Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), also known as Adriaen de Jonghe, was a Dutch physician, classical scholar, translator, lexicographer, antiquarian, historiographer, emblematist, school rector, and Latin poet.
He is not to be confused with several namesakes (including a seventeenth-century Amsterdam school rector). He was not related to
Franciscus Junius.
Biography
Life
Youth and education
Adriaen de Jonge or Hadrianus Junius, was born in the West Frisian town of
Hoorn
Hoorn () is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the northwest of the Netherlands, in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of North Holland. It is the largest town an ...
on 1 July 1511, from a family of local regents. He attended the Latin School in
Haarlem
Haarlem (; predecessor of ''Harlem'' in English language, English) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Provinces of the Nether ...
. At the relatively advanced age of 23, he went to study in
Louvain
Leuven (, , ), also called Louvain (, , ), is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the sub-municipalities of ...
, where he spent a couple of years. He then embarked on his peregrinatio academica, which led him through
Siena
Siena ( , ; traditionally spelled Sienna in English; ) is a city in Tuscany, in central Italy, and the capital of the province of Siena. It is the twelfth most populated city in the region by number of inhabitants, with a population of 52,991 ...
,
Bologna
Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...
, Venice and
Rome
Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
.
In his letters, he reports on his visits to the famous legal humanist
Andrea Alciato
Andrea Alciato (8 May 149212 January 1550), commonly known as Alciati (Andreas Alciatus), was an Italian jurist and writer. He is regarded as the founder of the French school of legal humanists.
Biography
Alciati was born in Alzate Brianza, n ...
, his attendance at an interrupted Greek-orthodox liturgical service in Venice, and on an experiment with glow-worms in the Bolognese countryside. He obtained his doctoral degree in philosophy and medicine in Bologna in 1540. Not long after his graduation, Junius left for Paris, a centre of printing. There he acted as an agent for the printer Christian Wechel, who published his first work: an edition with Latin translation of
Cassius Iatrosophista
Cassius Felix (; ), also Cassius Felix of Cirta, was a Roman African medical writer probably native of Constantina. He is known for having written in AD 447 a Latin treatise titled ''De Medicina'' - although the exact date is transmitted only in ...
(1541). In Paris Junius seems to have met Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, with whom he visited Ghent.
England
In April 1544 he headed for London, where
Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk, made him his physician. Howard's son
Henry, the 'poet earl of Surrey' (who was naturally interested in literary men like Junius) enlisted him as a tutor to his children. Junius spent much of his time in
Norfolk
Norfolk ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in England, located in East Anglia and officially part of the East of England region. It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and eas ...
, at the family's castle in
Kenninghall
Kenninghall is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk.
Kenninghall is located north-west of Diss and south-west of Norwich.
History
Kenninghall's name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from the Old English for the ...
. He divided his time between private instruction to the children (about whom he complained) and on various scholarly projects: an edition of
Curtius Rufus
Curtius Rufus () was a Roman professional magistrate of senatorial rank mentioned by Tacitus and Pliny the Younger for life events occurring during the reigns of the emperors Tiberius and Claudius. In all probability, he is to be equated wi ...
' biography of
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip ...
(published 1546), an edition with translation of part of
Plutarch
Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...
's Moral essays (published 1547) and a Greek-Latin Lexicon (1548).
The alliance with the Howards came to an abrupt end when Thomas and Henry Howard were imprisoned on allegations of high treason. Junius lost a large part of his library when his patron's belongings were confiscated. Even before Henry Howard was executed by
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...
, on 19 January 1547, Junius successfully solicited the patronage of Charles V's envoy Franciscus van der Dilft (or Dilfius), to whom he dedicated his edition of Plutarch. He dedicated his Lexicon to the new king: the very young Protestant
Edward VI
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his thi ...
. Apparently, Junius tried to secure a position at the English court; in 1550 he dedicated the manuscript of his work on calendars to Edward. Meanwhile, he also praised
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
Kings and Emperors
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
Others
* Charles V, Duke ...
in his edition of Curtius and perhaps he tried his luck, through Van der Dilft, at the Habsburg court as well, since he did not feel entirely comfortable witnessing the conversion of the
English Church to
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
. In his letters, he describes the stripping of the altars as a result of the Edwardian injunctions
Haarlem
In 1550 Junius left for Holland to marry and take up a post as rector of the Latin School in Haarlem. The job was not to his liking, and after two years he exchanged it for a post as
city physician
City physician (German language, German: ; , , from Latin ) was a historical title in the Late Middle Ages for a physician appointed by the city council. The city physician was responsible for the health of the population, particularly the poor, ...
. Meanwhile, he had not given up on the English and the Habsburg courts, for he dedicated the published version of his book on calendars to Edward VI (1553) and the revised edition to his successor, the Catholic
Mary Tudor (1556).
In the meantime he had travelled to London to present his epic poem Philippeis to Mary on the occasion of her wedding to
Philip of Spain in 1554. He dedicated his commentary on Horace's Odes to Gonsalvo Perez, and that on the third book of Vergil's Aeneid to Juan de Verzosa. Both of these dedicatees were loyal servants to the Spanish crowns and humanists in their own right. But the clean copies he prepared for the press were never printed and attempts to enter the inner circle around the Spanish throne through the intervention of, amongst others, bishop
Stephen Gardiner
Stephen Gardiner (27 July 1483 – 12 November 1555) was an English Catholic bishop and politician during the English Reformation period who served as Lord Chancellor during the reign of Queen Mary I.
Early life
Gardiner was born in Bury St Ed ...
and the future Cardinal
Granvelle
Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (20 August 151721 September 1586), Comte de La Baume Saint Amour, typically known as Cardinal Granvelle in English, was a Burgundian statesman, made a cardinal, who followed his father as a leading minister of th ...
, faltered as well. All his dedications to mighty Protestants and Catholics alike had remained fruitless.
During the 1550s, Junius' works appeared with various printers in Basle. Despite a fire in his study in 1554, which cost him 'months, if not years of work', his hodge-podge collection of philological annotations on classical literature appeared in 1556: the Animadversa. He dedicated it to Granvelle and its pages repeatedly pay tribute to Granvelle's secretary, the antiquarian Antoine Morillon. To the Animadversa was appended a long treatise De coma commentarium (Commentary on hair), a paradoxical encomium, purportedly written in defiance of critique on the short Italian haircut which he had adopted in Italy.
The commentary was crushed under its own weight as a result of its endless strings of quotations and lack of humour, but it demonstrates his antiquarian interests and his ability to group together hundreds of fragments. In 1558 his edition of the Homeric commentator Eustathius appeared in Basle, prefaced by the anti-Catholic Laurence Humphrey. Junius himself would have preferred to see the work printed with a dedication to
Joachim Hoppers
Joachim Hoppers, occasionally Latinized to Hopperus (11 November 1523 – 11 December 1576), was a jurist and professor in the Habsburg Netherlands. He was advisor on matters affecting the Netherlands to Philip II of Spain.
After attending the ...
, a man who soon was to rise at Philip II's court. The year 1558 also saw the publication of Junius' supplement of 850 proverbs to Erasmus' famous and much used Adagia. All these works show a preference for the juxtaposition of fragments from all sorts of sources.
Junius' first marriage had resulted in the birth of two children, Clara and Petrus. After the death of his wife he remarried, in 1555. His new wife was Adriana Hasselaer, sister of
Kenau
''Kenau'' is a 2014 Dutch / Hungarian / Belgian action film directed by Maarten Treurniet. The film is inspired by the legendary story of Kenau who led an army of women in the siege of Haarlem by the Spaniards in 1573 during the Eighty Years' Wa ...
, who became legendary for her supposedly heroic role in defending Haarlem against the Spanish during the siege of 1573. Junius became well integrated into the cultural élite of the Haarlem, which included the philosopher
Dirck Volkertsz Coornhert, the engraver Philips Galle, the painter
Maarten van Heemskerck
Maarten van Heemskerck (born Maerten Jacobsz van Veen; 1 June 1498 – 1 October 1574), also known as Marten Jacobsz Heemskerk van Veen, was a Dutch portrait and religious painter, who spent most of his career in Haarlem. He was a pupil of Jan ...
, and, later, the school rector and Latin playwright
Cornelius Schonaeus. He also set up a private school in his own house, to teach the sons of the élite he knew so well and to secure himself a stable income in addition to the salary he gained from his post as a physician. We know very little of his medical practice: it seems to have been more of an honorary post, but he occasionally acted as advisor on medical politics in the city.
An expedition to Copenhagen in 1564, answering the call to become professor of medicine and royal physician, resulted in disillusion after just three months, due to lack of payment, bad weather and his unconfident speech (Junius stammered). In the years leading up to the Danish adventure, he had been preparing a number of works. In 1564 appeared a curious booklet with a description of a mushroom found in the dunes and shaped in the form of a penis: the fungus is still known as the
Phallus hadriani
''Phallus hadriani'', commonly known as the dune stinkhorn or the sand stinkhorn, is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae (stinkhorn) family. The stipe (mycology), stalk of the basidiocarp, fruit body reaches up to tall by thick, and is spong ...
today. After his return he focused with renewed energy on another project. Junius cashed in on his by now firmly established fame by striking a deal with Europe's leading printer
Christopher Plantin
Christophe Plantin (; – 1 July 1589) was a French Renaissance humanist and book printer and publisher who resided and worked in Antwerp. He established in Antwerp one of the most prominent publishing houses of his time, the Plantin Press. I ...
, who published his religious poem Anastaurosis, his influential Emblemata
and his edition of the lexicographer
Nonius Marcellus
Nonius Marcellus was a Roman grammarian of the 4th or 5th century AD. His only surviving work is the ''De compendiosa doctrina'', a dictionary or encyclopedia in 20 books that shows his interests in antiquarianism and Latin literature from Plautu ...
. The Emblems show that the political situation of that time was not as clearcut as it would become in the years which followed. Some of the Emblems are dedicated to representatives of the Spanish crown (including Granvelle and some Dutch administrators), but Junius also managed to secure the support of
William the Silent
William the Silent or William the Taciturn (; 24 April 153310 July 1584), more commonly known in the Netherlands as William of Orange (), was the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburg Netherlands, Habsburgs that set off the ...
in his bid to be appointed as historiographer of the States of Holland and Westfrisia. Perhaps the dedication of his octolingual dictionary Nomenclator (printed 1567) to William's son
Philip William had contributed to his success. Junius was charged with collecting historical evidence for the States' right to convene independently from central government in Brussels. Junius made plans to travel around Holland to do research for his history, but he worked on other projects as well: in 1568 he re-published his edition of Martial. The first edition, based on a manuscript he had obtained in England, had appeared in 1559 in Basel without his name being mentioned anywhere in the book, much to his annoyance. In 1568 he also travelled to London, to present his edition and Latin translation of Eunapius' Life of philosophers to
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudor. Her eventful reign, and its effect on history ...
. Much to his disappointment, she ignored the gesture and after failed attempts to further his cause via
William Cecil, Lord Burghley
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 15204 August 1598), was an English statesman, the chief adviser of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign, twice Secretary of State (1550–1553 and 1558–1572) and Lord High Treasurer from ...
, Junius returned home. But he first asked the Queen's direct permission to export sixty dickers of cow's skins, presumably destined for Christopher Plantin, who needed parchment to print a number of luxurious editions of his famous Antwerp polyglot bible. In 1570, Junius finished the first draft of his ''Batavia'', printed only posthumously in 1588 (see below).
Final years
In the midst of the war, he kept on working on the draft of his Batavia, but also on an edition of the lexicographer
Hesychius (1572). Not long after its appearance, Haarlem was besieged and Junius fled the city, settling temporarily in Delft in 1573. He lost part of his library when Haarlem fell in July 1573. In February 1574, on the recommendation of William the Silent, he was appointed city physician of Middelburg. Later that year, he briefly assisted his friend the physician
Petrus Forestus, at the sick bed of William the Silent in Rotterdam. In the meantime, Junius' own health was declining. He had never had a very good constitution: his letters are rife with descriptions of his bad physical state and the measures he took to cure himself. In 1575, Junius was hastily appointed professor of medicine of the
University of Leiden
Leiden University (abbreviated as ''LEI''; ) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. Established in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange as a Protestant institution, it holds the distinction of being the oldest university in the Neth ...
, which was inaugurated at the beginning of the year but which still needed to be properly set up. Junius never had the chance to start lecturing: he succumbed on 16 June 1575 in Arnemuiden, where he was buried. His remains were relocated to the Grote Kerk at Middelburg four years later. After 1816 his gravestone there disappeared, never to be found again.
Junius and Rome
In the first Index of Forbidden Books (1559) Junius' name appeared among authors of the first class, because of the dedication of his Greek-Latin dictionary (1548) to the Protestant Edward VI. Junius successfully lobbied for rehabilitation, partly with the help of his friend Benito Arias Montano. Nevertheless, indices purgatorii continued to instruct Catholic readers to remove dedications to Protestant princes in Junius' works and cross out passages which could be interpreted as critical of Catholicism. Yet, there is no sign that Junius ever converted to Protestantism. He is likely to have remained, like so many other intellectuals of the period, a tolerant Catholic.
Batavia
In 1570, Junius finished the first draft of his Batavia. By then, the political landscape had altered dramatically: 1566 saw a wave of iconoclasm (Junius reported on the smashing of statues in churches in Amsterdam), in 1567 the Duke of Alba arrived and William the Silent went into exile, and in 1568, Alba had the counts of Egmond and Horne beheaded in Brussels. The States of Holland now recoiled from publishing a work which openly defended the plea for more independence of Holland. Yet, there is very little politics in Junius' Batavia: it is more a loosely organised overview of all sorts of individual histories and antiquarian aspects of 'Batavia' (i.e. Holland, the territory roughly coinciding with the modern westernmost part of The Netherlands). The most famous story is no doubt the legend that the printing press was invented in Haarlem at the beginning of the 1540s by
Laurens Janszoon Coster
Laurens Janszoon Coster (; in Haarlem – ), or Laurens Jansz Koster, is the purported inventor of a printing press from Haarlem. He allegedly invented printing simultaneously with Johannes Gutenberg and was regarded by some in the Netherl ...
.
[Deugd boven geweld, Een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245-1995, edited by Gineke van der Ree-Scholtens, 1995, ] An employee of Coster was supposed to have fled with the instruments and the know-how to Mainz.
The Batavia was eventually printed in 1588, long after the Dutch Revolt had developed into a full blown war following the Act of Abjuration in 1581, the murder on William in 1584, and the failed attempts, in 1585-87, to have Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, rule the rebellious provinces. In some copies of the Batavia kept in Spain, the few passages in which the Spaniards are criticized are censored, in accordance with seventeenth-century indices purgatorii (lists of books and passages in books which were deemed harmful to Catholic dogma).
Legacy
Junius was dubbed a 'second
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ( ; ; 28 October c. 1466 – 12 July 1536), commonly known in English as Erasmus of Rotterdam or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic priest and Catholic theology, theologian, educationalist ...
' by some of his contemporaries, but his scope was much more limited. He devoted himself primarily to linguistic, lexicographical and philological work, and he often dipped into etymologies, antiquarian explanations and geographical detail. Even his most literary work, his Emblems, testify to his preference for short, self-contained entities above structural narratives and philosophical argument. His Batavia was scheduled to be followed by two volumes of historical narrative, starting from the first Counts of Holland and leading up to the Burgundian kings, but Junius never even embarked on this political history. Instead, he chose to polish up his 'logistorical' Batavia in the few years which left him. He was not the theologian Erasmus was, but he did share Erasmus' taste for pedagogy. He was above all a man of encyclopaedic learning. Nothing has remained of what was perhaps his largest project, an edition and translation of the
Suda
The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; ; ) is a large 10th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine encyclopedia of the History of the Mediterranean region, ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas () or Souidas (). It is an ...
, on which he worked for at least two decades but which never saw the light. He pillaged this Byzantine encyclopaedia, as he ransacked other encyclopaedic works and dictionaries for his own works. A commonplace book, now kept in the
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford. Founded in 1602 by Sir Thomas Bodley, it is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second-largest library in ...
in Oxford, does not reflect the immense learning of this somewhat ill-fated scholar. Yet, Junius also carried out research away from his books, as is demonstrated by his mushroom-treatise, the glow-worm story and his enquiries from chariot drivers concerning the technical terms of their trade, for the benefit of his hugely successful Nomenclator. His learning was acknowledged by his contemporaries: his correspondence, of which 426 letters survive, show that he enjoyed unlocking the vast resources of his erudition. They also show his sometimes ill-fated, but often successful, attempts to gain the patronage of the high and mighty. His descendants managed to secure some of his literary and scholarly heritage: his son Petrus Junius collected his letters (which did not then see the light of day, but were handed on to later generations, to be published only in 1652), his grandson Albert Verlaen publish his religious poetry (1598), and several books from his estate are still to be found in Leiden University library and other libraries. Many of his poems, and his Batavia, were posthumously published by his friend Janus Dousa, who contributed to establishing Junius' reputation for future generations as 'the most learned man in Holland after Erasmus'. On 1 July 2011, his 500th anniversary is celebrated in his native town of Hoorn, an occasion at which three books, including a biography, a Dutch translation of his Batavia and a volume of scholarly articles will be published (see references below).
Publications
Editions of authors
* Cassius Medicus, De animalibus medicae quaestiones
1541
* Curtius Rufus, De rebus gestis Alexandri Magni, 1546.
* Eunapius, De vitis philosophorum
15681596
* Eustathius, Copiae cornu sive Oceanus enarrationum Homericarum
1558
* Hesychius, De his qui eruditionis fama claruere liber
15721572, c. 2
* Martialis, Epigrammata, 1559 (unacknowledged)
15681584
* Hippocrates, Eenen brief aen Demagetum
1573
* Nonius Marcellus, De proprietate sermonum
1565
* Plautus, Observationes
1566
* Plutarchus, Symposiaca problemata
1547
* Seneca, Annotationes in ludum de morte Claudii
1557
Posthumously published editions and/or commentaries
* Ausonius, Notae in Ausonii opera, 1588.
* Iuvenalis, Notae selectae ad Satyras
1685
* pseudo-Lucanus, Ad Calpurnium Pisonem poemation, 1576 (previously in Animadversa, 1556)
* Petronius, Observationes in Satyricon, 1615.
Original works
* ''De anno et mensibus commentarius, cui adjungitur Fastorum liber, (…) quo, quicquid peculiariter apud Graecos, Hebraeos, Romanos, aliasque exoticas nationes memorabile quolihet die actum fuerit et observatum, compendio commonstratur, autore Hadriano Junio. Item Calendarium in quo totius anni dies articulatim ad calculum vocati, atque idipsum latinis haud barbaris sententiis, cuilibet anni tempori congruis'', Basel (Henricus Petri)
1553* ''Philippeis, sive in Nuptias Divi Philippi Aug. Pii & Heroinae Mariae Aug. Felicis, Regum Angliae, Franciae, Neapolis, Hierosolymorum & Hiberni etc. Carmen Heroicum'', Londen (T. Berthe), 1554.
* ''De anno et mensibus commentarius: item Fastorum liber. Praeterea Calendarium syllabicum in quo totius anni dies ad calculum sunt vocati. Antiquitatis item reliquiae, Fasti Caesariani, imperante August. Caes. in marmore incisi, et Calendarium quod Rusticum nominant. Postremo Isocratis ad Demonicum admonitoria, eodem authore interprete'', Basel (Henricus Petri)
1556
* ''Animadversorum libri sex, omnigenae lectionis thesaurus, in quibus infiniti pene autorum loci corriguntur et declarantur, nunc primum et nati et in lucem aediti. Ejusdem de coma commentarium'', Basel (Isengrinus), 1556
17081708, c. 2
* ''Adagiorum Centuriae viii. cum dimidia, per Hadrianum Iunium medicum conscriptae: opus nouum et nunc primum in lucem editum'', Basel (H. Frobenium)
1558
* ''Phalli ex fungorum genere in Hollandiae sabuletis passim crescentis descriptio, et ad vivum expressa pictura'', Delft (H. Schinckelius), 1564
web edition(Indexed by Linnaeus in his ''Bibliotheca Botanica'', p
39
* ''Emblemata ad D. Arnoldum Cobelium. Ejusdem aenigmatum libellus ad Arnoldum Rosenbergum'', Antwerp (Christopher Plantin)
1565web edition* ''Anastaurosis sive passio Servatoris Nostri Iesu Christi, ab Hadriano Iunio medico conscripta. Ad Clariss
mumV
rum
Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is often aged in barrels of oak. Rum originated in the Caribbean in the 17th century, but today it is produced i ...
D. Viglium Zuicemum in suprema Curia Praesidem'', Antwerp (Christopher Plantin), 1565.
* ''Nomenclator, omnium rerum propria nomina variis linguis explicata indicans, Hadriano Iunio medico auctore'', Antwerp (Christopher Plantin), 1567
15711574157715831583, c. 2158815911592159616141620
* ''Batavia. In qua praeter gentis et insulae antiquitatem, originem ... aliaque ad eam historiam pertinentia, declaratur quae fuerit vetus Batavia...quae item genuina inclytae Francorum natonis fuerit sedes'', Leiden (Franciscus Raphelengius)
15881588, c. 21652* ''Poematum liber primus, continens pia et moralia carmina, quorum indicem post encomiastica carmina reperies, iamprimum in lucem prolata ab authoris nepote'', ed. Albert Verlaen, Leiden (Ludovicus Elzevirius)
1598
* ''Epistolae, quibus accedit ejusdem vita et oratio de artium liberalium dignitate. Nunquam antea edita'', Dordrecht (Vincentius Caimax)
15521652
Events
January–March
* January 8 – Michiel de Ruyter marries the widow Anna van Gelder and plans retirement, but months later becomes a vice-commodore in the First Anglo-Dutch War.
* February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parl ...
br>
1552, c. 2 Perhaps edited by Andreas Colvius.
* ''Epistolae selectae nunc primum editae'', ed. Petrus Scheltema, Amsterdam (M.H. Schonekat)
1839
Notes
Further reading
* Dirk van Miert, ''Hadrianus Junius (1511-1575). Een humanist uit Hoorn'', Hoorn (Bas Baltus Publicatiestichting), 2011.
* Dirk van Miert, ed., ''The Kaleidoscopic Scholarship of Hadrianus Junius (1511-1575). Northern Humanism at the Dawn of the Dutch Golden Age'', Leiden and Boston (Brill) 2011.
* Nico de Glas, ''Holland is een Eiland. De Batavia van Hadrianus Junius (1511-1575)'', Hilversum (Verloren) 2011.
*Chris Heesakkers and Dirk van Miert, 'An Inventory of the Correspondence of Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575)', ''
Lias'', vol. 37, 2010, no. 2, pp. 209–368.
External links
Europa humanistica: Hadrianus Junius
Internet ArchiveJunius, Hadrianus <1511-1575> Hadriani Iunii medici Emblemata, ad D. Arnoldum Cobelium. Eiusdem Aenigmatum libellus ..
{{DEFAULTSORT:Junius, Hadrianus
1511 births
1575 deaths
Dutch Renaissance humanists
Renaissance writers
16th-century Dutch botanists
People from Hoorn
16th-century writers in Latin
People from the Spanish Netherlands