Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (September 29, 1927 – January 12, 2001) was a Brazilian

triple jump The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". The competitor runs down the tr ...

er. He won two

Olympic gold medal Olympic or Olympics may refer to Sports Competitions * Olympic Games, international multi-sport event held since 1896 ** Summer Olympic Games ** Winter Olympic Games * Ancient Olympic Games, ancient multi-sport event held in Olympia, Greece bet ...

s and set four

world records A world record is usually the best global and most important performance that is ever recorded and officially verified in a specific skill, sport, or other kind of activity. The book ''Guinness World Records'' and other world records organizatio ...

, the last being 16.56 metres in

1955 Pan American Games The 1955 Pan American Games, officially known as II Pan American Games () and commonly known as Mexico 1955 (), opened on March 12, 1955, at University Stadium in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators. A total ...

. In his early career he also competed in the

long jump The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point. Along with the triple jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a gr ...

, placing fourth at the

1951 Pan American Games The 1951 Pan American Games, officially known as I Pan American Games () and commonly known as Buenos Aires 1951, were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between February 25 and March 9, 1951. The Pan American Games' origins were at the Games of the ...

. He broke world records in triple jump on five occasions during his illustrious career. To date, he remains the only track and field athlete from South America to have won two Olympic gold medals. He remained the sole Olympic gold medalist for Brazil until the 1980 Summer Olympics. He is regarded as one of the finest South American athletes in history, and for decades was the only Brazilian athlete to have won gold in two consecutive Olympics (a record that stood until

2012 2012 was designated as: *International Year of Cooperatives *International Year of Sustainable Energy for All Events January *January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins. * January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the R ...

). He was the first Brazilian individual athlete to have set a world record in any sporting event. He became an extraordinary exceptional triple jumper despite not excelling in his speed and long jumping abilities. Silva was a

polyglot Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolin ...

, having learned English, Finnish, French, Japanese, Italian, German, and Spanish in addition to Portuguese. He had close association with Czech veteran long-distance runner

Emil Zátopek Emil Zátopek (; 19 September 1922 – 21 November 2000) was a Czech long-distance runner best known for winning three gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He won gold in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres runs, but his final ...

for over 50 years. Silva was a member of the

São Paulo Futebol Clube SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Serb Autonomous Regions (''Srpska autonomna oblast'', SAO), during the breakup of ...

, and because of him, the team coat has two gold stars above its emblem. He also had a short stint for

Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (; English: Vasco da Gama Club of Rowing), commonly referred to as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Although originally a rowing club and then a multi-sport club, Va ...

from 1955 to 1959.

Biography

Silva was born in

São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...

, in a poor family. His father was a railway worker and his mother was a cook. He began competing in the triple jump in 1947. He originally wanted to be a professional footballer but he switched to triple jumping after trying it for the first time at the age of 19. Until the age of 19, he had not taken up athletics. He would call his lifelong mentor and coach Dietrich Gerner as his "German dad" and the duo maintained a very strong bond. He soon rose to prominence climbing the ladders and rising through the ranks within a short timeframe.

Career

He jumped 13.05 metres in his first ever triple jump meet in 1947 and it garnered significant praise for him. He bettered his personal best a year later when he reached 15.00 metres in 1948. He graduated as a sculptor from the Federal Institute of São Paulo in 1948.

1948 Olympics and beyond

He made his maiden Olympic appearance representing Brazil at the 1948 Summer Olympics which was held in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

and jumped 14.490 metres in the final securing an eighth-place finish. In 1949, he shattered the South American continental record in triple jump held by Argentina's Luis Brunetto by jumping 15.51m twice. He claimed a bronze medal in the men's triple jump event at the 1949 South American Athletics Championships. In the 1950s, he worked as a civil servant for the São Paulo State Government. He was employed as a civil servant which meant he had to work during morning and afternoon while he would undergo athletics training in the lunchtime or at the end of working day and later he would study at night.

1951 Pan American Games and 1952 Olympics

In December 1950, he equaled the 14-year-old world record in triple jump of Japan's

Naoto Tajima was a Japanese athlete who competed at the 1932 and 1936 Olympics. In 1932 he finished sixth in the long jump, while in 1936 he finished third in the long jump, behind Jesse Owens and Luz Long, and won the triple jump event, setting a world re ...

(who set the record in

1936 Summer Olympics The 1936 Summer Olympics (), officially the Games of the XI Olympiad () and officially branded as Berlin 1936, were an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, then capital of Nazi Germany. Berlin won the bid to ...

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

) by jumping 16.00 metres. He also plied his trade in long jump early in his career and subsequently competed at the

which was held in

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...

where he was placed fourth in the men's long jump event.Full results
/ref> During the same 1951 Pan American Games, he claimed gold medal in the men's triple jump event which was his maiden gold medal at a

Pan American Games The Pan American Games, known as the Pan Am Games, is a continental multi-sport event in the Americas. It features thousands of athletes participating in competitions to win different summer sports. It is held among athletes from nations of th ...

event. He set another world record in September 1951 during a Brazilian national meet in Rio de Janeiro, just months before the highly anticipated 1952 Olympics and his world record performance of 16.01 metres made him a clear favorite to claim gold at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. He also claimed a gold medal in the men's triple jump event at the 1952 South American Championships in Athletics. He lived up to the hype and expectations in the 1952 Olympics representing Brazil as he qualified for the final of the men's triple jump category, a much improved performance as far as his standards are concerned from his previous Olympic appearance. During the triple jump final on 23 July 1952, he made steady progress by leaping a distance of 15.95 metres with his opening jump. He comfortably claimed the gold medal in the end, setting two world records in less than two hours in the final including a 16.12 metres jump in round 2 following it up with an even better jump of 16.22 metres in round 5. He set the 1952 Summer Olympics on fire by breaking the world records and Olympic records in triple jump event during the final on four occasions including 16.12 metres jump in round 2, 16.09 metres jump in round 4, 16.22 metres jump in round 5 and 16.05 metres jump in final round. He managed to surpass the 16.00 metres benchmark four times in a same triple jump event which was considered as something impossible. Prior to his 1952 Olympic exploits, the 16.00 metres mark was surpassed by athletes only three times including twice by Adhemar himself. Popular world renowned French athletics writer Alain Billouin had described Adhemar's record breaking performance in the 1952 Olympics as "Gracefully, he skimmed through each hop-step-and-jump, displaying the poise and fitnesse of a samba dancer." He also met Czech Republic's Emil Zatopek during the 1952 Olympics as the latter also became Olympic champion in 5000m, 10000m and marathon events. He created the "Victory lap" after winning the gold medal at the 1952 Olympics which would go onto become the trademark for future Olympic champions. He soon became popular among Finnish people due to his Finnish-language speaking abilities and he often appeared on the front page of newspapers not just due to his Olympic medal success but also due to the fact that when reporters asked questions to him in English he replied to them in Finnish language. He taught himself Finnish and had conversations with fans when he was in Helsinki, Finland for the Olympics. He also sang songs in Finnish and he apparently learnt the Finnish language from a Finnish family which stayed and lived in his home town of São Paulo so that he could use the language fluency for the betterment of himself in order to enjoy his Olympic appearance.

Post 1952 Olympics

He won the triple jump title at the Japan Athletic Championships in 1952. He secured gold medal in triple jump event during the 1953 Summer International University Sports Week. He clinched a gold medal in the triple jump event at the 1954 South American Championships in Athletics.

1955 Pan American Games and 1956 Olympics

However, his triple jump world record short-lived only for a year as Soviet Union's Leonid Shcherbakov broke the world record by just 0.01 metre in 1953. Two years later in 1955, he reclaimed his world record from Leonid when he landed a massive leap of 16.56 metres in the men's triple jump at the

in what was also coincidentally his 100th competition. He also managed to defend his Pan American Games title which was also his second Pan American Games gold medal.Full results
/ref> He also competed in the men's long jump event at the 1955 Pan American Games but failed to progress to the next round. He also clinched gold medal in the triple jump event at the 1955 Summer International University Sports Week. Adhemar_da_Silva_1956

He again came into the fore as a pre-favorite just when the Olympics was looming and was hyped as a firm contender for gold medal in triple jump at

1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XVI Olympiad and officially branded as Melbourne 1956, were an international multi-sport event held in Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December ...

. He also served as the flagbearer for Brazil at the 1956 Summer Olympics in the opening ceremony. However, it was not easy for Adhemar to claim the Olympic title and defend the Olympic gold medal during the 1956 Olympics as Icelandic triple jumper

Vilhjálmur Einarsson Vilhjálmur Einarsson (5 June 1934 – 28 December 2019) was an Icelandic track and field athlete, and triple-jump silver medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Vilhjálmur grew up in the East-Icelandic fishing villag ...

gave a run for his money in the finals. Einarsson who was on his Olympic debut took limelight and recognition in the 1956 Olympics after clearing a whopping 16.26 meters (which many call his jump was aided by the wind) in his second jump in the triple jump final to create a new Olympic record. Interestingly and coincidentally the Olympic record in men's triple jump was previously held by Adhemar who had jumped 16.22 meters during the 1952 Olympics. Einarsson's record jump of 16.26 meters stunned the spectators, organisers and fellow competitors including Adhemar, which also raised the expectations among the sporting fraternity that Einarsson would win the gold medal in the competition. Einarsson came in as a surprising element who gave an unexpected challenge for Adhemar with the latter's bid to reclaim the Olympic title was almost quashed. The presence of Einarsson made it even special as he was just one of only two athletes who would represent Iceland during the 1956 Summer Olympics. However, Adhemar bounced back strongly by breaking the Olympic record set by Einarsson during the same competition by jumping 16.35 meters in his fourth jump and as a result he was once again in contention for gold medal. Adhemar backed up his jump by equalling Einarsson's best jump in the fifth round (16.26 meters) and adding a 16.21 meters in the final round. In the end, Adhemar da Silva successfully defended his Olympic title at the 1956 Olympics largely due to the Olympic record leaping 16.35 metres in fourth round and also for recording over 16 metres jumps on three occasions. On the other spectrum, his rival Einarsson had to settle for a silver medal which also ensured Iceland's first ever medal at an Olympic event. The gold medal achievement by Adhemar turned out to be the second Olympic gold medal of his career and thus went onto become the first Brazilian to secure gold medals in two successive Olympic appearances. He secured a silver medal in the

4 × 400 metres relay The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track and field, track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of ...

event at the 1956 South American Championships in Athletics.

Post 1956 Olympics

He also claimed gold in men's triple jump at the

6th World Festival of Youth and Students The 6th World Festival of Youth and Students was held from 28 July to 5 August 1957 in Moscow, capital city of the then Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The festival attracted 34,000 people from 130 countries. This became possible after the p ...

in 1957. He claimed a gold medal in men's triple jump at the 1958 South American Championships in Athletics.

1959 Pan American Games and 1960 Olympics

He represented Brazil at the Pan American Games for the third consecutive time in 1959 which was also his final Pan American Games appearance. He eventually completed a hat-trick of gold medals and Pan American titles with a gold medal in men's triple jump event during the multi-sport event.Full results
/ref> He bid adieu to Pan American Games with an unbeaten record in men's triple jump events and his gold medal achievement at

1959 Pan American Games The 1959 Pan American Games, officially known as the III Pan American Games and commonly known as Chicago 1959, were held in Chicago, Illinois, United States between August 28 and September 7, 1959. Host city selection One city initially su ...

in Chicago turned out to be his last ever medal at Pan American Games. However, he could not able to showcase the momentum in men's long jump event at the 1959 Pan American Games as he failed to progress to the final. He clinched a gold medal and a bronze medal in the triple jump and long jump events respectively at the

1960 Ibero-American Games The 1960 Ibero-American Games (''Spanish: I Juegos Iberoamericanos'') were held at the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, Chile, between October 11–16, 1960. A total of 31 events were contested, 22 by men and 9 by women. Medal summary Medal winner ...

. He later made his fourth and the final appearance at the Olympics when he took part in the

1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad () and commonly known as Rome 1960 (), were an international multi-sport event held from 25 August to 11 September 1960 in Rome, Italy. Rome had previously been awar ...

. He was also the flagbearer for Brazil during the opening ceremony of the 1960 Rome Olympics and he subsequently became the first Brazilian athlete to serve as a flagbearer in two Olympic events. However, he could not end his Olympic career in a way that he would have wanted as he managed only 14th position in the finals and also failed to replicate his medal success like in previous two Olympic events. But critics pointed out he may have fallen ill during the course of the games which resulted in his sub par performance. The crowd shouted and enchanted "Orfeu!" at him due to his role in the film, which was largely popular in Italy. He also received strong applause and standing ovation from the crowd when he hung his boots from international athletics with this final Olympic appearance coming at the age of 33.

Acting career

In 1959, da Silva acted in the musical film ''

Orfeu Negro ''Black Orpheus'' ( Portuguese: ''Orfeu Negro'' ) is a 1959 romantic tragedy film directed by French filmmaker Marcel Camus and starring Marpessa Dawn and Breno Mello. It is based on the play '' Orfeu da Conceição'' by Vinicius de Moraes, ...

'' (Black Orpheus) based on a play titled ''

Orfeu da Conceição ' (Orpheus of the Conception) is a stage play with music in three acts by Vinicius de Moraes and music by Antônio Carlos Jobim that premiered in 1956 in Rio de Janeiro. The play became the basis for the films ''Orfeu Negro'' ('' Black Orpheus' ...

'' by

Vinicius de Moraes Marcus Vinícius da Cruz e Mello Moraes (19 October 1913 – 9 July 1980), better known as Vinícius de Moraes () and nicknamed "O Poetinha" ("The Little Poet"), was a Brazilian poet, diplomat, lyricist, essayist, musician, singer, and playwrig ...

. He portrayed the role as Death and the film received positive reviews from critics. The film also won the

Golden Palm The (; ) is the highest prize awarded to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the festival's organizing committee. Previously, from 1939 to 1954, the festiv ...

of the

Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Film Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival ('), is the most prestigious film festival in the world. Held in Cannes, France, it previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around ...

and an

Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film The Academy Award for Best International Feature Film (known as Best Foreign Language Film prior to 2020) is one of the Academy Awards handed out annually by the U.S.-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to a ...

. It was revealed that he received the film offer while he was studying for a physical education degree. He was preferred for the acting role due to his athletic body and he did not act in any other films as he did not have much interest in doing films which ultimately ended his film acting career. American anthropologist

Ann Dunham Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the Un ...

who is also the mother of former American President

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...

insisted that ''Orfeu Negro'' was her favorite film. He is still recognized as one of only few Olympic gold medalists to have played a major role in films.

Later career

He obtained his physical education degree from the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (Preparatory School of Cadets of the Brazilian Army) in 1968. He received his law degree from the

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (, UFRJ) is a public university, public research university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the largest federal university in the country and is one of the Brazilian centers of excellence in teaching and r ...

in 1968. He received his

public relations Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. Pu ...

degree from the

Faculdade Cásper Líbero Faculdade Cásper Líbero (FCL) or Cásper Líbero College is a private college in São Paulo, Brazil. Founded in 1947 by Brazilian journalist Cásper Líbero, it is the oldest journalism school in Latin America. The university offers courses on j ...

in 1990. Surprisingly, he pursued an interest to study public relations at the age of 60. He worked for the diplomatic service as Brazil's cultural attache in

Lagos Lagos ( ; ), or Lagos City, is a large metropolitan city in southwestern Nigeria. With an upper population estimated above 21 million dwellers, it is the largest city in Nigeria, the most populous urban area on the African continent, and on ...

Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

from 1964 to 1967. He also worked as a newspaper

columnist A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Column (periodical), Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the ...

and as a television commentator in athletics. He also mentored Brazilian sports administrators including the former sports minister of Brazil Carlos Melles in 2000. He also launched programs for deprived children to groom them to take up sports in order to ensure social advancement for children and to safeguard them from violence and drugs.

Death

He died on 12 January 2001 at the age of 73 due to

heart attack A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when Ischemia, blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle. The most common symptom ...

. He was also an active smoker and he gave up smoking only two years prior to his death. He was also suffering from

diabetes Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough of the hormone insulin, or the cells of th ...

and

pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...

Legacy

Memorial_-_adhemar_ferreira_da_silva_-_01

During the 1952 Olympics, he was hailed as the "Hero of Helsinki" and received huge support from Finnish people due to his outgoing personality and Finnish language fluency. A crowd consisting of around 70,000 audience chanted his name during when he competed in the event. He was also given a standing ovation during the medal presentation and a judge handed him the

Flag of Brazil The national flag of Brazil is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Crux, Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the List of national mottos, national motto ('Order and Progress'), within a yellow rhombus, on ...

and told him: "The public wants you to take a walk." DOMREP_1957_MiNr0592_mt_B002

On 18 July 1957, the Dominican Postal Institute from

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. It shares a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and ...

issued an airmail stamp which included the victory lap created by Adhemar during the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He was the torchbearer during the

1963 Summer Universiade The 1963 Summer Universiade, also known as the III Summer Universiade, took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Sports at the 1963 Summer Universiade * * * * * * * * * Medal table 1963 U U Summer Universiade Universiade The FISU World ...

which was held in

Porto Alegre Porto Alegre (, ; , ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian Federative units of Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of roughly 1.4 million inhabitants (2022) makes it the List of largest cities in Brazil, 11th-most p ...

, Brazil. In 1987, he was honored by the IAAF in Rome where his notable jumps in Helsinki Olympics was also chosen as one of the all-time 100 Golden Moments. IAAF launched a book and a video featuring 100 athletes and 100 performances to mark the organization's 75th anniversary. In 1993, he was given a standing ovation in Helsinki when he was invited as a chief guest for an athletics meeting. Projectspfc3

His world record exploits in 1952 and 1955 have been marked by the presence of two gold stars on the badge of the São Paulo football club and interestingly Adhemar held membership in the football club. Australian Olympic volunteer Rosemary Mula and her husband Wilf both befriended Adhemar and Adhemar eventually stayed at the apartment owned by Rosemary and Wilf during the

2000 Summer Olympics The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, officially branded as Sydney 2000, and also known as the Games of the New Millennium, were an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October ...

. Rosemary was fifteen when she witnessed Adhemar's Melbourne Olympics gold medal performance and she was one of the girls among the spectators to have cheered for him. Following the death of Adhemar, both Rosemary and her spouse Wilf set up a scholarship that pays for an exchange between Australian and Brazilian schools. His name has been prescribed for the Brazil-Australia exchange program for the young athletes. Adhemar's daughter Adyel initiated 'Jump for Life' project on remembrance of her father and also to help people from underprivileged and deprived areas to athletics. In 2012, he was inducted into the

IAAF Hall of Fame The IAAF Hall of Fame was established by the International Association of Athletics Federations (since 2019: ''World Athletics'') in 2012. It is intended to honor individuals who have made valuable contributions in the sport of athletics both inter ...

. However, the

Brazilian Olympic Committee The Brazilian Olympic Committee (; COB) is the highest authority in Sports in Brazil, Brazilian sport and the governing body of Brazilian Olympic Games, Olympic sport. It was officially founded on 8 June 1914, but World War I caused its official ...

and the organisers of the

2016 Summer Olympics The 2016 Summer Olympics (), officially the Games of the XXXI Olympiad () and officially branded as Rio 2016, were an international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events i ...

failed to acknowledge the contributions of Adhemar da Silva during the course of the event which was later subjected to sharp criticism from fans, critics and also the family members of Adhemar. In 2019, the shoes and spikes worn by Adhemar during 1956 Olympics were displayed in the IAAF Heritage World Athletics Championships Exhibition which was held in Doha, Qatar. The spikes worn by him are currently kept as treasures in The National Sports Museum at the

Melbourne Cricket Ground The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), also known locally as the 'G, is a sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria. Founded and managed by the Melbourne Cricket Club, it is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere, the Lis ...

where the 1956 Olympics were also held.

References

External links