Aari (also rendered ''Ari'', ''Ara'', ''Aro'', ''Aarai'') is an

Omotic The Omotic languages are a group of languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia, in the Omo River region. The Ge'ez script is used to write some of the Omotic languages, the Latin script for some others. They are fairly agglutinative and have com ...

language spoken by the Aari people in the South Omo Zone of

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the Er ...

Dialect The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena: One usage refers to a variety of a language that ...

s are Bako, Biyo (Biya), Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer, Zeddo.

History

The Aari people suffered considerable pressures to assimilate after the conquest of the Omo River region by the Ethiopian Empire in the late 1800s, which resulted in the widespread adoption the Amharic language there. Nevertheless, the Aari language survived; today, many Aari are also fluent in Amharic.

Current status

Aari had a population of 285,000 first language speakers in 2007, of whom 129,350 were monolingual. 13,300 second language users were also recorded in 2007. The ethnic population was 289,835 as of 2007. Aari is used at home and at local markets. The size of the Aari tribe is growing, and thus the Aari language has seen an increase in language use and development in recent years. The language is learned by all of the Aari people and some members of neighboring tribes as well. Many Aari speakers also use Amharic, the official language of

. Although it is widely spoken by Aari people,

literacy Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, hum ...

in the language low. An

orthography An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and mo ...

has been developed and rolled out in local schools; today, all schools in the two districts where it is spoken teach Aari writing and literature as a subject. An Aari-English-Amharic dictionary has also been published. A translation of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...

into Aari was published in 1997.

Dialects

There are nine dialects of the Aari language, each dialect being associated with a former chiefdom. While these dialects are mutually intelligible with one another, some also have distinct features. The following are dialects of Aari. Alternate names are given in parenthesis. *Bako (Baco) *Biyo (Bio) *Laydo *Seyki *Shangama *Sido *Wubahamer (Ubamer) *Zeddo

Phonology

* Stop sounds /p b/ can have allophones as fricatives � β * /ʋ/ can also be heard as labio-velar Aari has two tones, high and low.

Grammar

Aari is a subject-object-verb language (SOV), meaning that the English sentence "the cow (subject) ate (verb) the grass (object)" would translate back from Aari as "cow (subject) grass (object) ate (verb)."

Verbs

In Aari, the suffix -''sis'' can be applied to the stem of most verbs with a causative meaning. Doing so will increase the verb's

valency Valence or valency may refer to: Science * Valence (chemistry), a measure of an element's combining power with other atoms * Degree (graph theory), also called the valency of a vertex in graph theory * Valency (linguistics), aspect of verbs re ...

. When applied to an

intransitive verb In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb whose context does not entail a direct object. That lack of transitivity distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs a ...

, it will make the verb transitive. For example, the intransitive verb stem ''daqal-'' "become bad" with the marker -''sis'' becomes ''daqalsis-'', is transitive and has the causative meaning "make bad". The transitive verb ''kam-'' "pick up" with -''sis'' becomes ''kamsis-'', is trivalent and has the meaning "cause to pick up".

Example verb conjugation

Verb stem ''buruk'', meaning "boil." The causative stem of ''buruk-'' is ''burukš-'', making this verb irregular. "To boil" is ''burukinti.'' This consists of the stem ''buruk'' with the

infinitive Infinitive ( abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is de ...

(also called the verbal noun suffix) ''-inti.'' The causative third-person singular perfect (

past tense The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs ''sang'', ''went'' and ''washed''. Most languages have a past tense, with some hav ...

) of ''burukinti'' is ''búrukse'' ("it boiled"). The

present tense The present tense ( abbreviated or ) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time. The present tense is used for actions which are happening now. In order to explain and understand present ...

is ''búrukše'', "he boils omething" A sentence can be formed with the verb ''buruk'' by adding a

noun A noun () is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.Example nouns for: * Organism, Living creatures (including people ...

as an object (something being boiled). ''Búrukše...'' means "he boiled...", so "he boiled water" would be ''noqá búrukše''. Note that in Aari the object comes before the verb; ''búrukše noqá'' is not correct.

Orthography

Aari uses a

Latin script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greece, Greek city of Cumae, in southe ...

and an Ethiopic script, but below 10% of Aari speakers can read. Schooling is not well developed in this region of the world, so Aari is mostly spoken rather than written down and most speakers have no use for the language's two writing systems. However, despite this, there are schools in numerous villages and there are efforts to promote education and literacy. At present, 8% of second language users are literate in Aari. The

was translated into Aari in 1997. Additionally, some other books have been translated into Aari to help promote literacy; Genesis Exodus, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, Esther, Ruth, Psalms, Leviticus, Joshua and Judges have all been translated into Aari, but at present only Genesis has been published. Some external organizations are working with Aari churches to write a complete Aari Bible and increase the literacy rate.

Vocabulary

*''laqimiu?'' - how are you? *''laqimi'' - reply to ''laqimiu'' *''noqá'' - water *''waakí'' - cattle *''zémma'' - morning *''gurdá'' - fence *''sónqa'' - kiss *''tóoni'' - waste *''wókka'' - axe * ''endefsi'' - brother * ''enani'' - sister * ''abiya'' - father * ''emiya'' - mother * ''hanna'' - you * ''etsimi'' - food * ''fecha'' - land * ''kiee'' - husband * ''ekina'' - cabbage * ''hami '' - farm land

Bibliography

* Richard Hayward (1990). "Notes on the Aari Language,
''Omotic Language Studies''
Richard Hayward (editor), pp. 425–493. London: SOAS. *Marie Iversdatter Røsok (2016). "The Sound Pattern of Aari". University of Oslo.

References

External links

The Aari people
(

missionary A missionary is a member of a Religious denomination, religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Tho ...

report) * World Atlas of Language Structures information o
Aari

Aari basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

Listen to a sample of Aari from Global Recordings Network

New Testament in Aari
{{authority control Languages of Ethiopia Aroid languages Subject–object–verb languages