''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of

predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill t ...

sea snails,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

s belonging to the family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=990283 on 2023-06-10 First appearing 48.6 Ma and believed to go extinct 7.2 Ma. Specimens of ''Pseudotoma'' have been found in Austria, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, The UK, and The continental United States. The Pseudotoma lived during the

Paleocene epoch The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''palaió ...

of Denmark and Greenland, The

Oligocene epoch The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but th ...

of Mexico, and in the

Pliocene epoch The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...

is about the length of the

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An ...

. The

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the ...

is straight, very short, axis impervious. The

siphonal canal The siphonal canal is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails within the clade Neogastropoda. Some sea marine gastropods have a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water ...

is very short and wide. The

anal sulcus The anal sulcus, also called the anal sinus or anal canal, in Gastropods is a notch, a shelly tube at the top of the aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and fo ...

is wide, moderately deep, close to the suture. The spiral

sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

is feeble. The axial sculpture consists of moderately strong riblets. The operculum is wide, ovate, with apical nucleus. The type species is ''Pleurotoma intorta'' described by Brocchi in 1814.W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43
/ref>

Species

* ''

Pseudotoma alazana ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Cooke 1928)Palaeos
/ref> * † ''

Pseudotoma bonellii ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Bellardi, 1847) * '' Pseudotoma colpophora'' Cossmann, 1889 * ''

Pseudotoma coronata ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Lamarck, 1803) (synonym: ''Fusus coronatus'' Lamarck, 1803) * † '' Pseudotoma escheri'' (Mayer, 1861) * † ''

Pseudotoma genei ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Bellardi, 1847) * † ''

Pseudotoma giselae ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' R. Hoernes & Auinger, 1891 * ''

Pseudotoma heilprini ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' Aldrich 1885 * ''

Pseudotoma intorta ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' Brocchi 1814Fossiles
/ref> * ''

Pseudotoma liancurtensis ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (de Boury, 1899) (synonym: ''Genotia liancurtensis'' de Boury, 1899JacquesLerenard: Sur la position systematique des gastropoda eocenes du bassin de Paris-classes-Parvisipho et Siphonalia; Cossmanniana tome 3 nu. 3; mai 1995
/ref> * ''

Pseudotoma loustaui ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Deshayes, 1865) * † ''

Pseudotoma pluriplicata ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Cossmann, 1902) * † ''

Pseudotoma praecedens ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' Bellardi, 1877 * ''

Pseudotoma quieta ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (Deshayes, 1865) * † ''

Pseudotoma subintorta ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * † ''

Pseudotoma subspinosa ''Pseudotoma'' is an extinct genus of predatory sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Turridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Pseudotoma Bellardi, 1875 †. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

'' O. Boettger, 1896 ;Synonyms: * † ''Pseudotoma huttoni'' Finlay, 1924: synonym of † ''

Austrotoma suteri ''Austrotoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, unassigned to a family within the superfamily Conoidea.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Austrotoma Finlay, 1924. Accessed through: World Register of Marine * At: http://www ...

'' (Cossmann, 1916)

References

* Rovereto G. (1899). Prime ricerche sinonimiche sui generi dei Gasteropodi. Atti della Società Ligustica di Scienze Naturale e Geografiche, Genova 10: 101-110 * de Boury E. , 1899. Révision des pleurotomes éocènes du Bassin de Paris (suite). La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes (3)29, n° 340: 62-65 * Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1–397. * Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: An evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pl. 1-23.

External links

Bellardi L. (1875). Novae pleurotomidarum Pedimonti et Liguriae fossilium: dispositionis prodromus. Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italiana. 1: 16-24

* ttp://www.museogeologico.it/inventario/scheda.php?id=4 Museo Geologico
Società Italiana di Malacologia

MNHN, Paris: Genotia liancurtensis
{{Taxonbar, from=Q20020506 Conoidea Paleocene first appearances Pliocene extinctions