Adam Remigiusz Grocholski
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Adam Remigiusz Grocholski war names "Brochwicz", "Doktor", "Inżynier", "Miś", "Waligóra", and pseudonym Żukowski (3 September 1888 – 17 March 1965) was a Lieutenant Colonel (''Podpułkownik'') of the
Polish Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland (, ; abbreviated SZ RP), also called the Polish Armed Forces and popularly called in Poland (, roughly "the Polish Military"—abbreviated ''WP''), are the national Military, armed forces of the Poland, ...
. He retired from active service in 1934.


Biography


Early years

Adam Remigiusz Grocholski was born on 3 September 1888 in Strzyżawka, the Ukrainian district of Winnica (Vinnytsia), to Tadeusz Grocholski, a landowner, and Zofia Grocholska, maiden name Zamoyska. He completed his secondary education in Odessa and went on to read History and Law at Saint Petersburg University. After completing his studies, he was treated for tuberculosis in
Zakopane Zakopane (Gorals#Language, Podhale Goral: ''Zokopane'') is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has ...
and
Davos Davos (, ; or ; ; Old ) is an Alpine resort town and municipality in the Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of (). Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian ...
.


World War I

In July 1915, Adam Remigiusz, as a plenipotentiary of the
Red Cross The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a Humanitarianism, humanitarian movement with approximately 16million volunteering, volunteers, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ...
, was co-opted as an Officer of Special Missions under the auspices of the Governor of the Caucasus. In March 1917, he organised and directed the Association of the Polish Military in Russia (''Związek Wojskowych Polaków w Rosji'') in
Batumi Batumi (; ka, ბათუმი ), historically Batum or Batoum, is the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), second-largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast ...
Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...
. In December 1917, he was selected as Section Leader of the Third Polish Corps in the East (''III Korpus Polski na Wschodzie'').


Polish-Soviet War

Adam Remigiusz Grocholski was momentarily arrested in
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, in January 1919, for his fortuitous participation in the attempted coup perpetrated by General
Marian Januszajtis-Żegota Marian Józef Żegota-Januszajtis (3 April 1889, Częstochowa, Piotrków Governorate - 24 March 1973, Royal Tunbridge Wells) was a Polish military commander and politician. One of the founders of Polish paramilitary pro-independence organization ...
. In March that same year, he served in the Regular
Polish Army The Land Forces () are the Army, land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military histor ...
as Commander of a Heavy Machine-Gun Squadron within the 12th Cavalry Regiment (''12 Pułk Ułanów''). Later, in October, he completed a course at the Higher War School in
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, working there briefly as a translator and, in December, was appointed aide-de-camp in the 15th Infantry Brigade. In July 1920, he was co-opted as Chief of Staff in the 6th Army, taking an active part in the
Polish–Soviet War The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution. After the collapse ...
. In September 1920, he was appointed Chief of Staff within General Władysław Jędrzejewski's Unit.


Interbellum years

In March 1921, with the outbreak of the Third Silesian Uprising, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski was selected to be Head of the Third Operational Section - within the HQ of Polish Uprising Forces (''Dowództwo Obrony Plebiscytu'') - whose aim was to ascertain Polish rights in the Upper Silesian Plebiscite. He issued, inter alia, Operational Directive # 1 to commence an uprising against German paramilitary units. He adopted at the time the nom de guerre of "Brochwicz". From November 1921, he served as Chief Inspector of the Eastern Border in the Wołyń Voivodeship and, from 1923, worked temporarily for the Polish Military Science Institute (''Wojskowy Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy'') as well as for the Higher Military Academy (''Wyzsza Szkola Wojenna'') as a translator. Adam Remigiusz then went on to follow courses at the Central Riding School (''Centralna Szkoła Jazdy'') in Grudziądz as well as at the Higher Military Academy in Warsaw. In October 1925, he was appointed Officer of the Third Bureau within the Polish War Council (''Ścisła Rada Wojenna'') and, from August 1926, became aide-de-camp of
Józef Piłsudski Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he beca ...
's Minister of War. In 1932, he was promoted to Squadron Leader and, later, to Deputy Commander of the First Cavalry Rifle Regiment (''1. Pułk Strzelców Konnych''). On 31 August 1934, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski retired from active military service. From then on, he devoted his time to writing and painting. On 11 October 1925, he married Barbara Światopełk Czetwertyńska with whom he had 10 children: Tadeusz Mikołaj (1926), Barbara (1927), Remigian (1928), Michał (1929), Anna (1931), Ignacy (1933), Franciszek (1934), Włodzimierz (1936), Piotr (1938) and Elżbieta (1940). Adam Remigiusz Grocholski is a founding Member of the Polish Military Intelligence Society (''Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej'') and the
Polish Aero Club The Polish Aero Club (''Aeroklub Polski'', AP) is the Polish central association of persons practising air sports or recreational flying. It was founded in 1921 and is a member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. It has a headquarte ...
. He is the author of numerous articles in the military press.


World War II

During the
September Campaign The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Sovie ...
, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski created the "Brochwicz" conspiratorial section. Its aim was to carry out covert operations for the benefit of the Independent Polesie Operational Group (''Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie"'') under the command of General
Franciszek Kleeberg Franciszek Kleeberg (1 February 1888, in Tarnopol – 5 April 1941, near Dresden) was a Polish general. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before joining the Polish Legions in World War I and following the Polish Independence later the Polis ...
. Adam Remigiusz was later assigned as Commander of "Brochwicz" in the Lublin area using at the time the aliases of "Brochwicz" and "Miś". In January 1940, the Brochwicz organisation merged with the Union of Armed Struggle (''Związek Walki Zbrojnej'' or ''ZWZ''). ZWZ was divided into two parts: (i) areas under German occupation commanded by Colonel Stefan Rowecki from Warsaw, and (ii) areas under Soviet occupation commanded by General Michał Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz from Lwow (Leopolis). In the spring of 1940, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski became a member of the Editorial Committee of the "Soldier's Bulletin" (''Biuletyn Żołnierski''), an underground magazine first published in August 1940 by the Secret Polish Army (''Tajna Armia Polska''), renamed the "Armed Confederation" (''Konfederacja Zbrojna'') and which later joined forces with the Home Army (''Armia Krajowa''). In the spring of 1941, in the face of a probable conflict between the
Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...
and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by are ...
, Adam Remigiusz submitted to ZWZ Headquarters the project of creating a subversive organisation that would execute covert operations at the rearguard of the German-Soviet front. In September 1941, he was appointed aide-de-camp of Lieutenant Colonel Jan Włodarkiewicz, Commander in Chief of "Wachlarz". Adam Remigiusz was at the time promoted to the rank of Major using several aliases: "Doktor", "Inżynier" and "Waligóra". On 11 November 1942, ha was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (Directive # L21/BP). Following Lieutenant Colonel Jan Włodarkiewicz's death, he served, from April/May 1942 to March 1943, as the Commander in Chief of "Wachlarz" . He resided then in Warsaw at 103 ulica Puławska under the pseudonym "Żukowski". Later, during the Warsaw Uprising and as from 1 September 1944, he was put in charge by the Home Army of Area V of the Mokotów District in Warsaw. He adopted the nom de guerre of "Waligóra" (henceforth, all underground forces from this area formed the "Waligóra Regiment"). Severely wounded on 25 September, he was evacuated two days later from the urban battlefield by couriers, mingling amidst the civilian population who were fleeing from the Mokotów District. On 29 September 1944, Adam Remigiusz was promoted to the rank of colonel of the Home Army.


People's Republic of Poland

After World War II, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski lived in Szklarska Poręba and, from 1954 onwards, in Warsaw. He died on 17 March 1965 in Cannes, France, and was buried in the Military Cemetery in Laski, near Warsaw.


Orders and decorations

* Virtuti Militari Golden Cross * Virtuti Militari Silver Cross * Cross of Independence with Swords (1934) * Cross of Valour (five times)


Citation


Sources


Biography of Adam Remigiusz Grocholski by grandson Henryk Grocholski (in Polish)


External links



{{DEFAULTSORT:Grocholski, Adam Remigiusz 1888 births 1965 deaths Polish Army officers Warsaw Uprising insurgents Grocholski family Higher War School alumni