''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic,

Gram-positive bacteria In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. The Gram stain ...

that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are

acetogen An acetogen is a microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. However, this term is usually employed in a narrower sense only to those bacteria and archaea that perform anaerobic resp ...

s, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with

acetic acid bacteria Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which Oxidation, oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during Aerobic fermentation, fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genus, genera in the family Acet ...

which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway to reduce CO or CO₂ and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it conserves energy by using an Rnf complex to create a sodium gradient rather than a proton gradient. This means that ''A.woodii'' would need sodium in its environment in order to make ATP. When reducing CO₂ to acetate the ''Acetobacterium'' uses the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway with CO₂ as the

electron acceptor An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents. The electron accepting power of an electron acceptor is measured by its redox potential. In the ...

. However, the Acetobacterium can use other electron acceptors like caffeate. To use caffeate as an electron acceptor the bacterium couples hydrogen dependent caffeate reduction with electrons from hydrogen and uses sodium ions as coupling ions. The step in the electron transport chain that creates the sodium gradient is the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of NAD⁺. One application of ''Acetobacterium'', is that ''A. woodii'' could be used in the transformation of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by reductive dechlorinations, but the reactions taken to get to the final product are unknown. This reaction is useful because the products, CO₂ and dichloromethane are less toxic than tetrachloromethane. Another application of ''A.woodii'' is that it can reduce the effects of greenhouse gases since A.woodii can be used to convert CO₂ and CO into acetyl-CoA which could then be used to make other chemicals like ethanol and acetate. The production of ethanol by ''Acetobacterium'' using chemolithotrophic methods is important because ethanol can be used as a biofuel. By using the ethanol that is produced by the bacterium researchers aim to create a sustainable way to create energy.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the naming and taxonomy of prokaryotes, following the taxonomy requirements and rulings of the International Code of Nomenclatu ...

(LPSN) and

National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is lo ...

(NCBI)

References

Eubacteriaceae Bacteria genera {{Clostridia-stub

Phylogeny

See also

References