observation of a sudden increase of ''Aeromonas'' numbers in drinking water at the municipal Dune Waterworks of The Hague in 1984. Extensive studies with phenotyping and genotyping methods demonstrated that ''Aeromonas'' isolates from fresh and drinking water environments were phenotypically and genotypically different from ''Aeromonas'' isolates from patients. In response to these studies, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States removed ''Aeromonas'' from the contaminant candidate list (CCL) in 2009. In the Netherlands, the presence of ''Aeromonas'' in drinking water is currently not considered a health-related problem. ''Aeromonas'' is only a minor part (<0.01%) of the diverse autochthonous microflora.
Drinking water companies limit the multiplication of bacteria, protozoans and invertebrates (all natural parts of drinking-water distribution systems Van Lieverloo, J.H.M., Van der Kooij, D. and Hoogenboezem, W. (2002). ‘Invertebrates and Protozoa (Free-living) in Drinking Water Distribution Systems’. In: Bitton, G. (ed.). ‘Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology’. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1718-1733. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Encyclopedia+of+Environmental+Microbiology%2C+6+Volume+Set-p-9780471354505)).
The authorities in the Netherlands included ''Aeromonas'' in th
Dutch Drinking Water Decree
as an additional operational indicator (beside heterotrophic plate count PC for microbial regrowth, limited to 1,000 CFU/100 ml, obtained by growth on specific ampicillin-dextrin agar plates at 30 °C. When drinking water companies do not comply with this standard, they have to minimize the growth conditions. A recent study on indicator parameters for regrowth concluded that HPCs and aeromonads are more reliable indicators for regrowth in drinkwater distribution systems the Netherlands than ATP and bacterial cell numbers. Another field study in the Netherlands showed that noncompliance with the ''Aeromonas'' standard in two distribution systems coincided with increased HPCs (within the limits of the Dutch Drinking Water Decree), occasional coliform regrowth, and enhanced numbers of macroinvertebrates (e.g., water lice). Furthermore, it has been observed that ''Aeromonas'' isolates are mainly associated with sediment in the distribution system and to a lesser extent with drinking water, but not with the biofilm on the pipe wall, demonstrating that sediment or loose deposits (consisting of small and larger nrganic and biological suspended solids, including invertebrates) are the main niche for ''Aeromonas''. The results from these studies, thus, show that ''Aeromonas'' is still useful as a regrowth indicator in nonchlorinated drinking-water.

Etymology

The name ''Aeromonas'' derives from:
Greek ''aer, aeros'' (ἀήρ, ἀέρος), air, gas; and ''-monas, monas'' (μονάς), unit, monad; gas(-producing) monad.

Members of the genus ''Aeromonas'' can be referred to as aeromonads (''viz.'' trivialisation of names).

References

Further reading

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Aeromonadales
Bacteria genera
Food microbiology
Pathogenic bacteria