The 1999 Portuguese legislative election took place on 10 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic. After becoming the first minority government in Portuguese democracy to complete a full 4-year term, the

Socialist Party Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of th ...

was aiming a second term under the lead of Prime Minister

António Guterres António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (born 30 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth and current secretary-general of the United Nations since 2017. A member of the Socialist Party (Portugal), ...

, as a good economy and Portugal's growing prestige, following the Expo 1998 and the support for the East-Timor cause, were strengthening the PS position. Polls leading up to the election predicted a comfortable PS majority government. Adding to this, the main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), was exiting an internal crisis after former leader

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa (; born 12 December 1948) is a Portuguese politician and academic who is the president of Portugal since 2016. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party, though he suspended his party membership for the ...

resigned in March 1999 amid disagreements with the CDS-People's Party leader,

Paulo Portas Paulo de Sacadura Cabral Portas (born 12 September 1962, ) is a Portuguese media and political figure, who has, since the 1990s, been one of Portugal's leading conservative politicians. He was the leader of one of Portugal's right-wing parties, ...

, regarding a future PSD/CDS alliance for these elections. The party elected, in a snap party congress in May 1999,

José Manuel Durão Barroso José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced ...

as new leader. Despite opinion polls predictions, the election results were labeled as a disappointment for the Socialists as the party failed to win a historical absolute majority by just one MP and barely improved their 1995 score, just 0.3 percentage points. The disappointing PS score would create instability in Guterres second government in the years to follow. The

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Form ...

was still away from the preferences of the majority of the Portuguese people, after the ten years cycle under the lead of

Cavaco Silva The cavaquinho (pronounced in Portuguese language, Portuguese) is a small Portugal, Portuguese string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings. A cavaquinho player is called a ''cavaquista''. Tuning A common Mus ...

that had terminated four years before, and lost 7 MPs, compared with 1995, and gathered 32 percent of the votes. The Democratic Unity Coalition achieved an important climb in the scorecard, against those who predicted its irreversible decline after the end of the Socialist Bloc in the early 1990s. The CDS-People's Party was able to hold on to its 15 MPs after tensions with the PSD earlier that year. For the first time, the Left Bloc, formed after the merger of several minor left-wing parties became represented in the parliament after electing two MPs. Turnout in this election was very low, only being surpassed by all elections after

2009 2009 was designated as the International Year of Astronomy by the United Nations to coincide with the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first known astronomical studies with a telescope and the publication of Astronomia Nova by Joha ...

when turnout stands below 60 percent. Overall,

voter turnout In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election. This is typically either the percentage of Voter registration, registered voters, Suffrage, eligible voters, or all Voti ...

was only 61 percent of voters, one of the lowest ever recorded.

Background

Leadership changes and challenges

PSD 1996 leadership election

After leading his party to two successive defeats, in the 1995 election and in the 1996 Presidential election, then PSD leader

Fernando Nogueira Joaquim Fernando Nogueira (born 26 March 1950), commonly known just as Fernando Nogueira, is a Portuguese lawyer and former politician. Life before politics Fernando Nogueira was born in Matosinhos in 26 March 1950. He graduated in Law from ...

resigned. A party congress to elect a new leader was called for late March 1996. For that leadership ballot,

announced his candidacy, just a few days after saying a phrase that would become famous in Portuguese politics, "Not even if Christ descends to earth, will I run." Marcelo faced

Pedro Santana Lopes Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes (; born 29 June 1956) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, who is the current mayor of Figueira da Foz. He most notably served as prime minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005. Background and early life Ped ...

, which repeated his failed bid of 1995. Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was easily elected as PSD leader. The results were the following: , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px", Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px", Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px", % , - , bgcolor=orange, , align=left ,

, align=right , 603 , align=right , 66.4 , - , bgcolor=orange, , align=left ,

, align=right , 305 , align=right , 33.6 , - , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Turnout , align=right , 908 , align=center , , - , colspan="4" align=left, Source
Results

CDS–PP 1998 leadership election

Then CDS leader, Manuel Monteiro, resigned from the leadership after the party's poor results in the 1997 local elections.

, which had a tense relationship with Monteiro, announced his candidacy but faced the candidate of the "Monteiro wing",

Maria José Nogueira Pinto Maria José Nogueira Pinto was a Portuguese lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, representing the CDS – People's Party and, later, the Social Democratic Party. Early life Maria José Pinto da Cu ...

. The congress was very tense, with strong accusations between both candidates, but in the end Paulo Portas was elected as new party leader: , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px", Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px", Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px", % , - , bgcolor=, , align=left ,

, align=center , WIN , align=right , , - , bgcolor=, , align=left ,

, align=right , , align=right , , - , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Turnout , align=right , , align=center , , - , colspan="4" align=left, Source:

PSD 1999 leadership election

Then PSD leader

plan to creat an electoral alliance with the

CDS – People's Party The CDS – People's Party (, derived from ''Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular'', CDS–PP)

was splitting his party, but nonetheless, the alliance was approved in a party congress in February 1999. However, at the same a time, a scandal involving CDS–PP leader

, the "Moderna affair", in which corrupt deals and bad management were done in Moderna University, was creating a bad mood between PSD and CDS–PP and, specially, between the two party's leaders. In late March, Paulo Portas gives an interview on

SIC The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; ''thus'', ''so'', and ''in this manner'') inserted after a quotation indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated as found in the source text, including erroneous, archaic, or unusual spelling ...

that precipitated Marcelo's resignation. In that interview, Portas says that the PSD needs to come clean and say if they trust the CDS leader, and that Marcelo told him that a majority of the PSD leadership doesn't like him and feels he's a liability to the alliance. Feeling betrayed and seeing that Portas was untrustworthy, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa resigned from the PSD leadership. A snap party congress was called for early May, and, as the sole candidate,

was unanimously elected as the new PSD leader: , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px", Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px", Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px", % , - , bgcolor=orange, , align=left ,

, align=right , , align=right , 100.0 , - , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Turnout , align=right , , align=center , , - , colspan="4" align=left, Source
Results

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a

motion of no confidence A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...

to be approved. The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the

district magnitude An electoral (congressional, legislative, etc.) district, sometimes called a constituency, riding, or ward, is a geographical portion of a political unit, such as a country, state or province, city, or administrative region, created to provi ...

. The use of the

d'Hondt method The D'Hondt method, also called the Jefferson method or the greatest divisors method, is an apportionment method for allocating seats in parliaments among federal states, or in proportional representation among political parties. It belongs to ...

makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the

Hare quota The Hare quota (sometimes called the simple, ideal, or Hamilton quota) is the number of voters represented by each legislator in an idealized system of proportional representation where every vote is used to elect someone. The Hare quota is eq ...

Sainte-Laguë method The Webster method, also called the Sainte-Laguë method (), is a highest averages apportionment method for allocating seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte- ...

, which are more generous to small parties. For these elections, and compared with the 1995 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 7th legislature (1995–1999) and that also partook in the election:

Campaign period

Party slogans

Candidates' debates

Opinion polling

The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1995 and 1999 for reference. Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.

Results

National summary

, - , colspan=10, Portugal Parliament 1999

, - ! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left, Parties ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=Votes ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=% ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center", MPs , - style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center,

1995 1995 was designated as: * United Nations Year for Tolerance * World Year of Peoples' Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War This was the first year that the Internet was entirely privatized, with the United States government ...

! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align=center, 1999 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=± , - , , 2,385,922, , 44.06, , 0.3, , 112, , 115, , 3, , 50.00, , 1.3 , - , , 1,750,158, , 32.32, , 1.8, , 88, , 81, , 7, , 35.22, , 3.1 , - , , 487,058, , 8.99, , 0.4, , 15, , 17, , 2, , 7.39, , 0.9 , - , , 451,643, , 8.34, , 0.7, , 15, , 15, , 0, , 6.52, , 0.0 , - , , 132,333, , 2.44, , , , , , 2, , , , 0.87, , , - , , 40,006, , 0.74, , 0.0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0.00, , 0.0 , - , , 19,938, , 0.37, , 0.3, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0.00, , 0.0 , - , , 16,522, , 0.31, , , , , , 0, , , , 0.00, , , - , style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#000080 align="center" , , align=left, National Solidarity , 11,488, , 0.21, , 0.0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0.00, , 0.0 , - , , 7,346, , 0.14, , , , , , 0, , , , 0.00, , , - , , 4,104, , 0.08, , 0.1, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0.00, , 0.0 , - , , 438, , 0.01, , 0.0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0.00, , 0.0 , - , colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9", Total valid , width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 5,306,956 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 98.00 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.1 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 230 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 230 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 0 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 0.0 , - , colspan=2, Blank ballots , 56,964, , 1.05, , 0.3, , colspan=5 rowspan=4, , - , colspan=2, Invalid ballots , 51,230, , 0.95, , 0.1 , - , colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9", Total , width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 5,415,102 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", 100.00 , width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9", , - , colspan=2, Registered voters/turnout , , 8,864,604, , 61.09, , 5.2 , - , colspan=10 align=left , Source
Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Distribution by constituency

, - class="unsortable" !rowspan=2, Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2, Total
S , - class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=2 , PS !colspan=2 , PSD !colspan=2 , CDU !colspan=2 , CDS–PP !colspan=2 , BE , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Azores The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atl ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 53.3 , 3 , 35.8 , 2 , 1.7 , - , 5.6 , - , 1.1 , - , 5 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Aveiro , style="background:; color:white;", 40.2 , 7 , 38.3 , 6 , 3.5 , - , 13.6 , 2 , 1.3 , - , 15 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Beja , style="background:; color:white;", 46.7 , 2 , 14.5 , - , 28.3 , 1 , 3.9 , - , 1.6 , - , 3 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Braga Braga (; ) is a cities of Portugal, city and a Municipalities of Portugal, municipality, capital of the northwestern Portugal, Portuguese Braga (district), district of Braga and of the historical and cultural Minho Province. Braga Municipality ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 44.3 , 8 , 36.7 , 7 , 5.4 , 1 , 8.9 , 1 , 1.2 , - , 17 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Bragança Bragança may refer to: People *Jaime Celestino Dias Bragança, a Portuguese footballer Politics and History *House of Bragança - A Portuguese Royal House *Duke of Bragança - A Portuguese noble, and later royal, title * Bragança - One of the m ...

, 39.7 , 2 , style="background:; color:white;", 45.1 , 2 , 2.6 , - , 8.7 , - , 0.8 , - , 4 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Castelo Branco , style="background:; color:white;", 51.6 , 3 , 32.0 , 2 , 5.3 , - , 6.3 , - , 1.2 , - , 5 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Coimbra Coimbra (, also , , or ), officially the City of Coimbra (), is a city and a concelho, municipality in Portugal. The population of the municipality at the 2021 census was 140,796, in an area of . The fourth-largest agglomerated urban area in Po ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 47.2 , 6 , 35.2 , 4 , 6.1 , - , 6.0 , - , 2.0 , - , 10 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Évora Évora ( , ), officially the Very Noble and Ever Loyal City of Évora (), is a city and a municipalities of Portugal, municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of . It is the historic capital of the Alentejo reg ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 45.7 , 2 , 18.7 , 1 , 24.6 , 1 , 5.1 , - , 1.5 , - , 4 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Faro , style="background:; color:white;", 48.4 , 5 , 29.5 , 3 , 8.3 , - , 7.3 , - , 2.3 , - , 8 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Guarda , style="background:; color:white;", 43.4 , 2 , 39.2 , 2 , 3.2 , - , 9.8 , - , 1.1 , - , 4 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Leiria Leiria () is a city and municipality in the Central Region, Portugal, Central Region of Portugal. It is the 2nd largest city in that same region, after Coimbra, with a municipality population of 128,640 (as of 2021) in an area of . It is the seat o ...

, 36.8 , 4 , style="background:; color:white;", 42.6 , 5 , 5.3 , - , 9.9 , 1 , 1.7 , - , 10 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 42.7 , 23 , 27.3 , 14 , 12.3 , 6 , 8.5 , 4 , 4.9 , 2 , 49 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

, 35.1 , 2 , style="background:; color:white;", 46.2 , 3 , 2.8 , - , 10.9 , - , 1.2 , - , 5 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Portalegre , style="background:; color:white;", 51.2 , 2 , 22.5 , 1 , 15.0 , - , 5.9 , - , 1.2 , - , 3 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Porto Porto (), also known in English language, English as Oporto, is the List of cities in Portugal, second largest city in Portugal, after Lisbon. It is the capital of the Porto District and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto c ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 48.0 , 19 , 32.7 , 13 , 6.2 , 2 , 7.5 , 3 , 2.3 , - , 37 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Santarém , style="background:; color:white;", 45.5 , 5 , 30.2 , 3 , 10.1 , 1 , 8.1 , 1 , 2.0 , - , 10 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Setúbal Setúbal ( , , ; ), officially the City of Setúbal (), is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The population of the entire municipality in 2014 was 118,166, occupying an area of . The city itself had 89,303 inhabitants in 2001. It lies withi ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 43.7 , 8 , 18.0 , 3 , 24.8 , 5 , 5.6 , 1 , 3.5 , - , 17 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Viana do Castelo Viana do Castelo () is a concelho, municipality and seat of the district of Viana do Castelo District, Viana do Castelo in the Norte Region, Portugal, Norte Region of Portugal. The population in 2021 was 85,778, in an area of . The urbanized are ...

, style="background:; color:white;", 40.2 , 3 , 35.8 , 2 , 5.0 , - , 14.0 , 1 , 1.2 , - , 6 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Vila Real Vila Real () is the capital and largest city of the Vila Real District, in the Norte, Portugal, North region, Portugal. It is also the seat of the Douro (intermunicipal community), Douro Intermunicipal communities of Portugal, intermunicipal comm ...

, 40.8 , 2 , style="background:; color:white;", 45.5 , 3 , 2.4 , - , 6.8 , - , 0.8 , - , 5 , - , style="text-align:left;" ,

Viseu Viseu () is a city and municipality in the Centro Region of Portugal and the capital of the Viseu District, district of the same name, with a population of 100,105 inhabitants in the entire municipality, and center of the Viseu Dão Lafões Interm ...

, 38.1 , 4 , style="background:; color:white;", 44.3 , 4 , 2.2 , - , 10.5 , 1 , 1.2 , - , 9 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Europe , style="background:; color:white;", 55.4 , 2 , 24.7 , - , 5.3 , - , 3.2 , - , 0.6 , - , 2 , - , style="text-align:left;" , Outside Europe , 39.8 , 1 , style="background:; color:white;", 49.5 , 1 , 1.7 , - , 3.5 , - , 0.4 , - , 2 , - , - class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9" , style="text-align:left;" , Total , style="background:; color:white;", 44.1 , 115 , 32.3 , 81 , 9.0 , 17 , 8.3 , 15 , 2.4 , 2 , 230 , - , colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" , Source
Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

File:Pt euelection 1999.PNG, Most voted political force by

district A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municip ...

. (Madeira and Azores not shown) File:1999 Portuguese legislative election district results.svg, Winner and seats by constituency. File:Legislativas portuguesas de 1999 (Mapa).png, Most voted political force by

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

Aftermath

Guterres second government was haunted by its failure in winning an absolute majority in the 1999 elections. The tie between the Government and the opposition created a series of problems to Guterres as all opposition parties, PSD, CDU, CDS–PP and BE, refused to negotiate with the Government. In the 2000 budget, CDS–PP decided to abstain and the budget passed: However, after the 2000 budget, CDS–PP was no longer willing to support Guterres and, the solution found was a controversial one: With a sole CDS–PP MP,

Daniel Campelo Daniel commonly refers to: * Daniel (given name), a masculine given name and a surname * List of people named Daniel * List of people with surname Daniel * Daniel (biblical figure) * Book of Daniel, a biblical apocalypse, "an account of the acti ...

, Guterres secured the approval of his two following annual State Budgets in exchange for the government financing a cheese factory in Campelo's hometown of

Ponte de Lima Ponte de Lima () is the oldest ''vila'' (chartered town, head of a municipality) in Portugal, in the district of Viana do Castelo (district), Viana do Castelo. Situated on the southern bank of the Lima River, it takes its name from the medieval br ...

, in

Viana do Castelo district The Viana do Castelo District ( ) is a district located in the northwest of Portugal, bordered on the north by Spain ( Galicia) and on the south by Braga District. It has an area of and a population of 252,011 (2006), for a density of 111.8 inha ...

. The 2001 and 2002 budgets were approved with the abstention of this sole CDS–PP MP: Campelo was ultimately suspended from CDS–PP, and from November 2000 onwards, sat as an

Independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in Pennsylvania, United States * Independentes (English: Independents), a Portuguese artist ...

Fall of the government

Besides his fragile majority to approve major legislation, Guterres also suffered with a lot of instability within his own cabinet, with two reshuffles in just four months during 2001. The

Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse, also known as the Entre-os-Rios tragedy ( Portuguese: ''Tragédia de Entre-os-Rios''), occurred in the evening of 4 March 2001, between Entre-os-Rios, in the municipality of Penafiel, and Castelo de Paiva, in n ...

generated public anger against the government, which eroded even more Guterres' popularity. By 2001, the economy was also showing strong signs of slowdown, in a time when Portugal was about to enter into the Euro common currency and was suffering from the global impact of the

September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...

. All these problems culminated in the December 2001 local elections, where the PS suffered a big defeat and saw major urban centers, mainly

and

, swing dramatically to the right-wing, so, in response, Guterres announced his resignation as Prime Minister."Guterres deve formalizar hoje pedido de demissão "
''Público'', 17 December 2001. Retrieved 8 December 2023.

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television *'' Præsident ...

Jorge Sampaio Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio (; 18 September 1939 – 10 September 2021) was a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006. Sampaio was a member of the Socialist Party, a party which he ...

dissolved Parliament and called an election for 17 March 2002.

Notes

References

External links

Preliminary results of the 1999 electionComissão Nacional de Eleições

Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político