2 21 polytope

In 6-dimensional geometry, the 2₂₁ polytope is a uniform 6-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E₆ group. It was discovered by Thorold Gosset, published in his 1900 paper. He called it an 6-ic semi-regular figure. It is also called the Schläfli polytope.

Its Coxeter symbol is 2₂₁, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of one of the 2-node sequences. He also studied its connection with the 27 lines on the cubic surface, which are naturally in correspondence with the vertices of 2₂₁.

The rectified 2₂₁ is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 2₂₁. The birectified 2₂₁ is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 2₂₁, and is the same as the rectified 1₂₂.

These polytopes are a part of family of 39 convex uniform polytopes in 6-dimensions, made of uniform 5-polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .

2₂₁ polytope

The 2₂₁ has 27 vertices, and 99 facets: 27 5-orthoplexes and 72 5-simplices. Its vertex figure is a 5-demicube.

For visualization this 6-dimensional polytope is often displayed in a special skewed orthographic projection direction that fits its 27 vertices within a 12-gonal regular polygon (called a Petrie polygon). Its 216 edges are drawn between 2 rings of 12 vertices, and 3 vertices projected into the center. Higher elements (faces, cells, etc.) can also be extracted and drawn on this projection.

The Schläfli graph is the 1-skeleton of this polytope.

Alternate names

* E. L. Elte named it V₂₇ (for its 27 vertices) in his 1912 listing of semiregular polytopes.
* Icosihepta-heptacontadi-peton - 27-72 facetted polypeton (Acronym: jak) (Jonathan Bowers)

Coordinates

The 27 vertices can be expressed in 8-space as an edge-figure of the 4₂₁ polytope:

(-2, 0, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0,-2, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0,-2, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0, 0,-2,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0,-2),
( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,-2,-2, 0)

( 2, 0, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 2, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0, 2, 0,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0, 0, 2,-2, 0, 0, 0),
( 0, 0, 0, 0,-2, 0, 0, 2)

(-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
(-1,-1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
(-1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
(-1,-1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
(-1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
(-1, 1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
(-1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
( 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
( 1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
( 1,-1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
( 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1),
(-1, 1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
( 1,-1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
( 1, 1,-1, 1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
( 1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1, 1),
( 1, 1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1)

Construction

Its construction is based on the E₆ group.
The facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, .
Removing the node on the short branch leaves the 5-simplex, .
Removing the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the 5-orthoplex in its alternated form: (2₁₁), .
Every simplex facet touches a 5-orthoplex facet, while alternate facets of the orthoplex touch either a simplex or another orthoplex.

The vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes 5-demicube (1₂₁ polytope), . The edge-figure is the vertex figure of the vertex figure, a rectified 5-cell, (0₂₁ polytope), .

Seen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived from the Coxeter group orders.Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 11.8 Gosset figures in six, seven, and eight dimensions, pp. 202–203

Images

Vertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow. The number of vertices by color are given in parentheses.

Geometric folding

The 2₂₁ is related to the 24-cell by a geometric folding of the E6/F4 Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams. This can be seen in the Coxeter plane projections. The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are projected in the same two rings as seen in the 2₂₁.

This polytope can tessellate Euclidean 6-space, forming the 2₂₂ honeycomb with this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .

Related complex polyhedra

The regular complex polygon ₃₃₃, , in $\mathbb^2$ has a real representation as the ''2₂₁'' polytope, , in 4-dimensional space. It is called a Hessian polyhedron after Edmund Hess. It has 27 vertices, 72 3-edges, and 27 33 faces. Its complex reflection group is ₃ sub>3 sub>3, order 648.

Related polytopes

The 2₂₁ is fourth in a dimensional series of semiregular polytopes. Each progressive uniform polytope is constructed vertex figure of the previous polytope. Thorold Gosset identified this series in 1900 as containing all regular polytope facets, containing all simplexes and orthoplexes.

The 2₂₁ polytope is fourth in dimensional series 2_k2.

The 2₂₁ polytope is second in dimensional series 2_2k.

Rectified 2₂₁ polytope

The rectified 2₂₁ has 216 vertices, and 126 facets: 72 rectified 5-simplices, and 27 rectified 5-orthoplexes and 27 5-demicubes . Its vertex figure is a rectified 5-cell prism.

Alternate names

* Rectified icosihepta-heptacontadi-peton as a rectified 27-72 facetted polypeton (Acronym: rojak) (Jonathan Bowers)

Construction

Its construction is based on the E₆ group and information can be extracted from the ringed Coxeter-Dynkin diagram representing this polytope: .
Removing the ring on the short branch leaves the rectified 5-simplex, .
Removing the ring on the end of the other 2-length branch leaves the rectified 5-orthoplex in its alternated form: t₁(2₁₁), .
Removing the ring on the end of the same 2-length branch leaves the 5-demicube: (1₂₁), .

The vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed ring and ringing the neighboring ring. This makes rectified 5-cell prism, t₁x, .

Images

Vertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow.

Truncated 2₂₁ polytope

The truncated 2₂₁ has 432 vertices, 2376 edges, 5040 faces, 4320 cells, 1350 4-faces, and 126 5-faces. Its vertex figure is a rectified 5-cell pyramid.

Alternate names

* Truncated icosihepta-heptacontadi-peton as a truncated 27-72 facetted polypeton (Acronym: tojak)

Images

Vertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple.

See also

* List of E6 polytopes

Notes

References

* T. Gosset: ''On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions'', Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
*
* Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995
wiley.com

** (Paper 17) Coxeter, ''The Evolution of Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams'', ieuw Archief voor Wiskunde 9 (1991) 233-248See figure 1: (p. 232) (Node-edge graph of polytope)
* x3o3o3o3o *c3o - jak, o3x3o3o3o *c3o - rojak, x3x3o3o3o *c3o - tojak

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6-polytopes