ANNINE-6plus is a
water soluble voltage sensitive dye (also called
potentiometric dyes
Voltage-sensitive dyes, also known as potentiometric dyes, are dyes which change their Electromagnetic spectrum, spectral properties in response to voltage changes. They are able to provide linear measurements of firing activity of single neurons, ...
). This compound was developed at the
Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Germany. It is used to optically measure the changes in transmembrane voltage of excitable cells, including neurons, skeletal and cardiac myocytes.
Voltage sensitivity
ANNINE-6plus has a
fractional fluorescent intensity change (Δ''F''/''F'' per 100
mV change) of about 30% with single-photon excitation (~488 nm) and >50% with two-photon excitation (~1060 nm).
Applications
ANNINE-6plus has been applied in the microscopic imaging of
action potentials
An action potential (also known as a nerve impulse or "spike" when in a neuron) is a series of quick changes in voltage across a cell membrane. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. ...
of
cardiomyocyte in perfused
mice
A mouse (: mice) is a small rodent. Characteristically, mice are known to have a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail, and a high breeding rate. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (''Mus musculus' ...
heart.
[
] Using
confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast (vision), contrast of a micrograph by me ...
in conjunction with ANNINE-6plus, single sweep action potentials with high peak
signal-to-noise ratio
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power, often expressed in deci ...
(SNR) have been recorded from single transverse tubule (
t-tubule
T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permi ...
) of a few micrometers in the
ventricular cardiomyocyte.
References
External links
*{{Commons category-inline, ANNINE-6plus
Dibutylamino compounds
Dyes
Microscopy
Imaging
Electrophysiology
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Bromides