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4-Chloromethcathinone (also known as 4-CMC and clephedrone) is a
stimulant Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, ...
drug of the
cathinone Cathinone (; also known as β-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub ''Catha edulis'' (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines. It is probably the main contributor to t ...
class that has been sold online as a
designer drug A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. ...
. 4-CMC produces similar effects to
mephedrone Mephedrone, also known as , , and , is a synthetic stimulant drug belonging to the amphetamine and cathinone classes. It is commonly referred to by slang names such as drone, , white magic, meow meow, and bubble. Chemically, it is similar to ...
, and has been sold as an alternative in countries where mephedrone was scheduled.


Adverse effects


Short-term

4-CMC produces similar side effects to mephedrone, including: increased blood pressure, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and anxiety.


Neurotoxicity

Its chemical structure closely resembles ''para''-chloromethamphetamine, raising concerns about its potential to readily induce cell death of serotoninergic neurons. However, no neurotoxicity of this kind has been found to occur, but studies involving mice do indicate that it is neurotoxic through other mechanisms, similarly to other cathinones. 4-CMC is cytotoxic and induces oxidative stress, more so than 4-MMC.


Pharmacology


Pharmacodynamics

Similar to mephedrone, 4-CMC mainly acts as a
serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), also known as a triple releasing agent (TRA), is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin, norepinephrine/epinephrine, and dopamine in the brain and body. SNDRAs produc ...
(SNDRA), and partially as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) with similar potency.


Legality

4-CMC is an
Anlage I The following drugs are controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act ( or ). Trade and possession of these substances without licence or prescription is considered illegal; prescription is illegal for drugs on ''Anlage I'' and II and drugs on ''Anl ...
controlled drug in Germany. Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying 4-Chloromethcathinone (klefedron) as illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015. As of October 2015, 4-CMC is a controlled substance in China. 4-CMC is considered a Schedule 1 substance in Virginia. In December 2019, the
UNODC The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: ''Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime'') is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the ...
announced scheduling recommendations placing 4-CMC into Schedule II.


See also

*
3-Chloromethcathinone 3-Chloromethcathinone (3-CMC), also known as clophedrone, is a synthetic substance belonging to the Substituted cathinone, cathinone class of Psychoactive drug, psychoactive compounds. It is very similar in structure to other methcathinone deri ...
*
3-Methylmethcathinone 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), also known as metaphedrone, is a designer drug from the substituted cathinone family. 3-MMC is a monoamine transporter substrate (a substance acted upon by monoamine transporters in the brain) that potently releas ...
*
4-Bromomethcathinone 4-Bromomethcathinone (4-BMC, Brephedrone) is a psychoactive drug and research chemical of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It acts as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, but acts more like an antidep ...
* 4-Chloroamphetamine * 4-Cl-3-MMC * 4Cl-PVP *
4-Ethylmethcathinone 4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) is a recreational designer drug of the stimulant and entactogen class. It is a structural isomer of 4-MEC and 3,4-DMMC. It has been identified in many countries around the world, initially in Europe but was first found ...
*
4-Methylmethcathinone Mephedrone, also known as , , and , is a synthetic stimulant drug belonging to the amphetamine and cathinone classes. It is commonly referred to by slang names such as drone, , white magic, meow meow, and bubble. Chemically, it is similar to t ...
*
Substituted cathinone Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chloromethcathinone, 4- Cathinones Designer drugs 4-Chlorophenyl compounds Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents