{{infobox military conflict , conflict = 2016 Aleppo summer campaign , width = 400px , partof = the Battle of Aleppo and the Syrian Civil War , image = Aleppo Summer Campaign 2016.png , image_size = 300px , caption = Map of Northern Syria during the offensive, with the area shown within the Aleppo City map marked by the box. {{leftlegend, #EDC4BE, Syrian Army control {{leftlegend, #CDEBC9, Syrian Opposition control {{leftlegend, #e2d974, SDF control {{leftlegend, #B4B2AE, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant control , date = 25 June 2016 – 11 September 2016
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=06, day1=25, year1=2016, month2=09, day2=11, year2=2016) , place =

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

, territory = , result = Major Syrian Army and allies victory * Army captures Castello road, besieging rebel-held areas of Aleppo{{cite web, url=http://syriadirect.org/news/as-2-more-districts-fall-to-regime-noose-tightens-around-east-aleppo%E2%80%99s-300000-residents/, title=As 2 more districts fall to regime, noose tightens around east Aleppo's 300,000 residents, access-date=1 August 2016, archive-date=2 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202182648/http://syriadirect.org/news/as-2-more-districts-fall-to-regime-noose-tightens-around-east-aleppo%E2%80%99s-300000-residents/, url-status=dead * Army captures the al-Layramoun, Bani Zeid and Ashrafiyah districts, and advances in the al-Khalidiyah district * Rebel counter-offensive opens a new unsecured corridor by capturing the Artillery College and Ramouseh district,{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-advance-ramousah-district-cut-supply-route/, title=Jihadists advance on Ramousah district, cut supply route, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=6 August 2016, access-date=6 August 2016, archive-date=28 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128074923/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-advance-ramousah-district-cut-supply-route/, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=49141 , title=Factions meet the fighters of the besieged eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo and shelling and violent raids on the outskirts of the city , last=user4 , access-date=6 August 2016 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005053229/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=49141 , archive-date=5 October 2016 which is later recaptured by the Army, with rebel-held eastern Aleppo once again besieged{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/map-syrian-army-attempts-capture-new-sites-southern-aleppo/, title= apSyrian Army attempts to capture new sites in southern Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=8 September 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=9 September 2016, archive-date=28 October 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028194947/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/map-syrian-army-attempts-capture-new-sites-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead , combatant1= {{flagicon image, Flag_of_Syria.svg

Syrian Arab Republic Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

* {{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg

Syrian Armed Forces The Syrian Arab Armed Forces ( ar, الْقُوَّاتُ الْمُسَلَّحَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ السُّورِيَّةُ, al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) are the military forces of the Syrian Arab Re ...

{{flagicon image, Flag of Iran.svg Iran{{cite web, url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/08/iranian-military-involvement-in-the-battle-for-aleppo.php, title=Iranian military involvement in the battle for Aleppo, author=Amir Toumaj, publisher=The Long War Journal, date=3 August 2016, access-date=3 August 2016 * Seal of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution

Seal of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps{{cite web, url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/2889, title=Four Iranian officers killed in Aleppo, date=3 August 2016, access-date=3 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204153420/http://en.eldorar.com/node/2889, archive-date=4 February 2017, url-status=dead **

Basij The Basij ( fa, بسيج, lit. "The Mobilization"), Niru-ye Moghāvemat-e Basij ( fa, نیروی مقاومت بسیج, "Resistance Mobilization Force"), full name Sâzmân-e Basij-e Mostaz'afin ( fa, سازمان بسیج مستضعفین, "The ...

* {{flagicon image, Seal of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg, border=no Iranian Army * Unidentified Iranian paramilitary unit{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iranian-commander-shot-dead-skirmishes-jihadist-rebels-aleppo/, title=Iranian commander shot dead during skirmishes with Jihadist rebels in Aleppo, first=Chris, last=Tomson, date=31 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=31 August 2016, archive-date=16 October 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016103345/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iranian-commander-shot-dead-skirmishes-jihadist-rebels-aleppo/, url-status=dead Emblem of Liwa Al-Quds

Liwa al-Quds
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Ba'ath Brigades
{{flagicon image, InfoboxHez.PNG

Hezbollah Hezbollah (; ar, حزب الله ', , also transliterated Hizbullah or Hizballah, among others) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's parami ...

{{flagicon image} Liwa Fatemiyoun
{{flagicon image} Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi-fighters-pour-southern-aleppo/, title=Iraqi fighters pour into southern Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=8 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=8 August 2016, archive-date=8 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114504/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi-fighters-pour-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead
{{flagicon image, Syrian Resistance Flag.svg Syrian Resistance{{cite web, url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-dir-al-amn-al-askari-another-regime-intelligence-militia/, title=Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia, author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, work=Syria Comment, date=3 September 2016, access-date=3 September 2016, archive-date=30 December 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230165452/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-dir-al-amn-al-askari-another-regime-intelligence-militia/, url-status=dead
Supported by:
{{flag, Russia (

Airstrikes An airstrike, air strike or air raid is an offensive operation carried out by aircraft. Air strikes are delivered from aircraft such as blimps, balloons, fighters, heavy bombers, ground attack aircraft, attack helicopters and drones. The offici ...

) * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg Aerospace Forces * {{flagicon image, Morskaja pehota Rossii.gif, border=no

Naval Infantry Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...

advisors{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/, title=Russian troops head to Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=29 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=30 August 2016, archive-date=9 October 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009120836/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/, url-status=dead ---- {{flagicon image, Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg

Syrian Democratic Forces , war = the Syrian Civil War , image = Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svgborder , caption = Flag , active = 10 October 2015 – present , ideology = DemocracyDecentralizationSecularism ...

(27–30 July; 12–17 August{{cite web, url=http://aranews.net/2016/08/clashes-continue-syrian-opposition-rebels-kurds-aleppo/, title=Clashes continue between Syrian opposition rebels and the Kurds in Aleppo, date=17 August 2016, publisher=ARA News, access-date=17 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025024738/http://aranews.net/2016/08/clashes-continue-syrian-opposition-rebels-kurds-aleppo/, archive-date=25 October 2016, url-status=dead) * {{flagicon image, People's Protection Units Flag.svg, border=no

YPG The People's Defense Units (YPG), (YPG) ; ar, وحدات حماية الشعب, Waḥdāt Ḥimāyat aš-Šaʽb) also called People's Protection Units, is a mainly-Kurds in Syria, Kurdish militia in Syria and the primary component of the ...

* {{flagicon image, YPJ Flag.svg, border=no YPJ , combatant2={{flagicon image, Fatah Halab operations room.jpg Fatah Halab
{{flagicon image, Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg, border=no

Army of Conquest The Army of Conquest ( ar, جيش الفتح) or Jaish al-Fatah, abbreviated JaF, was a joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions participating in the Syrian Civil War. The alliance was formed in March 2015 under the supe ...

{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-aleppo-city-begins-jihadists-storm-several-areas/, title=Battle for Aleppo City begins as jihadists storm several areas, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=31 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=31 July 2016, archive-date=7 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107093547/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-aleppo-city-begins-jihadists-storm-several-areas/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg

al-Nusra Front Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra ( ar, جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام, Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ish-Sham lit. ''Front of the Supporters of the People of Syria/the Levant''), known as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ( ar, جبهة فتح ال ...

( Jabhat Fateh al-Sham since 28 July) * {{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg

Ahrar al-Sham Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya ( ar-at, حركة أحرار الشام الإسلامية, Ḥarakat Aḥrāru š-Šām al-Islāmiyah, lit=Islamic Movement of the Freemen of the Levant), commonly referred to as Ahrar al-Sham, is a coalition ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria{{cite news , date= 2 August 2016 , title= TÜRKİSTAN İSLAM CEMAATİ HALEP OPERASYONU – GANİMETLER VE ÖLDÜRÜLEN ESED MİLİTANLARI , url= http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2016/08/02/turkistan-islam-cemaati-halep-operasyonu-ganimetler-ve-oldurulen-esed-militanlari/ , newspaper= Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı , url-status= dead , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011718/http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2016/08/02/turkistan-islam-cemaati-halep-operasyonu-ganimetler-ve-oldurulen-esed-militanlari/ , archive-date= 2 February 2017 * {{Flagicon image, Logo of Jaysh al-Sunna.png Jaysh al-Sunna{{cite web, url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/08/jihadists-and-other-rebels-claim-to-have-broken-through-siege-of-aleppo.php, title=Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo, author=Thomas Joscelyn, publisher=The Long War Journal, date=7 August 2016, access-date=7 August 2016 * {{flagicon image, Flag of Ajnad al-Sham.png

Ajnad al-Sham The Ajnad al-Sham ( ar, أجناد الشام, Soldiers of the Levant) was an independent Idlib and Hama-based rebel group active during the Syrian Civil War. The group is named after Ajnad al-Sham. It joined the Army of Conquest on 24 March 201 ...

{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/another-rebel-group-loses-important-commander-aleppo/, title=Another rebel group loses important commander in Aleppo, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=3 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=4 August 2016, archive-date=16 October 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016090147/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/another-rebel-group-loses-important-commander-aleppo/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 {{flagicon image, Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg Ansar al-Islam
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1936).svg{{flagdeco, Syrian opposition

Leon Sedov Brigade The Leon Sedov Brigade ( ar, لواء ليون سيدوف) was a Syrian Third camp Trotskyist militant group in the area of Aleppo. Although its founders were Argentinian Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war, foreign fighters, the overwhelm ...

Supported by:
{{flagicon, Turkey Turkey , commander1={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Syria.svg

Fahd Jassem al-Freij Fahd Jassem al-Freij ( ar, فهد جاسم الفريج) (born 17 January 1950) is the former Minister of Defense of Syria, took office on 18 July 2012 and left office on 1 January 2018. Early life and education Freij was born in Rahjan in a S ...

(

Minister of Defense A defence minister or minister of defence is a cabinet official position in charge of a ministry of defense, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states. The role of a defence minister varies considerably from country to country; in som ...

)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Gen.

Suheil Al Hassan Suheil Salman al-Hassan ( ar, سُهَيْلُ سَلْمَانَ الْحَسَنِ, Suhayl Salmān al-Ḥasan) (born 10 June 1970), nicknamed The Tiger, is a Brigadier General in the Syrian Army, currently serving as commander of its elite Tig ...

(Tiger Forces chief commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Gen. Adib Mohammed{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/southfront-syrian-army-deploys-100-tanks-400-bmps-aleppo/, title=SouthFront: Syrian Army deploys 100 tanks, 400 BMP's to Aleppo, work= Al-Masdar News, author=Chris Tomson, date=8 August 2015, access-date=9 August 2016, archive-date=7 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107201813/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/southfront-syrian-army-deploys-100-tanks-400-bmps-aleppo/, url-status=dead
(Head of Aleppo security committee, replaced)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Gen. Zaid Saleh
(Replacement head of Aleppo security committee)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Gen. Adib Salameh
(Head of Aleppo Air Force Intelligence Directorate branch)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Brig. Gen. Deeb Bazi{{KIA{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/syria-rebels-storm-military-base-break-aleppo-siege-160806050412958.html, title=Battle for key military base rages in Syria's Aleppo, first=Chris, last=Tomson, date=6 August 2016, publisher=al Jazeera, access-date=6 August 2016{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/field-report-syrian-army-storms-technical-base-southern-aleppo/, title=Field Report: Syrian Army storms Technical Base in southern Aleppo, first=Zen, last=Adra, date=17 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=18 August 2016, archive-date=9 June 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609014924/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/field-report-syrian-army-storms-technical-base-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead
(Airforce Technical Base commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Brig. Gen. Asif Kheir Bek{{DOW
(Artillery School commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Gen. Yasir Muhsin Miya{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567262-five-generals-among-72-syrian-regime-casualties-buried-this-week-report, title=Five generals among 72 Syrian regime casualties buried this week: report, date=9 August 2016, publisher=NOW., access-date=9 August 2016, archive-date=3 October 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112751/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567262-five-generals-among-72-syrian-regime-casualties-buried-this-week-report, url-status=dead
(Syrian Army commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Gen. Muhammad Ali Sharbo{{KIA
(Syrian Army commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Gen. Mahmoud Hassan{{DOW
(147th Regiment Chief of Staff)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Maj. Duraid Abu 'Ammar{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iranian-syrian-commanders-meet-discuss-upcoming-aleppo-offensive/, title=Iranian, Syrian commanders meet to discuss upcoming Aleppo offensive, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=7 September 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=7 September 2016, archive-date=17 September 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917192757/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iranian-syrian-commanders-meet-discuss-upcoming-aleppo-offensive/, url-status=dead
(Tiger Forces commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Suleiman al-Shwakh{{cite web, url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fawj-maghawir-al-badiya-military-intelligence-militia/, title=Fawj Maghawir al-Badiya: A Military Intelligence Branch Militia, author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, date=30 August 2016, publisher=Syrian Comment, access-date=30 August 2016, archive-date=9 October 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009062658/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fawj-maghawir-al-badiya-military-intelligence-militia/, url-status=dead
(Desert Commandos commander)
{{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Mudar Makhlouf
(Military Security Shield Forces commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Iran.svg Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani
(Quds Force chief commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Iran.svg Gen. Dariush Darsti{{KIA
(IRGC commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Iran.svg Maj. Abolghassem Zahiri{{WIA
(102nd Imam Hossein Battalion commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Iran.svg Ahmad Gholami{{KIA
(Iranian paramilitary commander)
{{flagicon image, InfoboxHez.PNG Haj Sameer Ali Awada{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-hezbollah-commander-dies-mysterious-circumstances/, title=Prominent Hezbollah commander dies under mysterious circumstances, first=Chris, last=Tomson, date=10 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=11 July 2016, archive-date=20 August 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820042607/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-hezbollah-commander-dies-mysterious-circumstances/, url-status=dead
(Hezbollah top commander, alleged)
{{flagicon image, InfoboxHez.PNG Hassan Mousa Abdul Nabi{{KIA
(Hezbollah commander)
{{flagicon image, InfoboxHez.PNG Ali Muhammad Mustafa Khalil{{KIA{{cite web, url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19110/syrian-hezbollah-militias-of-nubl-and-zahara, title=Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara', author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, date=15 August 2016, access-date=16 August 2016
(Imam Hujja Regiment commander) ---- {{flagicon image, YPJ Flag.svg, border=no Zoran Birhat{{cite web, url=http://www.aranews.net/2016/08/syrian-kurdish-forces-reject-regime-request-leave-positions-aleppo/, title=Syrian Kurdish forces reject regime request to leave positions in Aleppo, work=ARA News, date=1 August 2016, access-date=1 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928102644/http://www.aranews.net/2016/08/syrian-kurdish-forces-reject-regime-request-leave-positions-aleppo/, archive-date=28 September 2018, url-status=dead
(YPJ senior commander)
{{flagicon image, People's Protection Units Flag.svg, border=no Sharvan Efrin
(YPG commander)
{{flagicon image, People's Protection Units Flag.svg, border=no Unknown YPG commander{{KIA , commander2={{flagicon image, Fatah Halab operations room.jpg Maj. Yasser Abd al-Rahim{{cite web, url=http://aranews.net/2016/08/breaking-aleppo-siege-syrian-rebels-threaten-attack-kurds/, title=After breaking Aleppo siege, Syrian rebels threaten to attack Kurds, work=ARA News, date=10 August 2016, access-date=10 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430135254/http://aranews.net/2016/08/breaking-aleppo-siege-syrian-rebels-threaten-attack-kurds/, archive-date=30 April 2017, url-status=dead
(official leader of Fatah Halab)
{{flagicon image, Al-Liwaa.svg Ammar Shaaban{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki top commander)
{{Flagicon image, Flag of the Sham Legion.svg Col. Mohammad Bakkar{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Sham Legion top commander)
{{Flagicon image, Logo of Jaysh al-Islam.jpg Kamal Ahmad{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/compilation-high-ranking-jihadist-commanders-killed-past-24-hours/, title=Compilation of high-ranking jihadist commanders killed in past 24 hours, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=10 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=10 August 2016, archive-date=8 January 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155853/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/compilation-high-ranking-jihadist-commanders-killed-past-24-hours/, url-status=dead
(8th Brigade commander)
Abdel-Rahman Mansour{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-suffer-heavy-casualties-failed-northern-aleppo-offensive/, title=Jihadist rebels suffer heavy casualties in failed northern Aleppo offensive, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=9 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=12 July 2016, archive-date=8 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171854/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-suffer-heavy-casualties-failed-northern-aleppo-offensive/, url-status=dead
(Islamic Safwah Movement commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Army of Mujahedeen (Syria).png Yusuf Zo'ah{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Army of Mujahideen general commander)
(Army of Mujahideen commander)
{{flagicon image, Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.png Abu Hajer Al-Homsi{{KIA
(

nom de guerre A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...

: Abu Omar Saraqib,{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37314280, title=Syria conflict: Senior militant leader 'killed' near Aleppo, work=BBC News, date=9 September 2016 Army of Conquest commander of Idlib province and Jabhat Fatah chief military commander){{cite web, url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/air-strike-kills-syrian-rebel-commander-rebels-1391659731, title=Nusra Front former commander killed in Syria, fighters say, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=9 September 2016, publisher=Middle East Eye, access-date=9 September 2016
{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.png Abdullah al-Muhaysini
(Jabhat Fateh cleric and leader)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.png Abu Al-Muthanna{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
("Inghimassiyeen" commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg Khaled Abu Anas{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/ahrar-al-sham-admits-losing-170-fighters-southern-aleppo/, title=Ahrar Al-Sham admits losing 170 fighters in southern Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=11 September 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=11 September 2016, archive-date=29 September 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929101444/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/ahrar-al-sham-admits-losing-170-fighters-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Ahrar al-Sham senior commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg Mustafa Al-Bayyour{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Ahrar al-Sham top commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg Khattab Abou Ahmad{{KIA
(Abu Amara Brigades chief commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg Abu Hamza Al-Shami{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-jihadists-trade-blows-southwest-aleppo-map-update-2/, title=Syrian Army, jihadists trade blows in southwest Aleppo – Map Update, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=2 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=3 August 2016, archive-date=8 January 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108154704/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-jihadists-trade-blows-southwest-aleppo-map-update-2/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(5th Brigade commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg Saif Allah{{KIA{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-aleppo-field-report/, title=Battle of Aleppo: Field Report, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=August 14, 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=15 August 2016, archive-date=4 February 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204135515/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-aleppo-field-report/, url-status=dead
(Ahrar al-Sham tank commander)
{{Flagicon image, Flag of Ajnad al-Sham.png Ali Hamam{{KIA
(Ajnad al-Sham top commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ajnad al-Sham.png Wa’el Diyab{{WIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Ajnad al-Sham commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg Abu Leith al-Tunisi{{KIA{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021
(Ansar al-Islam commander) , units1 ={{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg

* {{flagicon image, Syrian Arab Army Flag.svg

Syrian Army " (''Guardians of the Homeland'') , colors = * Service uniform: Khaki, Olive * Combat uniform: Green, Black, Khaki , anniversaries = August 1st , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = 1948 Arab–Israeli War Six ...

4th Mechanized Division ** Syrian Republican Guard Symbol

Republican Guard *** 102nd Brigade{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-hezbollah-attack-strategic-military-site-southern-aleppo/, title=Syrian Army, Hezbollah attack strategic military site in southern Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=2 September 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=2 September 2016, archive-date=7 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107094341/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-hezbollah-attack-strategic-military-site-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead *** 800th Regiment *** Popular Security and Support Forces ** Syrian commando

Tiger Forces The 25th Special Mission Forces Division, mostly known by their former name Tiger Forces or Quwwat al-Nimr ( ar, قُوَّات النِّمْر), is an elite formation (special forces unit) of the Syrian Arab Army which functions primarily as a ...

* {{flagicon image, InfoboxNDF.png National Defence Forces * Military Intelligence Directorate ** Desert Commandos Regiment ** Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes ** Military Security Shield Forces * {{flagicon image, Syrian Air Force Flag.svg Syrian Arab Air Force Seal of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps * Isfahan division ** 102nd Imam Hossein Battalion * Alborz division {{flagicon image, InfoboxHez.PNG Hezbollah units * Radwan Forces * Syrian Hezbollah groups ** Imam Mahdi Brigade ** National Ideological Resistance ** Imam Hujja Regiment , units2 ={{flagicon image, Fatah Halab operations room.jpg Fatah Halab * {{flagicon image, Al-Liwaa.svg Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36835678, title=Syria conflict: Rebels 'filmed beheading boy' in Aleppo, publisher=BBC, date=19 July 2016, access-date=19 July 2016 * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Sham Legion.svg

Sham Legion The Sham Legion ( ar, فَيْلَق الشَّام, ''Faylaq al-Shām'') is an alliance of Sunni Islamist rebel groups formed in March 2014, during the Syrian Civil War. The alliance was formed from 19 different groups, some of which were previ ...

* {{Flagicon image, Logo of Jaysh al-Islam.jpg

Jaysh al-Islam ) , successor = , allies = * * * * * Free Syrian Army * Ahrar al-Sham *al-Rahman Legion (sometimes) *1st Brigade of Damascus (sometimes) * Al-Nusra Front (formerly) * Saraya Ahl al-Sham * Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis , opponents ...

** 8th Brigade * {{flagicon image, Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg

Free Syrian Army The Free Syrian Army (FSA) ( ar, الجيش السوري الحر, al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a loose faction in the Syrian Civil War founded on 29 July 2011 by officers of the Syrian Armed Forces with the goal of bringing down the governm ...

** Fastaqim Kama Umirt ** {{flagicon image, Flag of the Jaysh al-Nasr.svg

Army of Victory The Army of Victory ( ar, ; Jaysh al-Nasr) is an armed opposition faction participating in the Syrian Civil War. Founded in August 2015 as a joint operations room of 16 member groups, three of the groups later fully merged into Jaysh al-Nasr ...

** {{Flagicon image, Flag of the Army of Mujahedeen (Syria).png Army of Mujahideen{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-mourn-loss-16-fighters-government-forces-advance-aleppo-city/, title=Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=18 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=19 July 2016{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 ** 16th Division{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebel-group-verge-total-collapse-aleppo/, title=Rebel group on the verge of total collapse in Aleppo, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=25 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=25 July 2016, archive-date=14 February 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214011145/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebel-group-verge-total-collapse-aleppo/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 ** {{flagicon image, Alternate flag of the Mountain Hawks Brigade.png Mountain Hawks Brigade ** {{flagicon image, Insignia of the 13th Division.svg 13th Division ** {{flagicon image, Flag of the Northern Division (Syrian rebel group).jpg

Northern Division Northern Division or North Division can refer to: Sports * Northern Division (Rugby Union) Leagues of England * Queensland Rugby League Northern Division * Southern League Northern Division of the Southern Football League in England * FA Women's ...

** {{flagicon image, Flag of the 101st Division (Syrian rebel group).svg 101st Infantry Division ** 1st Regiment ** Central Division **

Authenticity and Development Front The Authenticity and Development Front ( ar, جبهة الأصالة والتنمية; ''Jabhat al-'asalah wa'l-tanmiyah'') is an alliance of rebel groups that is active during the Syrian Civil War. The alliance is considered to be moderate by C ...

Levant Front The Levant Front ( ar, الجبهة الشامية, al-Jabhat aš-Šāmiyya, Jabhat al-Shamiyah, also translated as the Sham Front or the Levantine Front) is a Syrian rebel group based around Aleppo involved in the Syrian Civil War. It was for ...

*** Thuwar al-Sham Battalion {{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg

* Abu Amara Brigades{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-rebel-commander-neutralized-aleppo/, title=Prominent rebel commander neutralized in Aleppo, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=25 July 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=25 July 2016, archive-date=8 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141129/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-rebel-commander-neutralized-aleppo/, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=48781 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213812/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=48781 , url-status=dead , archive-date=20 December 2016 , title=The regime forces advance and reinforce the siege of the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo and more casualties raise the number to 18 in the massacre of al-MashHad neighborhood , publisher=SOHR , date=26 July 2016 , access-date=26 July 2016 * 5th Brigade{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 {{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg

/ Jabhat Fateh al-Sham * Inghimassiyeen elite shock troops{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 * {{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad *

Jabhat Ansar al-Din Jabhat Ansar al-Din ( ar, جبهة أنصار الدين, ''The Supporters of the Religion Front'') is a jihadist alliance that announced itself on 25 July 2014, during the Syrian Civil War. The alliance contains two groups: Harakat Sham al-Isla ...

* Nusra Brigades{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-airstrike-targets-jaish-al-fateh-meeting-aleppo/, title=Breaking: Airstrike targets Jaish Al-Fateh meeting in Aleppo, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=8 September 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=9 September 2016, archive-date=9 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220558/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-airstrike-targets-jaish-al-fateh-meeting-aleppo/, url-status=dead{{better source, Al-Masdar is not a good source for rebel formations, date=January 2021 , strength1={{flagicon image, Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Unknown number of soldiers, 100+ tanks, 400+ BMPs * 400 Military Security Shield Forces fighters {{flagicon image} c. 2,000 al-Nujaba fighters
{{flagicon, Russia 120+

advisors, several BMPs{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-army-convoy-arrives-aleppo/, title=Russian Army convoy arrives in Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=30 August 2016, publisher= Al-Masdar News, access-date=30 August 2016, archive-date=8 January 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108152530/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-army-convoy-arrives-aleppo/, url-status=dead , strength2=8,000–10,000+ fighters * {{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg 2,500+ Jabhat Fateh fighters * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg 500 TIP fighters and 60 suicide attackers , casualties1=688 killed (per The Inside Source; since 31 July){{cite web, url=http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!Complete-Aleppo-Battle-Report/cjds/57b15db60cf23f8fc3b69d06, title=The Inside Source, access-date=26 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830231409/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!Complete-Aleppo-Battle-Report/cjds/57b15db60cf23f8fc3b69d06, archive-date=30 August 2016, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!BREAKING-Artillery-Base-in-South-Aleppo-under-SAA-Control/cjds/57c9479dda6989244660cdd2, title=BREAKING – Artillery Base in South Aleppo under SAA Control!, publisher=The Inside Source, date=4 September 2016, access-date=4 September 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830231409/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!BREAKING-Artillery-Base-in-South-Aleppo-under-SAA-Control/cjds/57c9479dda6989244660cdd2, archive-date=30 August 2016, url-status=dead
625 killed (per SOHR; 31 July – 10 Sep.){{cite web, url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=50493, title=More than 11000 casualties and injuries in the battle of breaking the siege of Aleppo city, date=10 September 2016, publisher=SOHR, access-date=10 September 2016 , casualties2=1,051 killed (per The Inside Source; since 31 July)
948 killed (per SOHR; 31 July – 10 Sep.) , casualties3=718 civilians killed (31 July – 10 Sep.) , campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War{{Campaignbox Battle of Aleppo The 2016 Aleppo summer campaign started with a military operation launched on the northern outskirts of

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

in late June 2016, by the Syrian Arab Army. The aim of the offensive was to cut the last rebel supply line into Aleppo city.{{cite web, url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/26/c_135467722.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626151741/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/26/c_135467722.htm, url-status=dead, archive-date=26 June 2016, title=Syrian army unleashes broad offensive in Aleppo, publisher= Xinhua, access-date=2 July 2016{{better source, dead links - is there a better secondary source?, date=January 2021 By late July, the military had managed to sever the last rebel supply line coming from the north and completely surround Aleppo. However, within days, the rebels launched a large-scale counter-attack south of Aleppo in an attempt to both open a new supply line into rebel-held parts of the city and cut-off the government-held side. The whole campaign, including both the Army's offensive and subsequent rebel counter-offensive, was seen by both sides as possibly deciding the fate of the entire war.{{cite web, url=http://www.conflict-news.com/articles/battle-for-aleppo-a-rebel-breakthrough-or-bust, title=Battle for Aleppo: A Rebel Breakthrough or Bust, access-date=2 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816083259/http://www.conflict-news.com/articles/battle-for-aleppo-a-rebel-breakthrough-or-bust, archive-date=16 August 2016, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/syria-war-rebels-vow-intensify-offensive-aleppo-160802152801024.html, title=Syria war: Rebels vow to intensify offensive in Aleppo{{cite web, url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=365332&mode=print, title=Syrian govt forces roll back rebel gains in Aleppo: activists, newspaper=Daily Star, date=3 August 2016, access-date=4 October 2018, archive-date=12 May 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512064220/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=365332&mode=print, url-status=dead The battle was also notable for the large loss of top rebel field commanders, with about three dozen being killed. By early September, Syrian government troops had cemented their siege of the rebel part of the city.

The campaign

{{One source, section, date=January 2021

Army advances, rebel-held Aleppo surrounded

{{main, Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016) The offensive began on 25 June, with heavy Russian air-strikes{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/heavy-russian-airstrikes-aleppo/, title=Heavy Russian airstrikes on Aleppo amid preparations for huge ground offensive, first=Izat, last=Charkatli, date=25 June 2016, work= Al-Masdar News, access-date=2 July 2016, archive-date=10 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110150031/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/heavy-russian-airstrikes-aleppo/, url-status=dead and ground bombardment. On 26 June, the military made advances into the Mallah Farms, and by 28 June, they had captured half of the farmlands, including the Al-Asamat and Arab Salum areas. The advances brought the Castello Road within firing range of the military's artillery. After midnight on 7 July, amid heavy airstrikes, pro-government forces captured the southern part of Mallah and came within one kilometer of the Castello Road.{{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUSKCN0ZN0U2, title=Syrian army fire cuts only road into rebel-held Aleppo: rebels, work=Reuters, date=7 July 2016 They captured a mosque complex and a hill which overlooks the Castello Road,{{cite web, url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/fierce-fighting-for-key-aleppo-road-despite-syria-truce, title=Fierce fighting for key Aleppo road despite Syria truce, newspaper=The Straits Times, date=7 July 2016, access-date=9 July 2016 thus enabling them to bring the road under artillery fire-control. This effectively cut off the only supply route to the rebel-held part of Aleppo. Several days later, the Army advanced in the al-Layramoun al-Khalidiyah and Bani Zeid districts. During this time, government troops captured the Sadkop Gas Factory. By the evening of 13 July, the military secured the whole al-Khalidiyah district and most of the al-Layramoun industrial area, after capturing the last several rebel-held buildings in al-Khalidiyah, as well as al-Layramoun's gas factory, market and glass factory.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breakthrough-aleppo-syrian-army-captures-khalidiyeh-district-map-update/, title=Breakthrough in Aleppo as the Syrian Army captures Khalidiyeh district – Map update, first=Chris, last=Tomson, date=13 July 2016, work=Al-Masdar, access-date=15 July 2016, archive-date=13 February 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213213620/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breakthrough-aleppo-syrian-army-captures-khalidiyeh-district-map-update/, url-status=dead On 17 July, the Army and Hezbollah reached the Castello Road, capturing parts of it and completely cutting it after taking control of Castello Hill. With this advance, the rebel-held part of Aleppo city was fully besieged{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUSKCN0ZX09Q, title=Syrian army seizes only road into rebel-held Aleppo, date=17 July 2016, access-date=21 July 2016, newspaper=Reuters and the al-Layramoun roundabout came under artillery fire-control.{{better source, Facebook, date=January 2021 Meanwhile, the military made more advances in the Bani Zeid and al-Layramoun areas, capturing most of the factories. Between 23 and 25 July, the Army expanded its control in the al-Layramoun industrial area by capturing the Textile Factory a dozen industrial buildings and two malls. Late on 25 July, the Tiger Forces captured two sites in and near the Castillo Complex, threatening to cut off the rebels remaining at Bani Zeid and al-Layramoun. On 26 July, government forces captured all of the al-Layramoun District after heavy fighting for the last rebel stronghold there, the Bus Station. After also seizing the Al-Castillo Amusement Park and imposing fire control over Bani Zeid, the remaining rebel forces in Aleppo City were left almost completely besieged.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-seizes-key-district-aleppo-city/, title=Syrian Army seizes key district in Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, work=Al-Masdar, date=26 July 2016, access-date=26 July 2016, archive-date=7 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107093956/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-seizes-key-district-aleppo-city/, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-imposes-fire-control-rebel-stronghold-aleppo-city-map/, title=Syrian Army imposes fire control over rebel stronghold in Aleppo City: map, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=26 July 2016, work=Al-Masdar, access-date=26 July 2016, archive-date=9 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109141626/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-imposes-fire-control-rebel-stronghold-aleppo-city-map/, url-status=dead On 27 July, rebel forces attacked the Kurdish-held areas of Aleppo, although their attack was repelled. The Kurds then proceeded to advance into the nearby rebel-held Bani Zeid Youth Housing neighborhood and captured the whole complex.{{cite web, url=http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/32798/SDF_Seize_Over_The_Youth_Housing_In_Aleppo_%E2%80%A6_Russians_Commits_A_Massacre_In_Sakhour_Neighborhood, title=SDF Seize Over The Youth Housing in Aleppo … Russians Commits A Massacre in Sakhour Neighborhood, work=Qasion News Agency, access-date=28 July 2016 Later that day, the Army officially declared it had cut off all rebel supply routes into Aleppo. On 28 July, the military captured the Bani Zeid district,{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUSKCN108167, title=Syria's powerful Nusra Front says ending link to al Qaeda, newspaper=Reuters, date=28 July 2016, access-date=28 July 2016{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-important-district-aleppo-city-2/, title=Syrian Army captures important district in Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, work=Al-Masdar, date=28 July 2016, access-date=28 July 2016, archive-date=9 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109180842/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-important-district-aleppo-city-2/, url-status=dead as well as the rebel-held parts of the Ashrafiyah district.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-takes-control-another-district-aleppo-city/, title=Syrian Army takes control of another district in Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, work=Al-Masdar, date=28 July 2016, access-date=28 July 2016, archive-date=10 November 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110022345/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-takes-control-another-district-aleppo-city/, url-status=dead The rebels withdrew from Bani Zeid before the main Army assault so to avoid heavy losses. The Army then continued to push its assault towards the Dahret Abdrubbah area. On 30 July, the Kurdish YPG captured the Shuqayyif Youth Housing area, next to the Castello Road.

Rebel counter-offensive, both sides besieged

{{main, Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016) On 31 July, the Army of Conquest launched a counter-offensive both south and north of Aleppo in an attempt to lift the siege on the rebel-held areas of the city. Fierce fighting was reported at the Al-Castillo Highway, while the rebels managed to capture the Al-Hikma school and two hills on the southern outskirts of Aleppo, which constituted an advanced Army defense line. The wide-scale rebel counter-attack reportedly included 8,000–10,000 fighters, 95 tanks, hundreds of rocket launchers and a large number of suicide-bombers.{{cite web, url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/08/03/Syrian-army-allies-counter-attack-to-regain-lost-ground-in-Aleppo.html, title=Syrian army, allies counter-attack to regain lost ground in Aleppo, newspaper=Al Arabiya, date=3 August 2016{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-rolls-back-jihadist-gains-southern-aleppo/, title=Syrian Army rolls back jihadist gains in southern Aleppo, first=Leith, last=Fadel, work=Al-Masdar, date=3 August 2016, access-date=3 August 2016, archive-date=14 May 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514161513/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-rolls-back-jihadist-gains-southern-aleppo/, url-status=dead By evening, the rebels also took control of Al-'Amariyah village and reached the nearby 1070 Al-Hamadaniyah Housing Project where fighting continued. During the night, the 1070 Al-Hamadaniyah Housing Project was also taken by the rebels.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-capture-key-site-aleppo-city/, title=Jihadist rebels capture key site in Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, work=Al-Masdar, date=1 August 2016, access-date=1 August 2016, archive-date=14 May 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514172912/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-capture-key-site-aleppo-city/, url-status=dead The next day, the rebels once again advanced and took control of Mushrifah village (also known as Sharfa), that is situated on a hill that overlooks the Al-Assad Military Academy. Over the next several days, back-and-forth fighting took place for control of the 1070 Housing Project neighborhood, Huwayz village, Al-'Amariyah and several hills.{{cite web, url=http://www.syriahr.com/2016/08/05/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%83-%d8%b9%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%af%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ae%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%ba/, title=معارك عنيفة يشهدها مخيم حندرات وجنوب غرب مدينة حلب ومزيد من الشهداء في أحياء بالمدينة, work=SOHR, last=user4, access-date=6 August 2016 On 5 August, a rebel attack on the Military Academy started{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUSKCN10G22V, title=Syrian rebels storm Aleppo artillery base, army says attack repelled, date=6 August 2016, access-date=6 August 2016, newspaper=Reuters Shortly after their advances at the Military Academy, rebels both inside and outside Aleppo advanced into the Ramouseh neighborhood, linked up and captured it. With this advance, the rebels managed to cut the government's supply line into the government-held part of west Aleppo and announced the Army's siege of rebel-held east Aleppo had been broken. Since the rebel offensive started, at least 130 civilians had been killed, most by rebel shelling of government-held districts. 500 fighters on both sides also died, mostly rebels. At the end of the day, the rebels were in control of the entire Military Academy base and the Ramouseh district.Factions incur regime, the Russians, the Iranians and the Lebanese Hezbollah the biggest spiritual and military loss since 2013
{{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005053225/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=49158%2F , date=5 October 2016

Fighting continues, Army retakes territory

{{main, Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016) On 7 August, fighting was still continuing in the Ramouseh district, where it was confirmed the Army was still in control of parts of the area. The government, backed by Russia, launched an intensive air-strike campaign, in which one of the military schools captured by the rebels was reportedly leveled. Meanwhile, the rebels were putting up a "massive" defense to protect the new corridor.{{cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/08/07/world/middleeast/ap-ml-syria.html, title=Syrian Rebels Breach Government-Imposed Siege on Aleppo, date=7 August 2016, access-date=26 August 2016, newspaper=The New York Times The next day, the Ramouseh district was confirmed to be completely under rebel control, while the Army recaptured al-Sanobrat hill. On 11 August, the rebels attacked the government supply route to Aleppo between Khanasir and

Ithriya Ithriya ( ar, أثريا), Roman "Seriana". is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Nahiyah in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ithriya had a population of 2118 in the 2004 census. History ...

, capturing Mahmyat Al-Ghazal. However, the Army recaptured the village the following day. Between 11 and 17 August, the Army launched several counter-attacks, primarily against the 1070 Housing Project. During the fighting on 11 August, 29 government fighters and up to 20 rebel fighters were killed. By 17 August, government forces recaptured about 70 percent of the district.{{cite web, url=http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!SAA-Retreats-From-The-Technical-College/cjds/57b557c40cf25814fdca64f0, title=SAA Retreats From The Technical College!, access-date=26 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830231409/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!SAA-Retreats-From-The-Technical-College/cjds/57b557c40cf25814fdca64f0, archive-date=30 August 2016, url-status=dead On 17 August, after capturing most of the 1070 Al-Hamdaniyah Housing Project, government forces also stormed the Air Force Technical Base. The former government commander of the base Brig. Gen. Deeb Bazi was killed as he led the assault. Back-and-forth fighting at the Academy continued into early September, when on 4 September, pro-government forces finally overwhelmed the rebel defenders and captured the whole complex. Thus, government troops reestablished the siege of rebel-held areas of Aleppo.{{cite web, url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/syria-army-besieges-aleppo-as-us-russia-talks-stumble/3100204.html, title=IS ousted from Turkey border as Syria army besieges Aleppo, access-date=9 September 2016, archive-date=8 November 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108213638/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/syria-army-besieges-aleppo-as-us-russia-talks-stumble/3100204.html, url-status=dead Also during this time, on 21 August, government forces captured Umm Qara hill that overlooks the Khan Touman-Ramouseh Road near Al-Qarassi,{{cite web, url=http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!SAA-Counter-Attacks-in-South-Aleppo/cjds/57b9a3420cf2416a2e1cf879, title=The Inside Source, access-date=9 September 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830231409/http://www.insidesourcenews.com/#!SAA-Counter-Attacks-in-South-Aleppo/cjds/57b9a3420cf2416a2e1cf879, archive-date=30 August 2016, url-status=dead as well as nearby SyriaTel hill. Multiple rebel counter-attacks in an attempt to recapture Umm Qara hill were eventually repelled. On 5 September, rebel frontlines in southern Aleppo collapsed, with pro-government forces overrunning three villages, three hills, two factories, two storage facilities, an Air Defense Base and a quarry. Between 6 and 8 September, the Syrian Army captured the whole Ramouseh district, reopening the Ramouseh Road to supply government-held western Aleppo by 9 September. On 10–11 September, the Syrian Army and its allies continued to advance in the 1070 Al-Hamdaniyah Housing Project and the Al-'Amariyah District. They also continued to target the Hikmah School. On 11 September, airstrikes interrupted Eid al-Adha celebrations in rebel-held areas of Aleppo and

Idlib ar, إدلبي, Idlibi , coordinates = , elevation_m = 500 , area_code = 23 , geocode = C3871 , blank_name = Climate , blank_info ...

. US and Russian officials negotiated a ceasefire hours prior, which was to go into effect later the following day at sundown.

Aftermath – Ceasefire and government assault on East Aleppo

{{main, Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016), Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016), Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016) After the implementation of the ceasefire in mid-September, the Syrian Army withdrew its forces from the Castello road to allow UN humanitarian aid into the eastern parts of the city. However, rebel groups outside the city did not allow humanitarian aid convoys into Aleppo. Later, as Russian Marines and Syrian Red Crescent personnel controlling Castello road came under fire by rebel groups, the SAA redeployed its soldiers once again. On 16 September, the Russian Air Force carried out numerous airstrikes around Aleppo for the first time since the ceasefire had been reached four days earlier. On 19 September, an aid convoy from the United Nations and the

Syrian Arab Red Crescent The Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) ( ar, الهلال الأحمر العربي السوري ''Al-Hilal al-Aḥmar al-Arabi al-Souri'') is a humanitarian nonprofit organization. Its headquarters are in the Syrian capital city of Damascus. The s ...

consisting of more than 18 trucks was reportedly hit by

air-to-surface missile An air-to-surface missile (ASM) or air-to-ground missile (AGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land or sea. There are also unpowered guided glide bombs not considered missiles. The two most common prop ...

s as they headed for eastern Aleppo from the town of

Urum al-Kubra Urum al-Kubrah ( ar, أورم الكبرى, also spelled Urem al-Kubra) is a town in western Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. With a population of 5,391 as per the 2004 census, it is the administrative center of Nahiya Urum al-Kubrah in Ata ...

, killing 12 people and severely injuring several more. At the same time, Russia and Syria restarted heavy bombing raids on rebels in the city. Early on 21 September, the Syrian Army seized most of Hikma Hill, thus being on the verge of recapturing Al-Hikma school and the 1070 Housing Project. However, later in the day, the rebels retook the positions they lost on the hill. Still, the Army managed to capture areas of the Ramouseh district that had been rebel-held since late 2012. Meanwhile, SOHR claimed that 3,000 Russian soldiers had arrived at Aleppo to support new government offensives in the area.{{cite web, url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=50896, title=3000 Russian soldiers arrived to Aleppo to support regime forces, publisher=SOHR, date=21 September 2016, access-date=23 September 2016 On 22 September, the Syrian Army launched a new offensive into the rebel-held eastern neighborhoods. Government forces also made further progress in southern Aleppo, capturing a few sites.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-continues-advance-south-aleppo-map-update/, title=Syrian Army continues advance in south Aleppo – Map update, publisher= Al-Masdar News, author=Izat Charkatli, date=22 September 2016, access-date=23 September 2016, archive-date=14 May 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235649/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-continues-advance-south-aleppo-map-update/, url-status=dead A new rebel attempt to break the siege starting in late October 2016, failed after two weeks of fighting, and consequently all major rebel positions in East Aleppo were overrun by pro-government and Kurdish forces by 13 December 2016.