enzymology An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...

, a trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase () is an

enzyme An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...

that

catalyzes Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quick ...

the

chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemistry, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an Gibbs free energy, ...

:trans-cinnamate + NADPH + H⁺ + O₂

\rightleftharpoons

4-hydroxycinnamate + NADP⁺ + H₂O The 4 substrates of this enzyme are trans-cinnamate,

NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require N ...

, H⁺, and O₂, whereas its 3

products Product may refer to: Business * Product (business), an item that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. * Product (project management), a deliverable or set of deliverables that contribute to a business solution ...

are 4-hydroxycinnamate, NADP⁺, and H₂O. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism and

phenylpropanoid biosynthesis The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. From amino acids to cinnamates In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a. phenylalanine/t ...

. It employs one cofactor,

heme Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /Help:IPA/English, hi:m/ ), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecule that commonly serves as a Ligand (biochemistry), ligand of various proteins, more notably as a Prostheti ...

. This enzyme belongs to the family of

oxidoreductase In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually ut ...

s, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O₂ as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor.

Nomenclature

The

systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivi ...

of this enzyme class is trans-cinnamate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include: * cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, * oxygenase, cinnamate 4-mono-, * CA4H (gene name), * CYP73A1 (gene name), * cytochrome P450 cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, * cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, * cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, * cinnamate hydroxylase, * cinnamic 4-hydroxylase, * cinnamic acid 4-monooxygenase, * cinnamic acid p-hydroxylase, * hydroxylase, cinnamate 4-, * t-cinnamic acid hydroxylase, * trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, and * trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase.

Nomenclature

References

Further reading