814 Tauris
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814 Tauris ('' prov. designation:'' ''or'' ) is a dark and very large
background asteroid An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An ...
, approximately in diameter, located the outer regions of the
asteroid belt The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, centered on the Sun and roughly spanning the space between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids ...
. It was discovered on 2 January 1916, by astronomer Russian
Grigory Neujmin Grigory Nikolayevich Neujmin (; – 17 December 1946) was a Georgian–Russian astronomer, native of Tbilisi in Georgia (country), Georgia, and a discoverer of numerous minor planets as well as 6 periodic comet, periodic and a List of hyperbolic ...
at the
Simeiz Observatory Simeiz Observatory (also spelled Simeis or Simeïs) was an astronomy research observatory until the mid-1950s. It is located on Mount Koshka, Crimea, by the town of Simeiz. Part of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, it is currently used fo ...
on Crimea. The carbonaceous
C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are volatile-rich and distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks ...
has a longer-than average
rotation period In astronomy, the rotation period or spin period of a celestial object (e.g., star, planet, moon, asteroid) has two definitions. The first one corresponds to the '' sidereal rotation period'' (or ''sidereal day''), i.e., the time that the objec ...
of 35.8 hours. It was named after the ancient name of the
Crimean peninsula Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrai ...
where the discovering observatory is located.


Orbit and classification

''Tauris'' is a non-
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the
hierarchical clustering method An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An ...
to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.2–4.1  AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,048 days;
semi-major axis In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the two most widely separated points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis (major semiaxis) is the longe ...
of 3.16 AU). Its orbit has a notably high
eccentricity Eccentricity or eccentric may refer to: * Eccentricity (behavior), odd behavior on the part of a person, as opposed to being "normal" Mathematics, science and technology Mathematics * Off-Centre (geometry), center, in geometry * Eccentricity (g ...
of 0.31 and an
inclination Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object. For a satellite orbiting the Eart ...
of 22 ° with respect to the
ecliptic The ecliptic or ecliptic plane is the orbital plane of Earth's orbit, Earth around the Sun. It was a central concept in a number of ancient sciences, providing the framework for key measurements in astronomy, astrology and calendar-making. Fr ...
. This gives it a TJupiter of 3.0250, near the boundary of 3, which separates asteroids (above 3) from the Jupiter-family comets (below 3). ''Tauris'' was first observed as at Taunton Observatory on 12 May 1907. The body's
observation arc In observational astronomy, the observation arc (or arc length) of a Solar System body is the time period between its earliest and latest observations, used for tracing the body's path. It is usually given in days or years. The term is mostly use ...
begins at
Heidelberg Observatory Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...
on 30 January 1916, or four weeks after its official discovery observation at
Simeiz Observatory Simeiz Observatory (also spelled Simeis or Simeïs) was an astronomy research observatory until the mid-1950s. It is located on Mount Koshka, Crimea, by the town of Simeiz. Part of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, it is currently used fo ...
.


Naming

This
minor planet According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is exclusively classified as neither a planet nor a comet. Before 2006, the IAU officially used the term ''minor ...
was named after the ancient name of the
Crimean peninsula Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrai ...
, Tauris. Lutz Schmadel, the author of the ''Dictionary of Minor Planet Names'' also mentions a mountain with the same name on the southwest coast of Crimea. In addition, Baltic German astronomer Ludwig von Struve (1858–1920) also taught astronomy at the Tavrida University (Tauris University) in
Simferopol Simferopol ( ), also known as Aqmescit, is the second-largest city on the Crimea, Crimean Peninsula. The city, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, but controlled by Russia. It is considered the cap ...
, a large city on the Crimean peninsula (R. Bremer). The was also mentioned in '' The Names of the Minor Planets'' by Paul Herget in 1955 ().


Physical characteristics

In the Tholen classification as well in the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, ''Tauris'' is a common, carbonaceous
C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are volatile-rich and distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks ...
, while in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), it is an
X-type asteroid The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra, but probably quite different compositions. Tholen classification In the Tholen classification, the X-group consists of the following types: * E-type – with high ...
.


Rotation period

In 1983, a rotational
lightcurve In astronomy, a light curve is a graph (discrete mathematics), graph of the Radiance, light intensity of a celestial object or region as a function of time, typically with the magnitude (astronomy), magnitude of light received on the ''y''-axis ...
of ''Tauris'', obtained from photometric observations with the ESO 0.5-metre telescope at La Silla, Chile, was by published by Belgian astronomer Henri Debehogne in collaboration with Italian astronomers Giovanni de Sanctis and Vincenzo Zappalà. Lightcurve analysis gave a
rotation period In astronomy, the rotation period or spin period of a celestial object (e.g., star, planet, moon, asteroid) has two definitions. The first one corresponds to the '' sidereal rotation period'' (or ''sidereal day''), i.e., the time that the objec ...
of hours with a brightness variation of
magnitude Magnitude may refer to: Mathematics *Euclidean vector, a quantity defined by both its magnitude and its direction *Magnitude (mathematics), the relative size of an object *Norm (mathematics), a term for the size or length of a vector *Order of ...
(). In May 2013, Michael S. Alkema at the Elephant Head Observatory in Arizona determined an identical period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude ().


Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the
NEOWISE Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE, observatory code C51, Explorer 92 and MIDEX-6) was a NASA infrared astronomy space telescope in the Explorers Program launched in December 2009.. . WISE discovered thousands of minor planets and nu ...
mission of NASA's
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE, List of observatory codes, observatory code C51, Explorer 92 and MIDEX-6) was a NASA infrared astronomy Space observatory, space telescope in the Explorers Program launched in December 2009.. . WISE L ...
, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite
IRAS The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Infrarood Astronomische Satelliet'') (IRAS) was the first space telescope to perform a astronomical survey, survey of the entire night sky at infrared wavelengths. Launched on 25 Janu ...
, and the Japanese Akari satellite, ''Tauris'' measures (), () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an
albedo Albedo ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is Diffuse reflection, diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects ...
of (), () and (), respectively. The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0470 and a diameter of 109.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.74. Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (), (), () and () with corresponding albedos of (), (), () and (). Several
asteroid occultation An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden from the observer by another object that passes between them. The term is often used in astronomy, but can also refer to any situation in which an object in the foreground blocks f ...
s of ''Tauris'' were observed between 1999 and 2015. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star. The two best-rated observations made on 26 and 29 July 2015, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of () and (), respectively. However, these two observations still received a relatively poor quality rating.


References


External links


Lightcurve Database Query
(LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info''
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
Google books

– Minor Planet Center * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Tauris 000814 Discoveries by Grigory Neujmin Named minor planets 000814 000814 19160102