2019 Dayton Tornado
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On the night of May 27, 2019, a large and destructive tornado struck
Dayton Dayton () is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of cities in Ohio, sixth-most populous city in Ohio, with a population of 137,644 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. The Dayton metro ...
,
Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...
as well as the surrounding suburbs of Brookville, Trotwood, Northridge and Riverside, injuring 166 people and indirectly killing one person. Part of a larger severe weather outbreak, the tornado was the first of two EF4-rated tornadoes to touch down during the outbreak. It was the first EF4 tornado in Ohio since the tornado that struck Millbury in 2010. Along the tornado's path through Montgomery County, the tornado was on the ground for 32 minutes, reaching a peak width of at times, and causing an estimated total of $500 million (2019
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) in damage.


Meteorological synopsis

On the morning of May 27, the
Storm Prediction Center The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is a US government agency that is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the control of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceani ...
issued an enhanced risk of severe weather for eastern
Iowa Iowa ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the upper Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west; Wisconsin to the northeast, Ill ...
,
Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...
,
Indiana Indiana ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north and northeast, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the s ...
, southwestern
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, and western
Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...
for significant tornadoes, large hail, and damaging wind gusts. Much of Ohio was initially excluded from the tornado risk, but was eventually included as the severe weather outlook was updated in the afternoon. As a
shortwave trough A shortwave or shortwave trough is an embedded kink in the trough / ridge pattern. Its length scale is much smaller than that of and is embedded within longwaves, which are responsible for the largest scale (synoptic scale) weather systems. Sho ...
moved northeast across the area, low-to-mid-level
westerlies The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes (about ...
were expected to interact with a
low-pressure area In meteorology, a low-pressure area (LPA), low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a high-pressure area. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with incle ...
associated with the trough, increasing the amount of moisture and
atmospheric instability Atmospheric instability is a condition where the Earth's atmosphere is considered to be unstable and as a result local weather is highly variable through distance and time. Atmospheric instability encourages vertical motion, which is directly cor ...
as clouds from a decaying
mesoscale convective system A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones, and normally persists for several hours or more. A mesoscale conv ...
dissipated, resulting in increased mid-level convective available potential energy (CAPE) values of 2,500 to 3,000 j/kg across the region, indicating strong instability. Additionally, 40-50 kts of
wind shear Wind shear (; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical ...
was present within the region, with the strongest winds being present above the ground. These conditions being mixed with a
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associated with the low-pressure area led to an environment conducive for
tornadogenesis Tornadogenesis is the process by which a tornado forms. There are many types of tornadoes, varying in methods of formation. Despite ongoing scientific study and high-profile research projects such as VORTEX projects, VORTEX, tornadogenesis is a ...
from eastern Iowa to western Ohio, which was included in the afternoon's outlook update after they had found the potential for a
supercell A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone, a deep, persistently rotating updraft. Due to this, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms. Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (su ...
or two to develop and be capable of producing tornadoes with the lower-level
jet stream Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow thermal wind, air currents in the Earth's Atmosphere of Earth, atmosphere. The main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds, flowing west to east around the gl ...
winds expected to increase that night, allowing for low-level
mesocyclone A mesocyclone is a meso-gamma mesoscale (or storm scale) region of rotation ( vortex), typically around in diameter, most often noticed on radar within thunderstorms. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is usually located in the right rear flank ( ...
development. At 8:20 p.m. EDT, the SPC issued a
tornado watch A tornado watch ( SAME code: TOA) is a statement issued by weather forecasting agencies to advise the public that atmospheric conditions in a given region may lead to the development of tornadoes within (or near) the region over a period of seve ...
for western and central Ohio, with a 60% chance of a tornado occurring within the watch area, along with a 30% chance of a strong (EF2+) tornado. Multiple supercells had developed and moved across Illinois and Indiana, which produced several tornadoes as they moved east, and were expected to continue doing so as they entered the state and approached the lower-level jet stream winds in conditions favorable for further tornado activity.


Tornado summary


Formation and track through Brookville

The
National Weather Service The National Weather Service (NWS) is an Government agency, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weathe ...
in
Wilmington, Ohio Wilmington is a city in Clinton County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 12,664 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Micropolitan statistical area, Wilmington micropolitan area ...
first issued a tornado warning for the supercell that produced the Dayton tornado at 10:31 p.m. EDT in Preble and Montgomery counties. Ten minutes after the warning was issued, the tornado touched down west of Brookville in Montgomery County, initially causing minor EF0 damage to trees along northern Sulphur Springs road. The tornado quickly intensified to high-end EF2 strength as it entered the city, where numerous homes had their roofs torn off or sustained severe roof damage, and some had a few exterior walls collapse as the tornado moved through. Significant damage occurred to a wastewater treatment plant and to Brookville High School, which had large portions of its roof removed. Additionally, the tornado damaged numerous trees and power lines, and completely destroyed a small automotive business.


Impact in Trotwood

After impacting Brookville, a
Particularly Dangerous Situation A PDS tornado watch issued on December 14, 2022. In weather forecasting in the United States, "particularly dangerous situation" (PDS) is the wording used by the National Weather Service and the Storm Prediction Center to convey special urgency in ...
(PDS) tornado warning was issued at 10:50 pm EDT, and the tornado moved into northern Trotwood and took a turn to the southeast. Here, the tornado reached EF3 intensity as it caused the roofs and multiple exterior walls of several houses to collapse along Westbrook Road. Other houses and apartment complexes around this area sustained EF2 damage, and many trees were also snapped. As the tornado moved into eastern parts of the city, it strengthened further to high-end EF3 intensity as it impacted the
Hara Arena Hara Arena was a 5,500-seat multi-purpose arena located in the Trotwood, Ohio suburb of Dayton. The facility began as a ballroom in 1957, added an arena in 1964 and grew to a six-building complex which closed in August 2016. At various times, it ...
, where large parts of its roof and multiple walls were removed. This resulted in $7.5 million in damage, the highest for any property in Montgomery County, and prompted the building's demolition the following year. Within the city, over 1,100 buildings were damaged or destroyed, with 500 homes sustaining damage, and 59 being destroyed. Four people were hospitalized, and another 30 people that had lost access to breathable air and medications were transported to another location.


Damage within Dayton

The tornado continued to move southeast into the city limits of Dayton as it maintained high-end EF3 intensity, moving into the Shiloh neighborhood. At this point, the National Weather Service issued a
tornado emergency A tornado emergency is an enhanced version of a tornado warning, which is used by the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States during imminent, significant tornado occurrences. Although it is not a new warning type from the NWS, issue ...
for Montgomery County at 10:57 p.m. EDT. Along the roads of Shiloh Springs, Turner, Shoup Mill, and North Main Street, major damage occurred to multiple restaurants, self-storage units, a tobacco shop, and several other small businesses, along with numerous homes and apartment complexes. At the Evans Arena car dealership, 154 cars were
totaled In insurance claims, a total loss or write-off is a situation where the lost value, repair cost or salvage cost of a damaged property exceeds its insured value, and simply replacing the old property with a new equivalent is more cost-effect ...
, and another 50 were damaged. The tornado then strengthened to EF4 intensity as it moved just south of Frederick Pike and along Riverside Drive, impacting the River's Edge Apartments. Several large brick apartment buildings sustained the destruction of their upper floors, and while there weren't any buildings leveled like a typical EF4 rating would suggest, damage surveyors determined that such significant damage to such well-constructed buildings was indicative of EF4 winds. The tornado had also severely damaged the Foxton Apartments, and a large swath of hardwood trees were downed and debarked in a corridor along the Stillwater River, where the most intense winds were believed to have taken place. Trees had been completely stripped of leaves and bark, with only stubs of the largest branches remaining, and surveyors determined that this level of damage to trees was also indicative of EF4 strength. As the tornado continued north of downtown Dayton and moved into the Northridge area of Harrison Township, the tornado slightly weakened to high-end EF3 strength, but continued to cause widespread damage along North Dixie Drive and Wagner Ford Road. Numerous gas stations, churches, industrial buildings, hotels, and homes were damaged or destroyed. The tornado destroyed the North Plaza shopping center, with large sections of the building completely collapsed. It had also completely destroyed The Living Room, a nearby
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. A small used car dealership was also leveled, Grafton Kennedy Elementary School lost its roof and multiple exterior walls, and many trees were snapped and denuded as well. The tornado moved into the Old North Dayton neighborhood of Dayton at EF3 intensity as it continued to the southeast, where it significantly damaged more homes and businesses. Multiple factories and large industrial buildings, such as the Dayton Phoenix Group and a
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distribution warehouse were largely destroyed. Many industrial vehicles, semi-trailers, and delivery trucks were thrown and tossed atop one another, and multiple large metal storage tanks were crumpled and damaged as well. Moving through neighborhoods along Brandt Pike and Valley Street, the tornado started to weaken as it passed northeast of Dayton Children's Hospital. EF1 to EF2 damage occurred here as many homes received minor to moderate damage, with some garages being destroyed. The roof and windows of the historic Amber Rose restaurant were also damaged. The Action Sports Complex sustained EF2 damage after the tornado had crossed SR 4, with a large metal building being severely damaged. The tornado crossed the Mad River into the Wright View neighborhood, and major damage occurred to multiple warehouses and industrial buildings that received EF2 damage. Metal truss
transmission tower A transmission tower (also electricity pylon, hydro tower, or pylon) is a tall structure, usually a lattice tower made of steel that is used to support an overhead power line. In electrical grids, transmission towers carry high-voltage transmis ...
s were blown down, debris was scattered across the area, and multiple semi-trailers and vehicles were also moved and damaged. To the southeast, EF1 damage continued to occur in residential areas of Wright View, where damage to roofs, trees, and power lines took place.


Track through Riverside and later dissipation

Continuing to the southeast, the tornado exited the Dayton city limits and moved into Riverside at EF1 intensity. Tree and roof damage took place across southern portions of the town, and duplexes at the Overlook Mutual Homes complex had parts of their roofs torn off. At the Colonial Village Apartments in Riverside, roofing and brick facade was blown off of multiple apartment buildings before the tornado lifted and dissipated along Burkhardt Road, just west of the border between Montgomery and Greene counties.


Aftermath

The tornado was rated as a low-end EF4, with winds of , a path length of , and a peak width of . It remained on the ground for 32 minutes, and caused $500 million in damage.


Casualties

No direct fatalities took place during the tornado, despite causing major damage in a densely populated urban area at night. This was likely due to warnings being issued ahead of the tornado's impact, with the first tornado warning being issued nine minutes before the tornado touched down and over 20 minutes before it moved into the city, giving people time to take shelter before the tornado impacted the area. Additionally, there was only a small segment of EF4 damage observed within the path, mostly limited to a wooded area that was struck. In September 2019, the Montgomery County coroner ruled that the death of an elderly woman in Trotwood was partially caused by injuries sustained from the tornado's impact, having been in poor health and trapped in her destroyed home following the tornado. Her death was considered an indirect fatality by the
National Climatic Data Center The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), previously known as the National Weather Records Center (NWRC), in Asheville, North Carolina, was the world's largest active archive of weather data. In 2015, the NCDC merged with two other ...
. The same supercell also produced a large EF3 tornado that impacted Riverside and Beavercreek, which severely damaged or destroyed numerous homes and apartment complexes. Additionally, another EF2 tornado in Vandalia and Butler Township within Montgomery County also caused severe damage to numerous homes, apartment buildings, and businesses in the area. Neither of these tornadoes caused additional fatalities or injuries.


Damage

The tornado caused damage to nearly 3,000 homes and over 200 businesses along its path, which required thousands of residents to find temporary housing units while rebuilding efforts took place. Many homes and apartments that were rebuilt following the tornado had risen in cost, which limited people's ability to purchase new homes in the area after losing their previous homes. Several buildings that were impacted, such as the
Hara Arena Hara Arena was a 5,500-seat multi-purpose arena located in the Trotwood, Ohio suburb of Dayton. The facility began as a ballroom in 1957, added an arena in 1964 and grew to a six-building complex which closed in August 2016. At various times, it ...
and the Foxton Court Apartments, also had to be demolished as a result of damages caused by the tornado.


See also

*
List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019) file:Yazoo City tornado damage.JPG, A sign on the ground near a destroyed house in Yazoo City, Mississippi after the 2010 Yazoo City tornado. This is a list of tornadoes that have been officially or unofficially labeled as F4, EF4, IF4, or an e ...
* List of tornadoes in the outbreak sequence of May 2019 * List of tornado emergencies * List of Ohio tornadoes


References

{{10 costliest US tornadoes in 2019 Tornadoes in Ohio F4, EF4 and IF4 tornadoes Natural disasters in Ohio May 2019 in the United States Tornadoes of 2019