is a novel written by
Japanese writer
Haruki Murakami, first published in three volumes in
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
in 2009–2010. It covers a fictionalized year of 1984 in parallel with a "real" one. The novel is a story of how a woman named Aomame begins to notice strange changes occurring in the world. She is quickly caught up in a plot involving Sakigake, a religious cult, and her childhood love, Tengo, and embarks on a journey to discover what is "real".
The novel's first printing sold out on the day it was released and sales reached a million within a month. The English-language edition of all three volumes, with the first two volumes translated by
Jay Rubin and the third by
Philip Gabriel, was released in North America and the United Kingdom on October 25, 2011.
An excerpt from the novel appeared in the September 5, 2011 issue of ''
The New Yorker
''The New Yorker'' is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It was founded on February 21, 1925, by Harold Ross and his wife Jane Grant, a reporter for ''The New York T ...
'' magazine as "Town of Cats". The first chapter of ''1Q84'' had also been read as an excerpt in the
Selected Shorts series at
Symphony Space
Symphony Space, founded by Isaiah Sheffer and Allan Miller, is a multi-disciplinary performing arts organization at 2537 Broadway on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Performances take place in the 760-seat Peter Jay Sharp Theat ...
in New York.
While well received in Japan, ''1Q84'' was met with mixed reviews from international critics, who condemned the novel's excessive repetition, clichéd writing, clumsy styling and unyielding plot.
''
Literary Review'' nominated one excerpt from the book for its annual Bad Sex in Fiction Award.
Plot summary
The events of ''1Q84'' take place in
Tokyo
Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...
during a fictionalized version of the year 1984, with the first volume set between April and June, the second between July and September, and the third between October and December.
The first two books have a dual narrative (like several of Murakami's earlier novels). One tells the story of a man called Tengo Kawana and the other follows a woman called Aomame. Their stories draw closer together and eventually unite into a single narrative. In book three, a third protagonist is added in Ushikawa, a character who had appeared in Murakami's earlier novel, ''
The Wind-up Bird Chronicle''. All the main characters are united by a trait of being able to see two moons appearing.
The book begins with Aomame getting out of a taxi on the
Shuto Expressway
The is a network of Toll road, tolled expressways in the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. It is operated and maintained by the .
Most routes are Grade separation, grade separated and have many sharp curves and multi-lane merges that require cauti ...
. After descending down the stairs, during a traffic jam, on a highway, she starts to realize that she has crossed into an alternate dimension. This world is very similar to hers but with several differences, the most obvious of which is that the Earth now has two moons.
It is revealed that Aomame is a hitwoman and that she specializes in killing abusive men. In her part of the story, she befriends a policewoman called Ayumi, who is later murdered, then works with an old lady called "the dowager" to
assassinate the leader of a cult.
Tengo, meanwhile, is tasked with re-writing a novel written by a teenage girl called Eriko Fukada. He later discovers that her
magical realist novel is actually a true account of her life in a cult and that she did not write the story but rather dictated it. The novel is called ''Air Chrysalis'' and involves a race of supernatural beings called "the Little People."
Aomame and Tengo, who had known each other when they were ten years old, attempt to find one another, each believing that they are destined to fall in love. When Tengo has sex with Fukada and Aomame assassinates the cult leader, who is Fukada's father, it opens a portal through which Tengo impregnates Aomame. The two later find each other and escape into what they hope is the real version of 1984, but which appears to be another world due to subtle differences they notice. As with many other Murakami novels, the ending is ambiguous.
Main characters
:One of the three
point-of-view characters of the novel, Aomame is a thirty-year-old woman working as part of an enigmatic organization for which she commits carefully selected murders. Her full name is Masami Aomame but she goes by her last name, which means "green peas".
As a child, she was a member of a religious cult named "the Society of Witnesses" (modelled after
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a Christian denomination that is an outgrowth of the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell in the nineteenth century. The denomination is nontrinitarian, millenarian, and restorationist. Russell co-fou ...
) and distributed religious materials with her family on weekends.
:The second of the novel's point-of-view characters, he is an unpublished novelist who works as a math tutor at a
cram school
A cram school (colloquially: crammer, test prep, tuition center, or exam factory) is a specialized school that trains its students to achieve particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or university, univer ...
. His mother died when he was very young; his earliest memory is of his mother having her breasts sucked by a man who was not Tengo's father. His father worked for
NHK
, also known by its Romanization of Japanese, romanized initialism NHK, is a Japanese public broadcasting, public broadcaster. It is a statutory corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television licence, television license fee.
NHK ope ...
going door-to-door collecting the network's reception fee, and he used to make Tengo go with him every Sunday.
:A grotesquely ugly man hired by Sakigake to investigate Tengo and, later, Aomame. He becomes a point-of-view character in part three of the novel. He is tireless in his investigation, but he is not a member of Sakigake himself. He had a wife and two daughters earlier in his life, but he is now divorced and separated from them. The same character appears in another Murakami story, ''
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle''.
:A 45-year-old editor of a publishing company. He lives his daily life on his own schedule, seemingly oblivious to the rhythms of people around him, and often calls Tengo in the middle of the night. Although Komatsu enjoys a good professional reputation for his competence, he is not seen to be an amicable person. Little is known about his private life beyond rumors.
:A slight but striking 17-year-old high-school student whose manuscript, , is entered in a literary contest. She is extremely reticent, with an unusual, abrupt way of speaking, and what seems to be an apathetic view of life. She also has
dyslexia
Dyslexia (), previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability that affects either reading or writing. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, wri ...
and struggles in school. Her pen name is taken from her real name, Eriko Fukada.
The Leader
:He is the founder of Sakigake, and he can hear the voices of the little people. He is also the father of Fuka-Eri, and his real name is Tamotsu Fukada. He acts as a prophet for Sakigake. He has mysterious diseases, which cause him a great deal of pain and stiffness, which sometimes cause his body to become completely rigid and numb.
:Her name is Shizue Ogata. She is a wealthy woman in her mid-70s. She lives in the "Willow House" in the
Azabu neighborhood and has set up a safe house nearby for women who are victims of domestic violence. She meets Aomame through the sports club she attends, and she later on convinces her to take on the job of taking out targets, men who are guilty of heavy domestic abuse.
:A 40-year-old man who is the dowager's loyal bodyguard. He was in the toughest unit of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, where he was fed "rats and snakes and locusts". Openly gay, he lives in another part of Azabu with his younger beautician boyfriend. He has a fondness for German Shepherds and enjoys toying with machines and gadgets.
:A man in his mid-60s who is Fuka-Eri's guardian. He has an apartment in Shinanomachi. He used to work in academia alongside Fuka-Eri's father before Mr. Fukada went with 30 of his students to start Sakigake.
Publication history
The novel was originally published in Japan in three hardcover volumes by
Shinchosha
is a publisher founded in 1896 in Japan and headquartered in , Shinjuku, Tokyo. Shinchosha is one of the sponsors of the Japan Fantasy Novel Award.
Books
* Haruki Murakami: '' Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World'' (1985), '' Ute ...
. Book 1 and Book 2 were both published on May 29, 2009; Book 3 was published on April 16, 2010.
In English translation,
Knopf published the novel in the United States in a single volume hardcover edition on October 25, 2011, and released a three volume paperback box-set on May 15, 2015. The cover for the hardcover edition, featuring a transparent
dust jacket
The dust jacket (sometimes book jacket, dust wrapper or dust cover) of a book is the detachable outer cover, usually made of paper and printed with text and illustrations. This outer cover has folded flaps that hold it to the front and back book ...
, was created by
Chip Kidd and Maggie Hinders. In the United Kingdom the novel was published by
Harvill Secker in two volumes. The first volume, containing Books 1 and 2, was published on October 18, 2011, followed by the second volume, containing Book 3, published on October 25, 2011.
Background information
Murakami spent four years writing the novel after coming up with the opening sequence and title.
The title is a play on the Japanese pronunciation of the year 1984 and a reference to
George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was an English novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic who wrote under the pen name of George Orwell. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to a ...
's ''
Nineteen Eighty-Four''. The letter
Q and
九, the Japanese number for 9 (typically
romanized
In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...
as "kyū", but as "kew" on the book's Japanese cover), are
homophones, which are often used in
Japanese wordplay.
Before the publication of ''1Q84'', Murakami stated that he would not reveal anything about the book, following criticism that leaks had diminished the novelty of his previous books. ''1Q84'' was noted for heavy advance orders despite this secrecy.
Cultural influences
As in many of his previous works, Murakami makes frequent reference to composers and musicians, ranging from
Bach to
Vivaldi
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist, impresario of Baroque music and Roman Catholic priest. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, Vivaldi's influence during his lif ...
and
Leoš Janáček
Leoš Janáček (, 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was a Czech composer, Music theory, music theorist, Folkloristics, folklorist, publicist, and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian folk music, Moravian and other Slavs, Slavic music, includin ...
, whose ''
Sinfonietta'' pops up many times at crucial points in the novel. A verse from the 1933 song "
It's Only a Paper Moon" by
Harold Arlen
Harold Arlen (born Hyman Arluck; February 15, 1905 – April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music, who composed over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film ' ...
,
E.Y. Harburg and
Billy Rose, appears in the book and is the basis for a recurring theme throughout the work. In addition, Murakami refers to other artists such as
Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Fagan; April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959) was an American jazz and swing music singer. Nicknamed "Lady Day" by her friend and music partner, Lester Young, Holiday made significant contributions to jazz music and pop ...
,
Charles Mingus and
The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones are an English Rock music, rock band formed in London in 1962. Active for over six decades, they are one of the most popular, influential, and enduring bands of the Album era, rock era. In the early 1960s, the band pione ...
.
The text also quotes a lengthy passage about the
Gilyak people from the travel diary ''
Sakhalin Island'' (1893–94) by
Anton Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...
.
The structure of the novel refers to Bach's ''
The Well-Tempered Clavier'' (alternate "major key" Aomame and "minor key" Tengo story lines forming 48 chapters of Books 1 and 2) and ''
Goldberg Variations'' (Book 3).
Religious themes
In accordance with many of Murakami's novels, ''1Q84'' is dominated by religious and sacred concepts.
''1Q84'' plot is built around a mystical cult and two long-lost lovers who are drawn into a distorted version of reality.
''1Q84'' assigns further meaning to his previous novels
and draws a connection between the supernatural and the disturbing.
Readers are often cited as experiencing a religious unease that is similar to postmodern sensibilities. This unease is accomplished through Murakami's creation of characters whose religious prescriptions are presented as oppressive, as exemplified in the character of Leader, who is the founder of the Sakigake cult.
Religious othering is a major theme in ''1Q84'', as Murakami places sacred ideas as existing separately from everyday reality. This separation is often cited as emphasizing that Murakami has a view of religion as a negative force, which lies in opposition to normal, everyday life; Murakami himself is quite silent about his personal religious beliefs.
Critical response
'' 1Q84'' received mixed reviews, scoring a 54% rating and a "Not Recommended by Critics" label from the review aggregator
iDreamBooks based on forty-four reviews (the lowest among Murakami's novels).
On ''The Omnivore'', an aggregator of British press, the book received an "omniscore" of 2.5 out of 5. According to
Book Marks
''Literary Hub'' or ''LitHub'' is a daily literary website that was launched in 2015 by Grove Atlantic president and publisher Morgan Entrekin, American Society of Magazine Editors Hall of Fame editor Terry McDonell, and '' Electric Literatur ...
, the book received a "positive" consensus based on sixteen critics: five "rave" five "positive", three being "mixed", and three being "pan". ''Culture Critic'' assessed critical response as an aggregated score of 79%. ''The BookScore'' assessed it at an aggregated score of 7.5 out of 10 based on British and American press. ''Prosenotes'' gave it a "C" (68%) based on critic reviews. The consensus says: "There is some very creative writing in "1Q84", but its mammoth length, repetitiveness, and somewhat convoluted narrative may be too much for some readers and may overshadow the excellent prose and well-plotted love story". In January/February 2012 issue of ''
Bookmarks'', the book was scored 3.5 out of 5. The magazine's critical summary reads: "Far reaching, accomplished, Byzantine, unique, at times impenetrable: ''1Q84'' is destined to become a lightning rod not only in the body of Murakami's work but in the burgeoning genre of New Weird fiction that breaks the rules even as it continues to attract readers". ''
The Bookseller
''The Bookseller'' is a British magazine reporting news on the publishing industry. Philip Jones is editor-in-chief of the weekly print edition of the magazine and the website. The magazine is home to the ''Bookseller''/Diagram Prize for Oddes ...
'' compiled reviews from multiple publications using a rating scale. "Top form", "Flawed but worth a read", and "Disappointing". Reviews from ''
Sunday Times'', and ''
Guardian'' categorized part three under "Top form". Globally,
Complete Review noted a lack of consensus, summarizing that "volume two better than volume one".
Among the negative reviews, ''
Time
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
''s Bryan Walsh found ''1Q84'' to be the weakest of Murakami's novels in part because it eschews his typical first-person narrative.
A negative review from ''
The A.V. Club'' had Christian Williams calling the book "stylistically clumsy" with "layers of tone-deaf dialogue, turgid description, and unyielding plot"; he awarded a ''D'' rating.
Also criticizing the book was Sanjay Sipahimalani of ''
The Indian Express
''The Indian Express'' is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932 by P. Varadarajulu Naidu. It is headquartered in Noida, owned by the ''Indian Express Group''. It was later taken over by Ramnath Goenka. In 1999, eight y ...
'', who felt the writing was too often lazy and clichéd, the Little People were risible rather than menacing, and that the book had too much repetition. Janet Maslin called the novel's "1000 uneventful pages" "stupefying" in her review for ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
.'' She had previously picked Murakami's earlier work, ''
Kafka on the Shore'', as one of the best 10 novels in 2005. William Ambler of ''
Huffington Post
''HuffPost'' (''The Huffington Post'' until 2017, itself often abbreviated as ''HPo'') is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions. The site offers news, satire, blogs, and original content, and covers ...
'' panned the book for being "too absorbed in its own games to offer something so humble as resolution, and too turgid and lumbering to offer any more rarified satisfactions". Writing for ''
The Wall Street Journal
''The Wall Street Journal'' (''WSJ''), also referred to simply as the ''Journal,'' is an American newspaper based in New York City. The newspaper provides extensive coverage of news, especially business and finance. It operates on a subscriptio ...
'', Sam Sacks criticized the dullness of Murakami's prose in the novel, calling it "banal and cliché-strewn". In his negative review on ''
The Atlantic
''The Atlantic'' is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher based in Washington, D.C. It features articles on politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science.
It was founded in 185 ...
'',
Allen Barra labeled the book "2011's biggest literary letdown" and "a big disappointment after years of hype", while disapproving its excessive length.
Among the positive reviews, ''
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...
''s Douglas Haddow has called it "a global event in itself,
hichpassionately defends the power of the novel".
One review described ''1Q84'' as a "complex and surreal narrative" which "shifts back and forth between tales of two characters, a man and a woman, who are searching for each other". It tackles themes of murder, history, cult religion, violence, family ties and love. In another review for ''
The Japan Times
''The Japan Times'' is Japan's largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper. It is published by , a subsidiary of News2u Holdings, Inc. It is headquartered in the in Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo.
History
''The Japan Times'' was launched by ...
'', it was said that the novel "may become a mandatory read for anyone trying to get to grips with contemporary Japanese culture", calling ''1Q84'' Haruki Murakami's "
magnum opus".
Similarly, Kevin Hartnett of ''
The Christian Science Monitor
''The Christian Science Monitor'' (''CSM''), commonly known as ''The Monitor'', is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in Electronic publishing, electronic format and a weekly print edition. It was founded in 1908 ...
'' considers it Murakami's most intricate work as well as his most ambitious
and Charles Baxter of ''
New York Review of Books'' praised the ambition of the novel down to the typography and attention to detail.
Malcolm Jones of ''
Newsweek
''Newsweek'' is an American weekly news magazine based in New York City. Founded as a weekly print magazine in 1933, it was widely distributed during the 20th century and has had many notable editors-in-chief. It is currently co-owned by Dev P ...
'' considers this novel emblematic of Murakami's mastery of the novel, comparing him to
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and Social criticism, social critic. He created some of literature's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by ...
.
Awards and honors
The novel was longlisted for the 2011
Man Asian Literary Prize and, in November, placed No. 2 in
Amazon.com's top books of the year.
It also received the 2011
Goodreads Choice Awards
The Goodreads Choice Awards is a yearly award program, first launched on Goodreads in 2009.
Winners are determined by crowdvoting, users voting on books that Goodreads has nominated or books of their choosing, released in the given year. Most boo ...
in the category Best Fiction.
In 2019, in a survey conducted by ''
The Asahi Shimbun
is a Japanese daily newspaper founded in 1879. It is one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan.
The ''Asahi Shimbun'' is one of the five largest newspapers in Japan along with the ''Yom ...
'' amongst 120 Japanese literary experts, ''1Q84'' was voted the best book published during the
Heisei era (1989–2019).
''
Literary Review'' nominated the sexual encounter between Tengo and Fuka-Eri for the 2011 Bad Sex Award.
References
External links
Official site
Random House's site for the American editionBook trailer for American edition
{{DEFAULTSORT:1q84
2009 Japanese novels
2010 Japanese novels
2009 science fiction novels
2010 science fiction novels
Fiction set in 1984
Books with cover art by Chip Kidd
Japanese science fiction novels
Postmodern novels
Japanese magic realism novels
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Novels by Haruki Murakami
Novels set in Tokyo
Religion in science fiction
Shinchosha books
Three-volume novels