Adipati Soero Adinegoro
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Adipati Soero Adinegoro (1752–1833), also spelt Adipati Suroadinegoro, born Han Sam Kong (), and sometimes known as Baba Sam, was a Chinese-Javanese
nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. T ...
and government official, famous during his lifetime for the good governance of his territories.


Family background

He was born in 1752 to Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720 – 1776), founder of the Muslim branch of the
Han family of Lasem The Han family of Lasem, also called the Han family of East Java or Surabaya, was an influential, aristocratic family of Peranakan Chinese and Javanese people, Javanese descent in the Dutch East Indies (today known as Indonesia). The Peranakan bra ...
, and was as such a grandson of the Chinese-born Han Siong Kong (1672 – 1743). His father, Ngabehi Soero Pernollo, served the
Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( ; VOC ), commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a chartered company, chartered trading company and one of the first joint-stock companies in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the States Ge ...
in various capacities before being appointed ''politiehoofd'', or police head, of
Besuki Besuki is a district (''kecamatan'') in Situbondo Regency, East Java, Indonesia with an area of 26.08 km2. In 2004, its population was 57,109 people. In ancient time the city was important because it was the capital of the Residency of Bes ...
and
Panarukan Panarukan is a district in Situbondo Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This district is about 8 km from the capital town of Situbondo to the west. It covers an area of 59.97 km2 and had a population of 59,084 as at mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik ...
in 1764. One of his sisters married Pakunataningrat I,
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of
Sumenep Sumenep is a regency of the East Java province, Indonesia. It has an area of 2,093.47 square kilometres (808.29 sq mi) and an population of 1,143,002 (comprising 552,127 males and 590,875 females) as at mid 2024.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 ...
(reigned 1812 - 1854). Other prominent members of his family include his younger brother, Raden Soero Adiwikromo; his uncle, Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727 – 1778); and his cousins, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759 – 1827), and Han Kik Ko, Majoor der Chinezen (1766 – 1813). His family played an important role in the consolidation of Dutch rule and subsequent administration of
East Java East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern ...
.


Government career

Baba Sam's career in the colonial administration began with his appointment by the
Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( ; VOC ), commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a chartered company, chartered trading company and one of the first joint-stock companies in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the States Ge ...
in 1772 as '' Ronggo'', or district head, of
Besuki Besuki is a district (''kecamatan'') in Situbondo Regency, East Java, Indonesia with an area of 26.08 km2. In 2004, its population was 57,109 people. In ancient time the city was important because it was the capital of the Residency of Bes ...
under the
Javanese name Javanese names () refers to the personal names used by individuals (primarily Javanese) originally from the Indonesian island of Java, and parts of the world (by the diaspora). Javanese names reflects the rich cultural, linguistic, and historical ...
of Soemodiwirjo. He obtained this post thanks to the intercession of his powerful uncle, Han Bwee Kong,
Kapitein der Chinezen Kapitan Cina, also spelled Kapitan China or Capitan China or Capitan Chino (; ; ; ), was a high-ranking government position in the civil administration of colonial Indonesia, Malaya, Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines. Office holders exercise ...
of
Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Provinces of Indonesia, province and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strai ...
and ''Pachter'', or leaseholder, of the district of Besuki. In 1776, Baba Sam was promoted to the higher position of ''Tumanggung'' of
Bangil Bangil (Javanese: "''Bangel''", Arabic: ''بانغيل'') is the name of a district and administrative centre of Pasuruan Regency, in the East Java province of Indonesia. Located 30 km from Surabaya, it lies on the southwest coast of the Ma ...
with the successive
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of Ngabehi Soero Widjojo (1776 – 1788) and Tumanggung Soero Adinegoro (1788 – 1808). According to Jacques Julien de Labillardière and Ch. F. Tombe, French travellers during the Interregnum in Java (1806 – 1815), the Tumanggung not only spoke good
Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...
, but was also a keen admirer of
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
and the latter's administrative policies in Europe.
Herman Willem Daendels Herman Willem Daendels (21 October 1762 – 2 May 1818) was a Dutch military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor-general of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811. Early life Herman Willem Daendels was born on 21 October 1 ...
,
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (, ) represented Dutch rule in the Dutch East Indies between 1610 and Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia in 1949. Occupied by Japanese forces between 1942 and 1945, followed by the ...
(1808 – 1811) during the Interregnum, paid a visit to the Tumanggung's district of Bangil in 1808. Impressed by the good governance of the district, Daendels later that same year made the Tumanggung a ''Ridder'', or
Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood ...
, in the Order of Holland, recently founded in 1807 by
Louis Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte (born Luigi Buonaparte; 2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846) was a younger brother of Napoleon, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. He was a monarch in his own right from 1806 to 1810, ruling over the Kingdom of Holland (a French c ...
,
King of Holland The Kingdom of Holland ( (contemporary), (modern); ) was the successor state of the Batavian Republic. It was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican governmen ...
. A year later, in 1809, Daendels conferred upon the Tumanggung the dignity of ''Adipati'', the highest title in the ''
priyayi ''Priyayi'' (also spelled ''Priayi''; Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, former spelling: ''Prijaji'') was the Dutch East Indies, Dutch-era class of the nobles of the robe, as opposed to royal nobility or ''List of Surakarta and Yogyakarta nobility ...
'', or Javanese aristocracy. Adipati Soero Adinegoro was also elevated to the post of
Regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...
of
Malang Malang (; , ), historically known as Tumapel, is an inland List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari, Singhasari K ...
. Later, the regencies of
Sidayu Sidayu is a sub-district ( id:''kecamatan'') in Gresik Regency, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Co ...
and
Tuban Tuban is a town located on the north coast of Java, in Tuban Regency (of which the town is the administrative capital), approximately west of Surabaya, the capital of East Java. Tuban Regency is surrounded by Lamongan Regency in the east, Bojo ...
were added to his now considerable jurisdiction. Many of his sons also held government appointments in the colonial administration. In 1818, however, the Adipati and his sons were suddenly relieved of their government positions. It was thought that the Dutch government felt threatened by the organised power of the Han family of Lasem, and wanted to reassert control over the
Eastern Salient of Java The eastern salient of Java ( Indonesian: ', "eastern end" or ', "The Horseshoe" – referring to the region's shape on the map; , "far east", , "eastern corner") is a region that makes up the easternmost part of the island of Java, Indonesia. It i ...
. Adipati Soero Adinegoro died in 1833.


Descendants

The Adipati had a total of twenty-six children. He gave up one of them, ''Raden'' Panderman (born in 1778), in adoption to his childless successor and younger brother, Raden Soero Adiwikromo, who was Ronggo of Besuki (1776), Tumanggung of Puger and Bondowoso (1796), and finally Regent of Tegal. Raden Panderman eventually succeeded his adoptive father and uncle, with the patronage of Majoor Han Chan Piet, the landlord of Besuki, as Ronggo of Besuki in 1794, Tumanggung of Puger and Besuki in 1804, then as Regent of Puger in 1813, but was demoted along with his other brothers in the purge of 1818. Raden Panderman's issue, however, managed to retain their position in the colonial administration, and continued their family's tradition of public service in East Java. The most prominent line descending from Raden Panderman is that of his son, Raden Karaman, later known as ''Kyai Tumanggung'' Soero Adhi Negoro, who was appointed Tumanggung of
Kendal Kendal, once Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Westmorland and Furness, England. It lies within the River Kent's dale, from which its name is derived, just outside the boundary of t ...
, then Regent of
Probolinggo Probolinggo (, , Javanese language, Javanese: ''Kuthå Pråbålinggå'') is a city on the north coast of East Java province, Indonesia. It covers an area of 56.676 sq. km, and had a population of 217,062 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Stati ...
in 1856. The latter was succeeded in Kendal by his son, ''Pangeran Ario'' Noto Amiprodjo; grandson, ''Raden Mas Adipati Ario'' Notonegoro; and great-grandson, ''Raden Mas Adipati Ario'' Notohamidjojo, who all served successively as Regents of Kendal.


References

{{Reflist 1752 births 1833 deaths People from Malang Javanese people Indonesian Muslims 18th-century Dutch East Indies people Indonesian people of Chinese descent Han family (Lasem) 19th-century Dutch East Indies people Priyayi