Bit manipulation instructions sets (BMI sets) are extensions to the x86

instruction set architecture In computer science, an instruction set architecture (ISA), also called computer architecture, is an abstract model of a computer. A device that executes instructions described by that ISA, such as a central processing unit (CPU), is called an ...

for

microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circu ...

s from

Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is one of the devel ...

and

AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. While it initially manufact ...

. The purpose of these instruction sets is to improve the speed of

bit manipulation Bit manipulation is the act of algorithmically manipulating bits or other pieces of data shorter than a word. Computer programming tasks that require bit manipulation include low-level device control, error detection and correction algori ...

. All the instructions in these sets are non-

SIMD Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) is a type of parallel processing in Flynn's taxonomy. SIMD can be internal (part of the hardware design) and it can be directly accessible through an instruction set architecture (ISA), but it should ...

and operate only on general-purpose registers. There are two sets published by Intel: BMI (now referred to as BMI1) and BMI2; they were both introduced with the Haswell microarchitecture with BMI1 matching features offered by AMD's ABM instruction set and BMI2 extending them. Another two sets were published by AMD: ABM (''Advanced Bit Manipulation'', which is also a subset of

SSE4a SSE4 (Streaming SIMD Extensions 4) is a SIMD CPU instruction set used in the Intel Core microarchitecture and AMD K10 (K8L). It was announced on September 27, 2006, at the Fall 2006 Intel Developer Forum, with vague details in a white paper; more ...

implemented by Intel as part of

SSE4.2 SSE4 (Streaming SIMD Extensions 4) is a SIMD CPU instruction set used in the Intel Core microarchitecture and AMD K10 (K8L). It was announced on September 27, 2006, at the Fall 2006 Intel Developer Forum, with vague details in a white paper; more ...

and BMI1), and TBM (''Trailing Bit Manipulation'', an extension introduced with Piledriver-based processors as an extension to BMI1, but dropped again in

Zen Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...

-based processors).

ABM (Advanced Bit Manipulation)

AMD was the first to introduce the instructions that now form Intel's BMI1 as part of its ABM (''Advanced Bit Manipulation'') instruction set, then later added support for Intel's new BMI2 instructions. AMD today advertises the availability of these features via Intel's BMI1 and BMI2 cpuflags and instructs programmers to target them accordingly. While Intel considers POPCNT as part of SSE4.2 and LZCNT as part of BMI1, both Intel and AMD advertise the presence of these two instructions individually. POPCNT has a separate

CPUID In the x86 architecture, the CPUID instruction (identified by a CPUID opcode) is a processor supplementary instruction (its name derived from CPU IDentification) allowing software to discover details of the processor. It was introduced by Intel ...

flag of the same name, and Intel and AMD use AMD's ABM flag to indicate LZCNT support (since LZCNT combined with BMI1 and BMI2 completes the expanded ABM instruction set). LZCNT is related to the Bit Scan Reverse (BSR) instruction, but sets the ZF (if the result is zero) and CF (if the source is zero) flags rather than setting the ZF (if the source is zero). Also, it produces a defined result (the source operand size in bits) if the source operand is zero. For a non-zero argument, sum of LZCNT and BSR results is argument bit width minus 1 (for example, if 32-bit argument is 0x000f0000, LZCNT gives 12, and BSR gives 19). The encoding of LZCNT is such that if ABM is not supported, then the BSR instruction is executed instead.

BMI1 (Bit Manipulation Instruction Set 1)

The instructions below are those enabled by the BMI bit in CPUID. Intel officially considers LZCNT as part of BMI, but advertises LZCNT support using the ABM CPUID feature flag. BMI1 is available in AMD's

Jaguar The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the largest cat species in the Americas and the thi ...

, Piledriver and newer processors, and in Intel's Haswell and newer processors. TZCNT is almost identical to the Bit Scan Forward (BSF) instruction, but sets the ZF (if the result is zero) and CF (if the source is zero) flags rather than setting the ZF (if the source is zero). For a non-zero argument, the result of TZCNT and BSF is equal. As with LZCNT, the encoding of TZCNT is such that if BMI1 is not supported, then the BSF instruction is executed instead.

BMI2 (Bit Manipulation Instruction Set 2)

Intel introduced BMI2 together with BMI1 in its line of Haswell processors. Only AMD has produced processors supporting BMI1 without BMI2; BMI2 is supported by AMDs

Excavator Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression fr ...

architecture and newer.

Parallel bit deposit and extract

The PDEP and PEXT instructions are new generalized bit-level compress and expand instructions. They take two inputs; one is a source, and the other is a selector. The selector is a bitmap selecting the bits that are to be packed or unpacked. PEXT copies selected bits from the source to contiguous low-order bits of the destination; higher-order destination bits are cleared. PDEP does the opposite for the selected bits: contiguous low-order bits are copied to selected bits of the destination; other destination bits are cleared. This can be used to extract any bitfield of the input, and even do a lot of bit-level shuffling that previously would have been expensive. While what these instructions do is similar to bit level

gather-scatter Gather/scatter is a type of memory addressing that at once collects (gathers) from, or stores (scatters) data to, multiple, arbitrary indices. Examples of its use include sparse linear algebra operations, sorting algorithms, fast Fourier transfor ...

SIMD instructions, PDEP and PEXT instructions (like the rest of the BMI instruction sets) operate on general-purpose registers. The instructions are available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. An example using arbitrary source and selector in 32-bit mode is: AMD processors before Zen 3 that implement PDEP and PEXT do so in microcode, with a latency of 18 cycles rather than (Zen 3) 3 cycles. As a result it is often faster to use other instructions on these processors.

TBM (Trailing Bit Manipulation)

TBM consists of instructions complementary to the instruction set started by BMI1; their complementary nature means they do not necessarily need to be used directly but can be generated by an optimizing compiler when supported. AMD introduced TBM together with BMI1 in its Piledriver line of processors; later AMD Jaguar and Zen-based processors do not support TBM. No Intel processors (at least through

Alder Lake Alder Lake is Intel's codename for the 12th generation of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture utilizing Golden Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process, previously ...

) support TBM.

Supporting CPUs

** Intel Nehalem processors and newer (like

Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge is the codename for Intel's 32 nm microarchitecture used in the second generation of the Intel Core processors ( Core i7, i5, i3). The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture is the successor to Nehalem and Westmere microarchitecture ...

, Ivy Bridge) (POPCNT supported) ** Intel

Silvermont Silvermont is a microarchitecture for low-power Atom, Celeron and Pentium branded processors used in systems on a chip (SoCs) made by Intel. Silvermont forms the basis for a total of four SoC families: * ''Merrifield'' and ''Moorefield'' cons ...

processors (POPCNT supported) ** Intel Haswell processors and newer (like Skylake, Broadwell) (ABM, BMI1 and BMI2 supported) *

** K10-based processors (ABM supported) ** "Cat" low-power processors *** Bobcat-based processors (ABM supported) *** Jaguar-based processors and newer (ABM and BMI1 supported) *** Puma-based processors and newer (ABM and BMI1 supported) ** "Heavy Equipment" processors *** Bulldozer-based processors (ABM supported) *** Piledriver-based processors (ABM, BMI1 and TBM supported) *** Steamroller-based processors (ABM, BMI1 and TBM supported) *** Excavator-based processors and newer (ABM, BMI1, BMI2 and TBM supported; microcoded PEXT and PDEP) ** Zen-based, Zen+-based, and Zen 2-based processors (ABM, BMI1 and BMI2 supported; microcoded PEXT and PDEP) **

Zen 3 Zen 3 is the codename for a CPU microarchitecture by AMD, released on November 5, 2020. It is the successor to Zen 2 and uses TSMC's 7 nm process for the chiplets and GlobalFoundries's 14 nm process for the I/O die on the server chips and 12 nm f ...

processors and newer (ABM, BMI1 and BMI2 supported; full hardware implementation) Note that instruction extension support means the processor is capable of executing the supported instructions for software compatibility purposes. The processor might not perform well doing so. For example, Excavator through Zen 2 processors implement PEXT and PDEP instructions using microcode resulting in the instructions executing significantly slower than the same behaviour recreated using other instructions. (A software method called "zp7" is, in fact, faster on these machines.) For optimum performance it is recommended that compiler developers choose to use individual instructions in the extensions based on architecture specific performance profiles rather than on extension availability.

References

External links

Intel Intrinsics Guide
{{Multimedia extensions X86 instructions AMD technologies