The Toldi was a
Hungarian light tank
A light tank is a Tank classification, tank variant initially designed for rapid movements in and out of combat, to outmaneuver heavier tanks. It is smaller with thinner vehicle armour, armor and a less powerful tank gun, main gun, tailored for ...
of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, developed on the basis of the Swedish
Landsverk L-60. It was named after the 14th century Hungarian knight
Miklós Toldi. The Toldi was made in several different variants including some armed with a 20 mm gun, some armed with a 40 mm gun, some fitted with
''schürzen'' plates, and even a prototype tank destroyer variant armed with a 75 mm gun. At least one was even fitted with
heavy anti-tank rocket launchers.
Development and production
The Hungarian general staff wanted a modern light tank as soon as possible, after the domestically developed
V-4 turned out to be too expensive by 1936 and work on it progressed slower than expected.
Meanwhile, the Swedish
AB Landsverk finished its recent development, the
Landsverk L-60 in October, and was looking for a customer to cover the costs. After a series of trials in 1937 with the
V-4 and the
Panzer I
The Panzer I was a light tank produced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Its name is short for ( German for " armored fighting vehicle mark I"), abbreviated as . The tank's official German ordnance inventory designation was '' Sd.Kfz. 101 ...
, the
MÁVAG
MÁVAG (''Magyar Királyi Állami Vas-, Acél- és Gépgyárak''; ''Hungarian Royal State Iron, Steel and Machine Factories'') was the largest Hungarian rail vehicle producer. MÁVAG company was the second largest industrial enterprise after the ...
heavy industries decided to purchase the license of the
L-60, with a prototype for further development.
The turret of the vehicle was then modified, making space for the radio and other devices, with a cupola being placed on top (since the
L-60 was still unfinished and lacked in many necessary features).
The original main armament, the
20 mm Madsen was also replaced initially by a 25 mm Bofors autocannon, and then by the 20 mm
Solothurn anti-tank rifle, as it was already in service in the Hungarian army. The hull would then be changed on the front, upper sides, and rear, to riveted plates instead of welded for faster and easier production, with the original Scania-Vabis 1664 engine being replaced by the German Büssing L8V.
At first, 80 vehicles were ordered from
MÁVAG
MÁVAG (''Magyar Királyi Állami Vas-, Acél- és Gépgyárak''; ''Hungarian Royal State Iron, Steel and Machine Factories'') was the largest Hungarian rail vehicle producer. MÁVAG company was the second largest industrial enterprise after the ...
, then an order for 110 more vehicles were placed in 1940.
In total, 202 units were produced.
Variants
* 38M Toldi I (A20) - first variant armed with a 20 mm
Solothurn anti-tank rifle,
80 made. The very first few Toldis received the older versions of 20mm AT rifles with their sizeable magazines, so a small bump was formed on the turret roof to make it easier to insert the magazines. With the introduction of the new magazines, this became unnecessary and the other Toldis no longer had such "bump". At the beginning of the production (similarly to the Soviet and Italian armored vehicles of the time) there were many errors due to inexperience, so broken welds, armor cracks and casting errors in the track links were common.
* 42M Toldi II (B20) - 110 made. This version was equipped with more reliable engines manufactured under license by
Ganz
The Ganz Machinery Works Holding is a Hungarian holding company. Its products are related to rail transport, power generation, and water supply, among other industries.
The original Ganz Works or Ganz ( or , ''Ganz companies'', formerly ''Ganz ...
instead of the imported NAGs. Furthermore, the suspensions have been improved with stronger
torsion springs. These vehicles were extremely reliable (compared to the Russian and German tanks of the time) and were able to achieve a service life of 7-8000 kms with one planned factory repair. These vehicles were fitted with a slightly increased turret, which provided better placement of the radio and slightly better comfort. With the help of the large emergency exit hatches, the crew could quickly leave the damaged tanks.
* 42M Toldi IIA (B40) - modification developed in 1942, armed with the 37/42M 40 mm gun and a larger turret. In 1943, 80 Toldis in the best condition were equipped with the gun and the additional armor plates, increasing the frontal protection to 35mm (280 BHN!).
* 43M Toldi III (C40) - improved variant with thicker armor, 42M gun, upgraded drivetrain and perforated
''schürzen'' plates. According to recollections, 12 were made, but there is no written evidence of this, so it is possible that they were ordered and the production process has started, but never completed because of the bombing raids.
* Toldi Páncélvadász ('Toldi tank hunter') - Toldi I hull with a German
7.5 cm Pak 40 anti-tank gun in an open casemate. Only 1 prototype made since the Germans did not deliver the guns ordered and paid for due to the war situation.
* Toldi II armed with heavy anti-tank rocket launchers - modified Toldi II with its gun removed and a twin mount for
44M Buzogányvető heavy anti-tank rocket launchers mounted on the rear of its turret. One photograph is known to exist of this variant, so at least 1 made.
Combat

The Toldi tanks first saw action with the Hungarian Army in the
1941 Invasion of Yugoslavia.
These tanks were then mostly used against the
USSR
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
between 1941 and 1944. Because of their light armour, armament and good communications equipment, they were mostly used for reconnaissance. The design was effective against Soviet light tanks widespread during the early stages of
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...
, such as the obsolete
T-26 and
BT-5. However it was totally inadequate against the Soviet
T-34
The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank from World War II. When introduced, its 76.2 mm (3 in) tank gun was more powerful than many of its contemporaries, and its 60-degree sloped armour provided good protection against Anti-tank warfare, ...
medium tanks encountered during the later stages of the war on the
Eastern Front. From 1940 to the end of 1942, Toldi tanks served in 22-vehicle-strong companies and there were also 7 tanks in the HQ sections.
After 1942, it was clear that the light tanks in service around the world at that time were no longer suitable for offensive operations. However, Toldi tanks were suitable for reconnaissance and flanking tasks. Furthermore, in order to save fuel and spare medium tanks, they were ideal for the basic training tank crews.
In light of this, from 1943 in the "Szabolcs" order of battle, the Toldi companies were disbanded and 5-5 Toldis were placed in the medium tank companies. In addition to training tasks, they performed the scouting and flanking missions for the unit. They were suitable for this thanks to better mobility, outstanding optics and good radios compared to T-60 and T-70 tanks. In addition, 9 Toldi were converted into medical evacuation vehicles. Thus, each medium tank company had 11-17
Turans (due to the lack of vehicles, not every company was replenished as required) and 5 Toldis.In addition, each battalion and regiment HQ had 5 Toldis and 1 Medevac variant. Usually 50-50% were B20s and B40s in these units. The exception to this was the
1st Cavalry Division, which had no Toldis in its Turán companies. Two dozen A20 Toldis were used as command vehicles of the
Nimród SPAA squadrons and
Zrínyi assault gun companies. The rest were used for training purposes after 1943.
Service history
The Toldi entered Hungarian service in 1940. They were used extensively in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and on the Eastern Front. From 1942, the Toldis were reassigned to reconnaissance, command and ambulance roles.
The Toldis fought throughout the war, but due to the siege of Budapest, the supply of spare parts ceased in late 1944, so the tanks began to suffer losses due to wear and tear too (by this time, all the Toldis and Nimróds had already accumulated more than 5,000 kms!). Although it was ineffective against the T-34 and IS tanks, the Toldi B40 had a chance against almost 40% of the Soviet armoured vehicles in 1944 (T-70, SU-76, BA-64, etc.) and it was able to evade heavier tanks due to its excellent maneuverability and small size.
Several Toldi tanks were captured by the USSR late in the war, two of them were transported to Kubinka for testing and are still preserved there.
A few Toldis were captured by the Romanians after
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
switched sides following the
1944 coup d'état. Their fate is unknown.
Survivors
File:38M Toldi I (37179201784).jpg, The only surviving 38M Toldi I in Kubinka Tank Museum
The Kubinka Tank Museum (Центральный музей бронетанкового вооружения и техники - Tsentral'nyy Muzey Bronetankovogo Vooruzheniya I Tekhniki -Central Museum of Armored Arms and Technology) is a larg ...
– it has been damaged and modified. The Toldi IIA can be seen in the background.
File:38M Toldi IIa ‘H501’ (37179204634).jpg, The only surviving Toldi IIA (H501) in Kubinka Tank Museum
The Kubinka Tank Museum (Центральный музей бронетанкового вооружения и техники - Tsentral'nyy Muzey Bronetankovogo Vooruzheniya I Tekhniki -Central Museum of Armored Arms and Technology) is a larg ...
.
Two Toldi tanks (one Toldi I and one Toldi IIA) are preserved on display at the
Kubinka Tank Museum
The Kubinka Tank Museum (Центральный музей бронетанкового вооружения и техники - Tsentral'nyy Muzey Bronetankovogo Vooruzheniya I Tekhniki -Central Museum of Armored Arms and Technology) is a larg ...
in
Moscow
Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
,
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. It can be seen that on the surviving 38M Toldi I the
gun mantlet, guns, lights and rails have been modified or removed, and the right fender is damaged.
Gallery
File:Mátyásföld, Újszász utca 41-43. Magyar Királyi Honvéd gépkocsiszertár udvara, MÁVAG gyártmányú 38M Toldi könnyű harckocsik. Fortepan 72118.jpg, alt=, 38M Toldi tanks in Budapest
Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
, Hungary, 1943
File:38M Toldi IIa 40mm.jpg, alt=, A Toldi IIA light tank
File:Fiat-brand, tank, Ansaldo-brand, workshop, szervíz, track, label, insignia, Italian brand, military, Hungarian brand Fortepan 72518.jpg, alt=, Toldi tanks undergoing maintenance in Hungary, 1943
File:42M Toldi II harckocsi kezelőivel. Fortepan 12213.jpg, alt=, 42M Toldi II with its crew, 1942
File:Tank, Hungarian brand, soldier Fortepan 78326.jpg, alt=, A Toldi I in 1941
File:Villány, Toldi tank 1941-ben az Ady Endre fasornál. Fortepan 71498.jpg, A 38M Toldi I in Villány
Villány (; , or ; Živko Mandić: Hrvatska imena naseljenih mjesta u Madžarskoj, ) is a town in Baranya County, Hungary that is famous for its wine. Residents are Hungarians, with minority of Croats, Serbs and Germans of Hungary. Until t ...
, Hungary, 1941
File:Aerial, insignia, tank, Hungarian brand, commercial vehicle, military Fortepan 72479.jpg, A 38M Toldi I on the move, 1943
File:Mátyásföld, Újszász utca 41-43. Magyar Királyi Honvéd gépkocsiszertár udvara, MÁVAG gyártmányú Toldi könnyű harckocsik. Fortepan 72134.jpg, A Toldi tank in Budapest
Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
, Hungary, 1943
Notes
References
External links
War Is Over - Russian Army Database
{{Weapons of Hungary
Light tanks of Hungary
World War II light tanks
World War II military equipment of Hungary
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Tanks introduced in 1937