Acetobacterium

''Acetobacterium'' is a genus of anaerobic,

Gram-positive bacteria In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bact ...

that belong to the Eubacteriaceae family. The type species of this genus is ''Acetobacterium woodii''. The name, ''Acetobacterium'', has originated because they are

acetogen An acetogen is a microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. However, this term is usually employed in a narrower sense only to those bacteria and archaea that perform anaerobic respi ...

s, predominantly making acetic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Most of the species reported in this genus are homoacetogens, i.e. solely producing acetic acid as their metabolic byproduct. They should not be confused with acetic acid bacteria which are aerobic, Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. Other acetogens use the

Wood–Ljungdahl pathway The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carb ...

to reduce CO or CO₂ and produce acetate, but what distinguishes ''A.woodii'' and other ''Acetobacterium'' from other acetogens is that it conserves energy by using an Rnf complex to create a sodium gradient rather than a proton gradient. This means that ''A.woodii'' would need sodium in its environment in order to make ATP. When reducing CO₂ to acetate the ''Acetobacterium'' uses the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway with CO₂ as the electron acceptor. However, the Acetobacterium can use other electron acceptors like caffeate. To use caffeate as an electron acceptor the bacterium couples hydrogen dependent caffeate reduction with electrons from hydrogen and uses sodium ions as coupling ions. The step in the electron transport chain that creates the sodium gradient is the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of NAD⁺. One application of ''Acetobacterium'', is that ''A. woodii'' could be used in the transformation of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by reductive dechlorinations, but the reactions taken to get to the final product are unknown. This reaction is useful because the products, CO₂ and dichloromethane are less toxic than tetrachloromethane. Another application of ''A.woodii'' is that it can reduce the effects of greenhouse gases since A.woodii can be used to convert CO₂ and CO into acetyl-CoA which could then be used to make other chemicals like ethanol and acetate. The production of ethanol by ''Acetobacterium'' using chemolithotrophic methods is important because etha