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Events
Below, the events ofWorld War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
have the "WWII" prefix.
January
*January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. ...
– WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – E ...
– WWII: Greek-Polish athlete and saboteur Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz is executed by the Germans at Kaisariani.
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muham ...
** The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty relationships with the Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northea ...
.
** Italian-American anarchist Carlo Tresca
Carlo Tresca (March 9, 1879 – January 11, 1943) was an Italian-American newspaper editor, orator, and labor organizer who was a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World during the 1910s. He is remembered as a leading public opponent of fas ...
is assassinated in New York City.
* January 13
Events Pre-1600
*27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racin ...
– Anti-Nazi
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hit ...
protests in Sofia
Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. ...
result in 200 arrests and 36 executions.
* January 14
Events Pre-1600
*1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
* 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary.
1601–1900
* 1639 – The " Fundamental Orders", the first written ...
– 24 – WWII: Casablanca Conference
The Casablanca Conference (codenamed SYMBOL) or Anfa Conference was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, French Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II. In attendance were ...
: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud of the Free French forces meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria ...
, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next stage of the war.
* January 15 - WWII: Guadalcanal Campaign – Operation Ke
was the largely successful withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal, concluding the Guadalcanal Campaign of . The operation took place between 14 January and 7 February 1943, and involved both Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial ...
: Japanese forces begin to withdraw from Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal (; indigenous name: ''Isatabu'') is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the se ...
in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...
.
* January 16 – Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
declares war on the Axis powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...
.
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chine ...
** WWII: Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
officials announce that the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian language, Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist R ...
has broken the Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previou ...
's siege of Leningrad
The siege of Leningrad (russian: links=no, translit=Blokada Leningrada, Блокада Ленинграда; german: links=no, Leningrader Blockade; ) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet Union, So ...
as part of Operation Iskra, opening a narrow land corridor to the city. Georgy Zhukov is promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union
Marshal of the Soviet Union (russian: Маршал Советского Союза, Marshal sovetskogo soyuza, ) was the highest military rank of the Soviet Union.
The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was created in 1935 and abolished in 19 ...
.
** The first Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
begins: several days engagement with the Germans limits the number of Jews deported at this time.
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
*1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...
– WWII: Pan Am Flight 1104 – Pan American Airways Martin M-130 flying boat crashes about southwest of Ukiah, California
Ukiah ( ; Pomo: ''Yokaya'', meaning "deep valley") is the county seat and largest city of Mendocino County, California, with a population of 16,607 at the 2020 census. With its accessible location along the U.S. Route 101 corridor, Ukiah ser ...
. All 10 passengers and 9 crew aboard are killed, including Admiral Robert H. English
Robert Henry English (16 January 1888 – 21 January 1943) was a United States Navy commissioned officer who commanded the U.S. Navy's submarine force in the Pacific Theater of Operations early in World War II.
English was born in Warrenton, ...
(at this time COMSUBPAC).
* January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw ...
** WWII: Battle of Buna–Gona: American and Australian forces secure control of the territory of Papua
The Territory of Papua comprised the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea from 1883 to 1975. In 1883, the Government of Queensland annexed this territory for the British Empire. The United Kingdom Government refused to ratify the a ...
.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Round up of Marseille
The Marseille roundup was the systematic deportation of the Jews of Marseille in the Old Port between 22 and 24 January 1943 under the Vichy regime during the German occupation of France. Assisted by the French police, directed by René Bousquet, ...
begins – Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
as part of "Action Tiger", before being transported to extermination camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...
s in Poland.
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
* 1264 &n ...
** WWII: British forces capture Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
*Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in t ...
from the Italians
, flag =
, flag_caption = Flag of Italy, The national flag of Italy
, population =
, regions = Italy 55,551,000
, region1 = Brazil
, pop1 = 25–33 million
, ref1 =
, ...
.
** American critic and commentator Alexander Woollcott suffers an eventually fatal heart attack, during a regular broadcast of the CBS Radio round-table program ''People's Platform''.
* January 27
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to b ...
– WWII: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid
Air raid may refer to:
Attacks
* Airstrike
* Strategic bombing
Other uses
* ''Air Raid'' (album), by the improvisational collective Air
* Air Raid ''(Transformers)'', the name of three characters in the Transformers universes
* ''Air Raid'' ...
against Germany: Wilhelmshaven is the target.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ru ...
** Nazi German police arrest alleged necrophiliac and serial killer
A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons,A
*
*
*
* with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three ...
Bruno Lüdke
Bruno Lüdke (3 April 1908 – 8 April 1944) was a German alleged serial killer. Police officials connected him to at least 51 murder victims, mainly women, killed in a 15-year period, which began in 1928 and ended with his arrest in 1943. ...
.
** The United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve (MCWR) is created.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ru ...
– 30 – WWII: Battle of Rennell Island – The Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender ...
resists the United States Navy's attempt to interrupt the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal (; indigenous name: ''Isatabu'') is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the se ...
, in the last major naval battle
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river. Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years. Even in the interior of large la ...
of the Guadalcanal Campaign.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ru ...
– 31 – WWII: Battle of Wau – Australian forces, with United States support, resist a Japanese advance in the New Guinea campaign.
* January 30
Events Pre-1600
*1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
*1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
1601–1900
*1607 – An estimated ...
– WWII: German General Friedrich Paulus
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (23 September 1890 – 1 February 1957) was a German field marshal during World War II who is best known for commanding the 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 to February 1943). The battle ended ...
is promoted to the rank of Field Marshal and instructed to fight to the death in Stalingrad, while Karl Dönitz is promoted to Commander in Chief of the German Navy, replacing Erich Raeder.
February
* February 2 – WWII: In Russia, theBattle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (later re ...
comes to an end, with the surrender of the German 6th Army.
* February 3
Events Pre-1600
*1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
* 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– WWII: The Four Chaplains
The Four Chaplains, also referred to as the Immortal Chaplains or the ''Dorchester'' Chaplains, were four World War II chaplains who died rescuing civilian and military personnel as the American troop ship sank on February 3, 1943, in what has ...
of the U.S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, , is struck by a German torpedo
A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, s ...
in the North Atlantic.
* February 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
*1576 – Henry IV of France, Henry of Navarre :wikt:abjure, abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Re ...
– Lt. General Frank M. Andrews is selected to command the U.S. armies in Europe, while General Dwight D. Eisenhower is assigned command in North Africa. Andrews will serve only 3 months, before dying in an airplane crash.
* February 6 – WWII: RCN corvette HMCS ''Louisburg'' is bombed and sunk off Oran, Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, religi ...
by Italian aircraft.
* February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
* 1301 &nda ...
– WWII: North Atlantic convoy SC 118
Convoy SC 118 was the 118th of the numbered series of World War II slow convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island, to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City on 24 January 1943Hague 2000 p.135 and were met by Mid-Ocean Escor ...
is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s, who sink 8 ships.
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** WWII: The Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...
ends with United States forces in command of Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal (; indigenous name: ''Isatabu'') is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the se ...
, the evacuation of Japanese forces in Operation Ke
was the largely successful withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal, concluding the Guadalcanal Campaign of . The operation took place between 14 January and 7 February 1943, and involved both Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial ...
having been completed two days earlier.
** WWII: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ( pl, rzeź wołyńska, lit=Volhynian slaughter; uk, Волинська трагедія, lit=Volyn tragedy, translit=Volynska trahediia), were carried out in German-occupied Poland by th ...
by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army begin, with the Parośla I massacre within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup
The rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup was a Nazi raid and mass arrest of Jews in Lyon's Sainte-Catherine street by the Gestapo. The raid, ordered and personally overseen by Klaus Barbie, took place on 9 February 1943 at the (Federation of Jewish Soc ...
– The Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one or ...
, directed by Klaus Barbie
Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was a German operative of the SS and SD who worked in Vichy France during World War II. He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners—primar ...
, arrest 86 Jews in Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of ...
.
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
*1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...
–March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
*1575 & ...
– Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
(under arrest by forces of the British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi language, Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Q ...
in Pune
Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...
as a member of the Quit India Movement) keeps a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment.
* February 14
Events Pre-1600
* 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt.
* 842 – Charles the Bald and Lo ...
– WWII: Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East ...
in Russia is liberated.
* February 14
Events Pre-1600
* 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt.
* 842 – Charles the Bald and Lo ...
– 17 – WWII: Battle of Sidi Bou Zid: In the Tunisia Campaign
The Tunisian campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The ...
, German Panzer division
A Panzer division was one of the armored (tank) divisions in the army of Nazi Germany during World War II. Panzer divisions were the key element of German success in the blitzkrieg operations of the early years of World War II. Later the Waffe ...
s commanded by Hans-Jürgen von Arnim are victorious over the United States Army.
* February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Karuse. ...
– WWII: The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
reconquers Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Third Battle of Kharkiv.
*
*
* May 6 – WWII: Six U-boats are sunk, after sinking 12 ships from
* July 1 – The United States 
* July 25 –
* August 1 – Operation Tidal Wave: 177
* November 1 – WWII:
An agreement
for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the
*
* February 2 – Erkan Geniş, Turkish artist
*
*
* April 2 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
* April 4 – Isabel-Clara Simó, Spanish journalist and writer (d. 2020)
* April 5
** Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018)
** Max Gail, American actor (''Barney Miller'')
* April 6 − Susan Tolsky, American actress and voice actress
* April 8
** Miller Farr, American football player
** Jack O'Halloran, American boxer and actor
* April 10
** Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete (d. 2008)
** Margaret Pemberton, English writer
* April 11 – Harley Race, American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer (d. 2019)
* April 13 – Doreen Tracey, British-born American actress (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and biochemist
** Mighty Sam McClain, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015)
* April 16 – Petro Tyschtschenko, German businessman
* April 17 – Bobby Curtola, Canadian singer (d. 2016)
* April 19 – Claus Theo Gärtner, German actor
* April 20 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor
* April 21 – Napsiah Omar, Malaysian educator, politician (d. 2018)
* April 22
** Louise Glück, American poet, 12th US Poet Laureate, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
** Gabriel López Zapiain, Mexican footballer (d. 2018)
* April 23
** Dominik Duka, Czech Roman Catholic bishop, theologian
** Gail Goodrich, American basketball player
** Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer
** Frans Koppelaar, Dutch painter
** Hervé Villechaize, French-born actor (''Fantasy Island'') (d. 1993)
* April 24 – Richard Sterban, American singer (''The Oak Ridge Boys'')
* April 25
** Alan Feduccia, American paleornithologist
** James G. Mitchell, Canadian computer scientist
* April 26 – Gary Wright, American singer, songwriter, musician and composer
* April 28 – John Oliver Creighton, John O. Creighton, American astronaut
* April 29 – Sir Ian Kershaw, English historian
* April 30
** Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (d. 2011)
** Bobby Vee, American singer (d. 2016)
* May 1
**Ian Dunn (activist), Ian Dunn, Scottish gay and paedophile rights activist (d. 1998)
**Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004)
* May 2 – Mustafa Nadarević, Yugoslav and Bosnian actor and comedian (d. 2020)
* May 3 – Jim Risch, American politician
* May 5 – Michael Palin, English comedian, actor, and television presenter (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
* May 6 – Grange Calveley, British writer, artist (d. 2021)
* May 7 – Orlando Ramírez (footballer), Orlando Ramírez, Chilean footballer (d. 2018)
* May 8 – Danny Whitten, American musician (d. 1972)
* May 10 – Richard Darman, American federal government official, businessman (d. 2008)
* May 13 – Kurt Trampedach, Danish artist (d. 2013)
*
*
* July 3
** Judith Durham, Australian singer (d. 2022)
** Kurtwood Smith, American actor (''That '70s Show'')
** Norman Thagard, American astronaut
* July 4
** Conny Bauer, Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German trombonist
** Geraldo Rivera, American reporter, talk show host
**Alan Wilson (musician), Alan Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1970)
* July 5
** István Gáli, Hungarian boxer
** Curt Blefary, American baseball player (d. 2001)
** Robbie Robertson, Canadian musician (''The Band'')
* July 6
** Kim Kye-gwan, North Korean diplomat
** Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian mezzo-soprano
** Rosemary Forsyth, Canadian-American actress, model
** Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar, Pakistani politician
* July 7
** Jürgen Geschke, German track cyclist
** M. Karathu, Malaysian football player, manager
** Robert East (actor), Robert East, Welsh theatre, TV actor
** Joel Siegel, American film critic (d. 2007)
** Miguel Vila Luna, Dominican architect, painter (d. 2005)
* July 8
** Guido Marzulli, Italian painter
** Carmine Preziosi, Italian road bicycle racer
* July 9
** Suzanne Rogers, American actress
** Soledad Miranda, Spanish actress (d. 1970)
* July 10
** Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis player (d. 1993)
** Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika, Zambian politician
*
*
* September 5 – Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician, former DSWD Secretary (d. 2007)
* September 6
** Harris Hines, American judge (d. 2018)
** Richard J. Roberts, English biochemist, molecular biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
** Roger Waters, English musician (''Pink Floyd'')
* September 7 – Lena Valaitis, Lithuanian-German Schlager singer
* September 9 – Art LaFleur, American actor (d. 2021)
* September 10
** Daniel Truhitte, American actor
** Neale Donald Walsch, American author (''Conversations with God'')
* September 11
** Mickey Hart, American percussionist and musicologist (''Grateful Dead'')
** Jaime Thorne León, Peruvian politician (d. 2018)
** Gilbert Proesch, Italian-born artist (''Gilbert and George'')
** Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian terrorist
* September 13 – Mildred D. Taylor, American writer
* September 14
** Irwin Goodman, Finnish singer (d. 1991)
** Tunde Idiagbon, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1999)
* September 16
** Tadamasa Goto, Japanese yakuza boss
** Oskar Lafontaine, German politician
* September 18 – Nina Wayne, American actress
* September 19 – Joe Morgan, American baseball player (d. 2020)
* September 20 – Sani Abacha, Nigerian Army officer and dictator (d. 1998)
* September 21
**Jerry Bruckheimer, American film and television producer
**David Hood, American session bassist and trombone player
**Mathew Prichard, British philanthropist, the only child of literary guardian Rosalind Hicks and the only grandchild of author Agatha Christie
*
* October 1
** Jerry Martini, American musician
** Naushad Ali (cricketer), Naushad Ali, Pakistani cricketer
** Jean-Jacques Annaud, French film director
* October 2
** Franklin Rosemont, American poet (d. 2009)
** Henri Szeps, Australian actor
* October 3 – Jeff Bingaman, American politician
* October 4 – Buddy Roemer, American politician, investor and banker (d. 2021)
* October 5
** Bonnie Bryant (golfer), Bonnie Bryant, American golfer
** Ben Cardin, American politician
* October 6 – Michael Durrell, American actor
* October 7 – Oliver North, American military officer, military historian, political commentator, author and television host
* October 8
** Chevy Chase, American comedian, actor (''Saturday Night Live'')
** R. L. Stine, American novelist (''Goosebumps'')
* October 11
** John Nettles, English actor, writer
** Gene Watson, American country singer
* October 12
**Jeffrey R. MacDonald, American physician and United States Army Officer
**Köbi Kuhn, Swiss footballer and manager (d. 2019)
* October 14
** Lois Hamilton, American model, actress and artist (d. 1999)
** Mohammad Khatami, 5th President of Iran
** Lance Rentzel, American football player
* October 15 – Penny Marshall, American actress, director and producer (d. 2018)
* October 18
** Birthe Rønn Hornbech, Danish politician
** Christine Charbonneau, Canadian francophone singer, songwriter (d. 2014)
* October 22 – Catherine Deneuve, French actress
* October 24
** Theodor Stolojan, 54th Prime Minister of Romania
** José E. Serrano, American politician
* October 25 – Roy Lynes, English keyboardist
* October 27 – Carmen Argenziano, American actor (d. 2019)
* October 28 – Cornelia Froboess, German actress
* October 29 – Don Simpson, American film producer, screenwriter and actor (d. 1996)
* November 1 – Jacques Attali, French economist
* November 3 – Bert Jansch, Scottish folk musician (d. 2011)
* November 4
** Sundar Popo, Indo-Trinidadian Chutney music, chutney musician (d. 2000)
** Chuck Scarborough, American news anchor
* November 5
** Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American pioneering television chef (d. 2007)
** Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor (d. 2017)
* November 7
** Stephen Greenblatt, American literary critic
** Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1991)
** Joni Mitchell, Canadian musician (''Big Yellow Taxi'')
** Michael Spence, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate
* November 8 – Martin Peters, English footballer (d. 2019)
* November 11 – Doug Frost (swimming coach), Doug Frost, Australian swimming coach
* November 12 – Wallace Shawn, American actor
* November 13
** Roberto Boninsegna, Italian footballer
** Jay Sigel, American golfer
*
* December 2
** Wayne Allard, American politician
** William Wegman (photographer), William Wegman, American photographer
* December 5
** Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate
** Nicolae Văcăroiu, 55th Prime Minister of Romania
* December 8
** José Carbajal (Uruguayan musician), José Carbajal, Uruguayan singer, composer and guitarist (d. 2010)
** Larry Martin, American paleontologist (d. 2013)
** Jim Morrison, American rock musician (''The Doors'') (d. 1971)
** Bodo Tümmler, German Olympic middle-distance runner
* December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, 68th U.S. Secretary of State
* December 12
** Dickey Betts, American guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer (''The Allman Brothers Band'')
** Gianni Russo, American actor
** Phyllis Somerville, American actress (d. 2020)
** Grover Washington, Jr., African-American saxophonist (d. 1999)
* December 13
** David W. Huff, American rock singer, guitarist of (''David and the Giants'')
** Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player
* December 14
** Britt Allcroft, British television producer, creator of ''Thomas & Friends''
** António Simões, Portuguese footballer
* December 15 – Lucien den Arend, Dutch sculptor
* December 16 – Steven Bochco, American television producer (d. 2018)
* December 17
** Pak Doo-ik, North Korean footballer
** Ron Geesin, British musician, songwriter (''Pink Floyd'')
** Rick Nolan, American politician
* December 18 – Keith Richards, English rock guitarist, songwriter (''The Rolling Stones'')
* December 19
** Sam Kelly, English actor (d. 2014)
** Ross M. Lence, American political scientist (d. 2006)
** Jimmy Mackay, Australian football player (d. 1998)
* December 20 – Jacqueline Pearce, English screen actress (d. 2018)
* December 21 – Jack Nance, American actor (d. 1996)
* December 22 – Paul Wolfowitz, American political scientist
* December 23
** Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (d. 1987)
** Harry Shearer, American actor, comedian and screenwriter
** Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen consort of Sweden
* December 24
** Tarja Halonen, 11th President of Finland
** James A. Johnson (politics), James A. Johnson, American business leader, philanthropist
* December 25 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
* December 27 – Sam Hinds, 3-Time Prime Minister of Guyana
* December 28
** Keith Floyd, British chef (d. 2009)
** Chas Hodges, English musician and singer (d. 2018)
** Craig MacIntosh, American illustrator
** Billy Chapin, American child actor (d.2016)
** Richard Whiteley, English television presenter (d. 2005)
* December 31
** John Denver, American musician (d. 1997)
** Sir Ben Kingsley, British actor (''Gandhi (film), Gandhi'')
** Pete Quaife, English musician, artist and author (''The Kinks'') (d. 2010)
* January 2
** Qazim Koculi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (murdered) (b. 1887)
** Wilhelm Lorenz, German general (died of wounds) (b. 1894)
* January 3 – Bid McPhee, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1859)
*
* February 1 – Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* February 2
** Alfred Cavendish, British general (b. 1859)
** Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (b. 1880)
* February 4
** Frank Calder, British-born Canadian ice hockey executive, first National Hockey League president (b. 1877)
** Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese army commander, politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1876)
*
*
* May 1 – Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian Christian leader, founder of Brunstad Christian Church (b. 1871)
* May 3 – Frank Maxwell Andrews, American general (plane crash) (b. 1884)
* May 4
** Cesira Ferrani, Italian soprano (b. 1863)
** Saverio Marotta, Italian naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* May 5
** Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1911)
** Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart, British politician, judge (b. 1870)
* May 7 – Fethi Okyar, Turkish diplomat, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1880)
* May 8 – Miroslav Šalom Freiberger, Yugoslav rabbi, writer and spiritual leader (killed at Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1903)
*
*
* July 2 – Alice Mary Dowd, American educator and poet (b. 1855)
* July 4
** Cevat Abbas Gürer, Turkish army officer (b. 1887)
** Gordon Sidney Harrington, Canadian politician (b. 1883)
** Zofia Leśniowska, Polish army officer (aviation accident) (b. 1912)
**
* August 1 – Martyrs of Nowogródek, Polish nuns, martyrs and blessed (executed) (b. 1888–1916)
**Lin Sen, Chinese chairman of the National Government of China (b. 1868)
* August 5
** Iosif Apanasenko, Soviet commander (killed in action) (b. 1890)
** Eva-Maria Buch, German resistance leader (executed) (b. 1921)
* August 9
** Franz Jägerstätter, Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1907)
** Chaïm Soutine, Russian-born painter (b. 1893)
* August 12 – Bobby Peel, English cricketer (b. 1857)
*
* September 1 – Charles Atangana, Cameroonian chief (b. c.1880)
* September 2 – Marsden Hartley, American modernism, American Modernist artist (b. 1877)
* September 6 – Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1915–1916 (b. 1863)
* September 7
** Géza Grünwald, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1910)
** Karlrobert Kreiten, German pianist (executed) (b. 1916)
* September 8 – Julius Fučík (journalist), Julius Fučík, Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1903)
* September 9
** Carlo Bergamini (admiral), Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (killed in action) (b. 1888)
** Salvatore John Cavallaro, American naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
** Federico Martinengo, Italian pilot (killed in action) (b. 1899)
* September 13
** David Bacon (actor), David Bacon, American film actor (b. 1914)
** Ugo Cavallero, General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b. 1880)
* September 17 – (killed in Ponary massacre)
** Kazimierz Pelczar, Polish oncologist, academic (b. 1894)
** Mieczysław Witold Gutkowski, Polish lawyer (b. 1893)
* September 19 – Germaine Cernay, French mezzo-soprano (b. 1900)
*
* October 2
** Carlos Blanco Galindo, 32nd President of Bolivia (b. 1882)
** Muhamed Hadžiefendić, Yugoslav army officer (killed by partisans) (b. 1898)
* October 4 – Irena Iłłakowicz, Polish general (murdered) (b. 1906)
* October 5 – Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinetist (b. 1902)
* October 6 – Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln, Hungarian adventurer (b. 1879)
* October 7 – Prince Christoph of Hesse (aviation accident) (b. 1901)
* October 8
**Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer, World War II resistance member (executed) (b. 1895)
**Wilhelm Hegeler, German novelist (b. 1870)
* October 9 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
* October 12 – Max Wertheimer, Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. 1880)
* October 14
** Rudolf Beckmann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1910)
** Siegfried Graetschus, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1916)
** Johann Niemann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1913)
* October 15 – William Penhallow Henderson, American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. 1877)
* October 18 – Margaret Bartholomew, American Civil Air Patrol officer (aviation accident on mission) (b. 1903)
* October 19 – Camille Claudel, French sculptor (b. 1864)
*
* November 5
** Samad Abdullayev, Soviet army officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
**Frank Campeau, American actor (b. 1864)
** Idhomene Kosturi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1873)
* November 7 – Dwight Frye, American character actor (b. 1899)
*
* December 1
** Antonio de Viti de Marco, Italian economist (b. 1858)
** Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, historian (b. 1862)
* December 2 – Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist and activist (killed in action as war correspondent) (b. 1902)
* December 6 – G. O. Smith, English sportsman (b. 1872)
* December 7 – Hamilton Lamb, Australian politician, soldier (in Japanese POW camp) (b. 1900)
* December 8 – Donald Mackintosh (bishop), Donald Mackintosh, British clergyman, Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1876)
* December 9
** George Cooper (actor), George Cooper, American silent film actor (b. 1892)
** Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (b. 1870)
* December 10 – Charles Belcher (actor), Charles Belcher, American film actor (b. 1872)
* December 13 – Erich Garske, German political activist (executed) (b. 1907)
* December 14 – John Harvey Kellogg, American physician, nutritionist (b. 1852)
* December 15 – Fats Waller, African-American jazz pianist (pneumonia) (b. 1904)
* December 18 – Hector Gray, British Royal Air Force officer (executed in Japanese Prisoner of War camp) (b. 1911)
* December 20 – Edward L. Beach Sr., American naval officer, author (b. 1867)
* December 22 – Beatrix Potter, British children's author, illustrator (b. 1866)
* December 23 – Frederic Fisher, Sir Frederic Fisher, British admiral (b. 1851)
* December 25 – William Irving (actor), William Irving, German-born American film actor (b. 1893)
* December 26 – Erich Bey, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1898)
* December 27
** Rupert Julian, New Zealand actor, director (b. 1879)
** Creelman MacArthur, Canadian businessman, politician (b. 1874)
* December 30 – Hobart Bosworth, American film actor, director, writer and producer (b. 1867)
February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 &nd ...
** In a ''Sportpalast'' speech in Berlin, German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician who was the '' Gauleiter'' (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to ...
declares a "total war
Total war is a type of warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-com ...
" against the Allies, tacitly admitting that Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
faces serious dangers.
** The Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hit ...
arrest the members of the White Rose German Resistance movement.
* February 19
Events Pre-1600
* 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
* 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of ...
– 24 – WWII: Battle of Kasserine Pass: German General Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, }; DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the ...
and other Axis forces launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
; it is the United States' first major battle defeat of the war. On February 22, an Anglo-American force halts the German advance near Thala Thala may refer to:
Places
* Thala Hills, Antarctica
* Thala Island, Antarctica
* Thala Rock, Antarctica
* Thala, Tunisia, a town in Kasserine Governorate
Other uses
* ''Thala'' (gastropod), a genus of sea snails
* Ajith Kumar (born 1971), I ...
, forcing the Germans to retreat, US bombers harass the retreating Panzers.
* February 20
** American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
** The Parícutin volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates ...
begins to appear in a cornfield in Mexico.
* February 21
Events Pre-1600
*452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
*1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The ...
– WWII: North Atlantic convoy ON 166 is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s, who sink eleven ships.
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
*1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdi ...
**WWII: RCN corvette HMCS ''Weyburn'' sinks east of Gibraltar, after being mined
Mined may refer to:
* Mined (text editor), a terminal-based text editor
* Mining, the extraction of valuable geological materials from the Earth
See also
* Mind (disambiguation)
* Mine (disambiguation)
Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer ...
.
**Members of the White Rose are executed in Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
.
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– 24 – Cavan Orphanage Fire: 35 girls and a cook from St Joseph's Orphanage
An orphanage is a residential institution, total institution or group home, devoted to the care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or abu ...
, an industrial school at Cavan
Cavan ( ; ) is the county town of County Cavan in Ireland. The town lies in Ulster, near the border with County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. The town is bypassed by the main N3 road that links Dublin (to the south) with Enniskillen, Ba ...
, Ireland, are killed in a fire in their dormitories. A subsequent inquiry absolves the Poor Clares
The Poor Clares, officially the Order of Saint Clare ( la, Ordo sanctae Clarae) – originally referred to as the Order of Poor Ladies, and later the Clarisses, the Minoresses, the Franciscan Clarist Order, and the Second Order of Saint Francis ...
of blame.
* February 28 – Operation Gunnerside: 6 Norwegians, led by Joachim Rønneberg, successfully attack the heavy water plant at Vemork.
March
* March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
– Exiled French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's self-illustrated children's novella
A novella is a narrative prose fiction whose length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most short stories. The English word ''novella'' derives from the Italian ''novella'' meaning a short story related to true (or apparently so) fact ...
, '' The Little Prince'', is published in New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
, the all-time best-selling book originating in French.
* March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
– December – History of computing hardware
The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans.
The first aids to computation were purely mechan ...
: British prototype Mark I Colossus computer is constructed (the world's first totally ''electronic'' programmable computing device) to assist in cryptanalysis of German signals at Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park is an English country house and estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire) that became the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War. The mansion was constructed during the years following ...
.
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...
– Heinz Guderian becomes Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the German Army.
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...
– 2 – WWII: Koriukivka massacre – 6,700 inhabitants of Koriukivka
Koriukivka (, ) is a town in Chernihiv Oblast ( province) of Ukraine. It was founded in 1657, over 350 years ago. It is the administrative center of Koriukivka Raion. It hosts the administration of Koriukivka urban hromada, one of the hromadas ...
are murdered in the Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian invas ...
, by a German SS unit.
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cu ...
– WWII: Battle of the Bismarck Sea
The Battle of the Bismarck Sea (2–4 March 1943) took place in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during World War II when aircraft of the U.S. Fifth Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attacked a Japanese convoy carrying troo ...
– United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships, then strafe survivors in the water.
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
*1575 & ...
– 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green, London.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title ''princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez (title), Knez Trpimir I of Cr ...
** As part of The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece, almost all Jews in the region are rounded up to be taken to Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka () was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship, vi ...
.
** The 15th Academy Awards
The 15th Academy Awards was held in the Cocoanut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on March 4, 1943, honoring the films of 1942. The ceremony is most famous for the speech by Greer Garson; accepting the award for Best Actress, Gar ...
ceremony is held in Los Angeles. '' Mrs. Miniver'' wins the Best Picture Award.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title ''princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez (title), Knez Trpimir I of Cr ...
– 6 – WWII: Battle of Fardykambos
The Battle of Fardykambos ( el, Μάχη του Φαρδύκαμπου), also known as the Battle of Bougazi (Μάχη στο Μπουγάζι), was fought between the National Liberation Front (EAM-ELAS) of the Greek Resistance against the I ...
– Greek partisans and armed civilians force the surrender of an Italian army battalion.
* March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
*1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern j ...
– The Gloster Meteor, the first Allied jet fighter, makes its first flight, in England.
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
*1226 &nda ...
– 10 – WWII: North Atlantic convoy SC 121
Convoy SC 121 was the 121st of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City 23 February 1943; and were met by the Mid-Ocean Escort Force Grou ...
is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s sinking seven ships.
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
*1226 &nda ...
– Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new government of Turkey (14th government; Şükrü Saracoğlu had served twice as a prime minister).
* March 10 – Banco Bradesco is founded in Marília, São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the Ga ...
, Brazil.
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
*1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the C ...
– WWII: Italian occupation of Greece: The Italian occupying forces abandon the town of Karditsa to the partisans. On the same day, an Italian motorized column razes the village of Tsaritsani
Tsaritsani or Tsiaritsiani ( el, Τσαριτσάνη, or el, Τσαρίτσιανη, ) is a village and a community of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform, it was an independent community. The 2011 census recorded ...
, burning 360 of its 600 houses and shooting 40 civilians.
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
* 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
* 1591 – At the Battle of ...
– The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Nazi German forces liquidate the Jews of the Kraków Ghetto, in Occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octo ...
.
* March 14 – WWII: British submarine HMS ''Thunderbolt'' is sunk off Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
by an Italian corvette, the second time this vessel has been lost with all hands.
* March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – ...
– WWII:
** Italian submarine ''Leonardo da Vinci'' sinks Canadian Pacific liner RMS ''Empress of Canada'' off Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierra ...
. Nearly half of the 392 fatalities are Italian prisoners of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held Captivity, captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.
Belligerents hold priso ...
.
** German forces recapture Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
troops, ending the month-long Third Battle of Kharkiv.
* March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
*1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
– 19 – WWII: 22 ships from Convoys HX 229/SC 122
During the Battle of the Atlantic, British merchant shipping was formed into convoys for protection against German submarine attack. In March 1943 convoys HX 229 and SC 122 were the focus of the largest convoy battle of the war. ''Kriegsmarine'' ...
and one U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat " wolfpack" attack of the war.
* March 17
Events Pre-1600
*45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age o ...
(Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( ga, Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit=the Day of the Festival of Patrick), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (), the foremost patr ...
) – Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera (, ; first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent Irish statesman and political leader. He served several terms as head of governm ...
, Taoiseach
The Taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister, of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the offi ...
of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 Counties of Ireland, counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern ...
, makes the speech "The Ireland That We Dreamed Of
"On Language & the Irish Nation" was the title of a radio address made by Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach of Ireland, on Raidió Éireann on St. Patrick's Day (17 March) 1943. It is often called The Ireland that we dreamed of, a phrase which ...
", commonly called the "comely maidens" speech, in Dublin Castle
Dublin Castle ( ga, Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a former Motte-and-bailey castle and current Irish government complex and conference centre. It was chosen for its position at the highest point of central Dublin.
Until 1922 it was the ...
.
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
*106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
– WWII: Khatyn massacre – The entire population of Khatyn, Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
is burnt alive by German occupation forces.
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– The drugs Vicodin and Lortab are first produced in Germany.
* March 26 – WWII: Battle of the Komandorski Islands: In the Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands ( ; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin, "land of the Aleuts"; possibly from the Chukchi ''aliat'', or "island")—also called the Aleut Islands, Aleutic Islands, or, before 1867, the Catherine Archipelago—are a chain of 14 main, ...
, the battle begins when United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
forces intercept Japanese troops attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska.
* March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII i ...
– WWII: British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by Kingdom of England, English and Kingdom of Scotland, Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were foug ...
escort carrier is destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde
The Firth of Clyde is the mouth of the River Clyde. It is located on the west coast of Scotland and constitutes the deepest coastal waters in the British Isles (it is 164 metres deep at its deepest). The firth is sheltered from the Atlantic ...
, killing 379 of the crew of 528.
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
– In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the port of Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, killing 600.
April
*April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
...
– Shipwrecked steward Poon Lim, BEM, is rescued by Brazilian fishermen after being adrift for 133 days.
* April 13 – WWII: Radio Berlin announces the discovery by Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previou ...
of mass graves of Poles killed by Soviets in the Katyn massacre.
* April 19
** History of lysergic acid diethylamide: Albert Hofmann self-administers the psychedelic drug LSD (which he first synthesized in 1938) for the first time in history and records the details of his experience.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
begins when Nazi troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto (german: Warschauer Ghetto, officially , "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; pl, getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the N ...
to round up remaining Jews.
* April 21 – WWII:
** Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; sco, Aiberdeen ; gd, Obar Dheathain ; la, Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), ...
, Scotland, experiences its worst bombing, with 125 people killed.
** The first German Tiger I tank is captured in North Africa by British forces.
* April 25 – Easter
Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...
occurs on the latest possible date (last time 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
; next time 2038) in the Western Christian Church.
* April 27 – The U.S. Federal Writers' Project
The Federal Writers' Project (FWP) was a federal government project in the United States created to provide jobs for out-of-work writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal program. It w ...
ceases operation.
May
* May 6 – WWII: Six U-boats are sunk, after sinking 12 ships from Convoy ONS 5
ONS 5 was the 5th of the numbered ON convoys, ONS series of Slow trade convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. The North Atlantic battle surrounding it in May 1943 is regarded as the turning point of the Battle of the Atlantic ...
, in the last major North Atlantic U-boat " wolfpack" attack of the war.
* May 9– 12 – Japanese troops carry out the Changjiao massacre in Changjiao, Hunan
Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi ...
, China.
* May 11
Events 1601–1900
*1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
*1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across th ...
– WWII: American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands ( ; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin, "land of the Aleuts"; possibly from the Chukchi ''aliat'', or "island")—also called the Aleut Islands, Aleutic Islands, or, before 1867, the Catherine Archipelago—are a chain of 14 main, ...
, in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.
* May 12
Events Pre-1600
* 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
* 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tan ...
– The Third Washington Conference
The Third Washington Conference (Code name, codenamed Trident) was held in Washington, D.C., Washington, D.C from May 12 to May 25, 1943. It was a World War II Military strategy, strategic meeting between the heads of government of the United Kin ...
("Trident") begins in Washington, D.C., with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill taking part.
* May 13 – WWII: German Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, }; DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the ...
and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allied forces.
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and fo ...
** Australian Hospital Ship ''Centaur'' is sunk off the coast of Queensland by , killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian crew aboard.
** The 358th Bombardment Squadron
The 358th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 303d Bombardment Wing at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 15 June 1964.
History World War II
The 358 ...
, 303d Bombardment Group
3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cultural significance in many societie ...
B-17F ''Hell's Angels'' is the first USAAF
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
bomber
A bomber is a military combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), launching aerial torpedo, torpedoes, or deploying air-launched cruise missiles. The first use of bombs dropped ...
to complete 25 missions.
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arb ...
– The Comintern
The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet Union, Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to ...
is dissolved in Moscow.
* May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
*1364 ...
– 17 – WWII: Operation Chastise (the 'Dambuster Raid') takes place: No. 617 Squadron RAF use bouncing bombs to breach German dams in the Ruhr Valley.
* May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
*1364 ...
– Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
ends. 13,000 Jews have been killed in the ghetto and almost all the remaining 50,000 residents are deported to Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka () was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship, vi ...
s.
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
*1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore F ...
– WWII:
** The United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
contracts with the University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universit ...
's Moore School to develop the computer ENIAC
ENIAC (; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one pac ...
.
** The '' Memphis Belle's'' crew becomes the first aircrew in the 8th Air Force to complete its 25-mission tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact for a War Bond drive.
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
* 1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nd ...
– Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the United States Congress.
* May 23 – WWII: The battleship is commissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...
.
* May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
*1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– The port city of Maizuru
is a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 78,644 in 34817 households and a population density of 230 persons per km². The total area of the city is .
Geography
Maizuru is located in northern Kyoto Pref ...
is founded in Japan.
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
*1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Norman Rockwell's illustration of ' Rosie the Riveter' first appears, on the cover of ''The Saturday Evening Post
''The Saturday Evening Post'' is an American magazine, currently published six times a year. It was issued weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, then every two weeks until 1969. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely ...
''.
* May 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Dr. Josef Mengele begins his position as a medical officer in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It con ...
.
** WWII: The Battle of Attu ends in the Aleutian Islands with an American victory over the Japanese forces there.
June
*June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king o ...
– BOAC Flight 777, a scheduled passenger flight, is shot down over the Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (), known in Spain as the Gulf of Biscay ( es, Golfo de Vizcaya, eu, Bizkaiko Golkoa), and in France and some border regions as the Gulf of Gascony (french: Golfe de Gascogne, oc, Golf de Gasconha, br, Pleg-mor Gwaskogn), ...
by German Junkers Ju 88
The Junkers Ju 88 is a Nazi Germany, German World War II ''Luftwaffe'' twin-engined multirole combat aircraft. Junkers, Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works (JFM) designed the plane in the mid-1930s as a so-called ''Schnellbomber'' ("fast bomber") th ...
s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including actor Leslie Howard.
* June 3
** The Zoot Suit Riots erupt between military personnel and Mexican-American youths in East Los Angeles.
** The French Committee of National Liberation (''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', CFLN) is formed with headquarters in Algiers and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud as co-presidents.
* June 4 – A military coup d'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, ...
in Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
ousts Ramón Castillo.
* June 8 – WWII: Japanese battleship ''Mutsu'' is destroyed by an accidental magazine explosion, in Hashirajima
is an island in southern Hiroshima Bay of the Inland Sea, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Located southeast of Iwakuni, it is part of the Kutsuna Islands within the Bōyo Islands group. The island covers and as of 2013 had a population of 184 ...
anchorage.
* June 8– 9 – WWII: Battle of Porta
The Battle of Porta ( el, Μάχη της Πόρτας) was fought on 8–9 June 1943 at the Porta and Mouzaki passes in western Thessaly, between the partisans of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and the Royal Italian Army, during the ...
: The Royal Italian Army is defeated by the Greek People's Liberation Army.
* June 20
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.
* 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...
– 23 – The Detroit race riot of 1943 in the United States kills 34 people (25 African Americans, 9 whites), wounds hundreds more and damages and destroys property worth millions.
* June 21 – WWII: As part of Operation Animals, British Special Operations Executive
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British World War II organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing secret organisations. Its pu ...
saboteurs destroy the railway bridge over the Asopos River in "Operation Washing
Operation Washing was the successful destruction of the railway bridge over the Asopos River in Central Greece by four British SOE saboteurs. It took place on 21 June 1943, as part of Operation Animals
Operation Animals was a World War II missi ...
", and guerrillas of the Greek People's Liberation Army ambush and destroy a German convoy at the Battle of Sarantaporos.
* June 22
Events Pre-1600
*217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Per ...
– WWII: The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division lands in North Africa, prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco.
* June 30
** The United States Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was a major part o ...
is abolished.
** WWII: The New Georgia campaign begins in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...
, an Allied offensive against the Japanese forces stationed there.
* June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summ ...
(late) – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in Occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octo ...
(for gassing at Sobibór), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hit ...
make efforts to obliterate the site.
July
* July 1 – The United States Women's Army Corps
The Women's Army Corps (WAC) was the women's branch of the United States Army. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) on 15 May 1942 and converted to an active duty status in the Army of the United State ...
(WAC) is converted to full status.
* July 4 – 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash: The aircraft carrying General Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (; 20 May 18814 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
Prior to the First World War, Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause for Polish ...
, Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile ( pl, Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Pola ...
, crashes, killing him and 15 others, leading to a lasting controversy over the circumstances.
* July 5 – WWII:
** Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
commences Operation Citadel. It will eventually lead to the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history.
** A fleet sets sail for the Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allies of World War II, Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy (192 ...
.
** The National Bands Agreement
The National Bands Agreement ( el, Σύμφωνο των Εθνικών Ομάδων) was an agreement concluded on 5 July 1943 at the village of Liaskovo, between the British military mission to occupied Greece and the three main Greek Resistan ...
is concluded in Greece.
* July 6 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara.
* July 10
** (0245 GMT (4:45 a.m. local time)) – WWII: Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allies of World War II, Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy (192 ...
– The Allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe begins, with landings on the island of Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
off mainland Italy by the Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army
The Eighth Army was an Allied field army formation of the British Army during the Second World War, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns. Units came from Australia, British India, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Free French Forc ...
, including the 1st Canadian Infantry Division.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Jedwabne pogrom – At least 340 Polish Jews are marched to a local barn, locked inside and subsequently burned to death.
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– WWII:
** United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
forces make an assault on Piano Lupo, just outside Gela, Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
.
** Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ( pl, rzeź wołyńska, lit=Volhynian slaughter; uk, Волинська трагедія, lit=Volyn tragedy, translit=Volynska trahediia), were carried out in German-occupied Poland by th ...
by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine ( Volhynia) peak.
* July 12 – WWII: Main engagement of the Battle of Prokhorovka – The Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previou ...
and the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian language, Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist R ...
fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in military history
Military history is the study of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to local and international relationships.
Professional historians no ...
.
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
– WWII: Rome is bombed by the Allies, for the first time in the war.
* July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of St ...
– WWII: Operation Gomorrha: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg
Hamburg (, ; nds, label=Hamburg German, Low Saxon, Hamborg ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (german: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; nds, label=Low Saxon, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),. is the List of cities in Germany by popul ...
by night; American planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
* July 25 – Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in ...
, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism withdraws its support. "Il Duce" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio.
August
* August 1 – Operation Tidal Wave: 177 B-24 Liberator
The Consolidated B-24 Liberator is an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California. It was known within the company as the Model 32, and some initial production aircraft were laid down as export models d ...
bombers from the U.S. Army Air Force bomb oil refineries at Ploiești, Romania.
* August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
* 216 BC – The Carthaginian a ...
– WWII: John F. Kennedy's PT boat
A PT boat (short for patrol torpedo boat) was a motor torpedo boat used by the United States Navy in World War II. It was small, fast, and inexpensive to build, valued for its maneuverability and speed but hampered at the beginning of the ...
''PT-109'' is run down by Japanese destroyer ''Amagiri''.
* August 4 – WWII: The aircraft carrier is launched at Newport News, Virginia
Newport News () is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. At the 2020 census, the population was 186,247. Located in the Hampton Roads region, it is the 5th most populous city in Virginia and 140th most populous city in the U ...
.
* August 5 – WWII:
** United States Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) are formed, consolidating the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WFTD).
** John F. Kennedy and crew are found by Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...
coastwatchers Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, with their dugout canoe
A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. ''Monoxylon'' (''μονόξυλον'') (pl: ''monoxyla'') is Greek – ''mono-'' (single) + '' ξύλον xylon'' ( ...
.
* August 6 – WWII: Battle of Vella Gulf: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off Kolombangara, as the U.S. Army drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield on New Georgia.
* August 14
Events Pre-1600
* 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...
** WWII: Rome is declared an open city by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.
** The Quadrant Conference
The First Quebec Conference, codenamed "Quadrant", was a highly secret military conference held during World War II by the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. It took place in Quebec City on August 17–24, 1943, at ...
begins in Quebec City
Quebec City ( or ; french: Ville de Québec), officially Québec (), is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Communauté métrop ...
; Canadian Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...
MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
* August 17 – WWII:
** The Seventh U.S. Army, under General George S. Patton, meets the Eighth British Army under Field Marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army and as such few persons are appointed to it. It is considered a ...
B. L. Montgomery in Messina, Sicily, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allies of World War II, Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy (192 ...
** Operation Hydra: The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
sets out to bomb the Peenemünde Army Research Center, to disrupt the German V-weapons programme.
* August 21
Events Pre-1600
* 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
*1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
*1169 – B ...
– 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government ...
defeats the Country
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, whil ...
/ UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...
Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the e ...
and the House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies
The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after.
* August 23 – WWII: The Battle of Kursk ends, with a strategic defeat for the German forces.
* August 24 – Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
is named Reichsminister of the Interior in Germany.
* August 26 – WWII: Louis Mountbatten is named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.
* August 28 – WWII: King Boris III of Bulgaria
Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until ...
dies under suspicious circumstances; his 6-year-old son, Simeon II, ascends to the throne.
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
– WWII: Occupation of Denmark – Germany dissolves the Danish government, after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities.
September
*September 3
Events Pre-1600
* 36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
* 301
__NOTOC__
Year 301 (Ro ...
– WWII: Allied invasion of Italy
The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that took place from 3 September 1943, during the Italian campaign of World War II. The operation was undertaken by General Sir Harold Alexander's 15th Army Gro ...
** Armistice of Cassibile: The Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and ...
surrenders to the Allies in a document signed on Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
but not made public at this time.
** Operation Baytown
Operation Baytown was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy that took place on 3 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy, itself part of the Italian Campaign, during the Second World War.
Planning
The attack wa ...
: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under General Bernard Montgomery
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, (; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty", was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War, the Irish War of Independence and ...
, for the first time in the war.
* September 5 – WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment (under American General Douglas MacArthur) lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae, in northeastern Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
.
* September 7 – Gulf Hotel fire: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas kills 55.
* September 8
** WWII: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies.
** WWII: Frascati air raid: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone.
** The first classes commence at Grace University in Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha ( ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County, Nebraska, Douglas County. Omaha is in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about north of the mouth of the Platte River. List of ...
.
* September 9 – Bertolt Brecht
Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a ...
's play ''Life of Galileo
''Life of Galileo'' (), also known as ''Galileo'', is a play by the 20th century German dramatist Bertolt Brecht and collaborator Margarete Steffin with incidental music by Hanns Eisler. The play was written in 1938 and received its first theat ...
'' () receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich.
* September 12 – WWII: Gran Sasso raid – German paratroopers rescue Mussolini from imprisonment, in ''Unternehmen Eiche'' ("Operation Oak").
* September 16 – WWII: Salerno Mutiny – Soldiers of the British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gur ...
's X Corps refuse postings to new units.
* September 17 – WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny – A group of pro- Partisan soldiers, led by Ferid Džanić and others within the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)
The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS ''Handschar'' (1st Croatian) was a Gebirgsjäger, mountain infantry Division (military), division of the Waffen-SS, an armed branch of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formall ...
, training in Occupied France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
, rise against Nazi German troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.
* September 21– 26 – WWII: Massacre of the Acqui Division
The massacre of the Acqui Division, also known as the Cephalonia massacre, was the mass execution of the soldiers of the Italian 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" by German soldiers on the island of Cephalonia, Greece, in September 1943, following t ...
– German soldiers of the 1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)
The 1st Mountain Division (german: 1. Gebirgs-Division) was an elite formation of the German ''Wehrmacht'' during World War II, and is remembered for its involvement in multiple large-scale war crimes.
It was created on 9 April 1938 in Garmisc ...
kill over 5,100 Italian military internees resisting disarmament on the Greek island of Cephalonia
Kefalonia or Cephalonia ( el, Κεφαλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It ...
.
* September 22
Events Pre-1600
* 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government.
*1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the ...
– October 2 – WWII: Landing at Scarlet Beach on the Huon Peninsula
Huon Peninsula is a large rugged peninsula on the island of New Guinea in Morobe Province, eastern Papua New Guinea. It is named after French explorer Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec. The peninsula is dominated by the steep Saruwaged and Finiste ...
of New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
by Allied forces, the first time Australian troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915.
* September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
– WWII: The Italian Social Republic
The Italian Social Republic ( it, Repubblica Sociale Italiana, ; RSI), known as the National Republican State of Italy ( it, Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia, SNRI) prior to December 1943 but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò ...
("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sover ...
of Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
.
* September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...
– WWII: The Russian city of Smolensk
Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest ...
is liberated by Soviet forces as part of the successful Smolensk operation
The second Smolensk operation (7 August – 2 October 1943) was a Soviet strategic offensive operation conducted by the Red Army as part of the Summer-Autumn Campaign of 1943. Staged almost simultaneously with the Lower Dnieper Offensive (13 Aug ...
against German defenders.
* September 27 – WWII: Four days of Naples begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city.
October
* October 1 – WWII: United States forces enter liberatedNaples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
.
* October 3 – WWII: Nazi Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previou ...
forces commit the Lyngiades massacre
The Lingiades massacre, on 3 October 1943, was a Nazi German war crime committed by members of the 1st Mountain Division of the ''Wehrmacht Heer'' during the Axis occupation of Greece. The village of Lingiades ( el, Λιγκιάδες), near ...
in northwest Greece as an arbitrary reprisal.
* October 6 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella
The was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6 October 1943, near the island of Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands. It marked the end of a three-month fight to capture the central Solomon Islands, as p ...
.
* October 7 – WWII: The Naples post-office bombing kills 100.
* October 10
** WWII: Double Tenth incident (Japanese occupation of Singapore
, officially , was the name for Singapore when it was occupied and ruled by the Empire of Japan, following the fall and surrender of British military forces on 15 February 1942 during World War II.
Japanese military forces occupied it af ...
): The Japanese military police, the Kempeitai, arrest and torture more than 50 civilians and civilian internees, on false suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...
Harbour during Operation Jaywick.
** The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky is instituted in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
.
* October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...
– WWII: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany.
* October 14
** WWII: During the Second Raid on Schweinfurt, the United States Eighth Air Force
The Eighth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) is a numbered air force (NAF) of the United States Air Force's Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The command serves as Air Forces ...
suffers so many losses, that it loses air supremacy over Germany for several months.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Uprising in Sobibór extermination camp; about half the inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed.
** José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
( Second Philippine Republic).
* October 16 – The Holocaust: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome – Over a thousand Jews are rounded up in Rome by the Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one or ...
; only 16 will survive their deportation to Auschwitz concentration camp. The public silence of Pope Pius XII on the raid becomes a matter of historical controversy.
* October 17
Events Pre-1600
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou dynasty ( ; Old Chinese ( B&S): *''tiw'') was a royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty. Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty ...
– WWII:
** The last commerce raider
Commerce raiding (french: guerre de course, "war of the chase"; german: Handelskrieg, "trade war") is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than eng ...
, German auxiliary cruiser ''Michel'', is sunk off Japan by United States submarine ''Tarpon''.
** The Burma Railway is completed between Bangkok
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
and Rangoon
Yangon ( my, ရန်ကုန်; ; ), formerly spelled as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military governme ...
, Burma (modern-day Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
) () by the Empire of Japan
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent for ...
, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held Captivity, captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.
Belligerents hold priso ...
.
* October 18 – Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China
This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China.
The Republic of China controlled Mainland China before 1949. In the fall of 1949, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan and surrounding islands as a result of the takeover of the ...
.
* October 19 – WWII: Allied aircraft sink the German-controlled cargo ship in the Mediterranean, killing over 2,000 people, mostly Italian military internees.
* October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
* 1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege o ...
– Lucie Aubrac
Lucie Samuel (29 June 1912 – 14 March 2007), born Lucie Bernard, and better known as Lucie Aubrac (), was a French history teacher and member of the French Resistance during World War II. In 1938, she earned an agrégation of history (something ...
and others in her French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
cell liberate Raymond Aubrac from Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one or ...
imprisonment.
* October 22 – WWII: Bombing of Kassel in World War II: The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel
Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2 ...
; at least 10,000 are killed and 150,000 are made homeless.
* October 24 – WWII: British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by Kingdom of England, English and Kingdom of Scotland, Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were foug ...
destroyer is sunk by a mine in the Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea ; tr, Ege Denizi (Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος: "Egéo Pélagos", Turkish: "Ege Denizi" or "Adalar Denizi") is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans an ...
, with the loss of 119 of the ship's company and 134 troops.
* October 30
** WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations
The Moscow Declarations were four declarations signed during the Moscow Conference (1943), Moscow Conference on October 30, 1943. The declarations are distinct from the Communique that was issued following the Moscow Conference (1945), Moscow Confe ...
: the Declaration of the Four Nations on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments.
** The Merrie Melodies
''Merrie Melodies'' is an American animation, animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. starting in 1931, during the golden age of American animation, and ending in 1969. Then some new cartoons were produced from the late 197 ...
animated cartoon '' Falling Hare'', one of the only shorts with Bugs Bunny getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.
November
* November 1 – WWII: Operation Goodtime
The Battle of the Treasury Islands was a Second World War battle that took place between 27 October and 12 November 1943 on the Treasury Islands group, part of the Solomon Islands. The battle formed part of the wider Pacific War and involved New ...
: United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through c ...
land on Bougainville Island
Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin: ''Bogenvil'') is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire-associated North Solomons. Its land area ...
in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...
.
* November 2 – WWII:
** Battle of Empress Augusta Bay off Bougainville Island
Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin: ''Bogenvil'') is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire-associated North Solomons. Its land area ...
: American and Japanese ships fight to a draw.
** WWII: British troops in Italy reach the Garigliano River.
* November 3– 4 – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: '' Aktion Erntefest'' ("Operation Harvest Festival") – The largest single day massacre of Jews in the entire war takes place when over 43,000 Jews are shot-gunned to death by the SS, the ''Ordnungspolizei
The ''Ordnungspolizei'' (), abbreviated ''Orpo'', meaning "Order Police", were the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany from 1936 to 1945. The Orpo organisation was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly on power after regional police jurisdictio ...
'' and the "Trawniki men
Trawniki is a village in Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the present-day gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Trawniki. It lies approximately south-east of Świdnik and south-east of the reg ...
" (Ukrainian collaborators) in '' Sonderdienst'' formations at the Majdanek, Trawniki and Poniatowa concentration camps in the General Government territory of occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octo ...
.
* November 5 – WWII: First Bombing of the Vatican
Bombings of Vatican City occurred twice during World War II. The first occasion was on the evening of 5 November 1943, when a plane dropped bombs on the area south-west of St. Peter's Basilica, causing considerable damage but no casualties. The ...
– Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City
Vatican City (), officially the Vatican City State ( it, Stato della Città del Vaticano; la, Status Civitatis Vaticanae),—'
* german: Vatikanstadt, cf. '—' (in Austria: ')
* pl, Miasto Watykańskie, cf. '—'
* pt, Cidade do Vati ...
; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified.
* November 6 – WWII: The Ukrainian capital of Kiev
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
Ky ...
is liberated by Soviet forces from its German occupiers as part of the Battle of Kiev.
* November 9
Events Pre-1600
* 694 – At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
* 1277 – The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement f ...
�An agreement
for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the
White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. preside ...
, Washington, D.C.
* November 10 – The Lübeck martyrs, four men of religion, are executed for supposedly treasonable views.
* November 14
Events Pre-1600 1601–1900
*1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
* 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile ...
– Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein ( ; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, music educator, author, and humanitarian. Considered to be one of the most important conductors of his time, he was the first America ...
, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic
The New York Philharmonic, officially the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc., globally known as New York Philharmonic Orchestra (NYPO) or New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra, is a symphony orchestra based in New York City. It is ...
in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over CBS Radio. The event receives front-page coverage in ''The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' the following day.
* November 15 – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
orders that Gypsies be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in Nazi concentration camps
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps, (officially) or (more commonly). The Nazi concentration camps are distinguished from other types of Nazi camps such as forced-labor camps, as well as concen ...
."
* November 16 – WWII:
** After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and ...
facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
** A Japanese submarine sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine , near Chuuk Lagoon
Chuuk Lagoon, previously Truk Atoll, is an atoll in the central Pacific. It lies about northeast of New Guinea, and is part of Chuuk State within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). A protective reef, around, encloses a natural harb ...
(Truk).
* November 18 – WWII: Battle of Berlin – The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
opens its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes, causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.
* November 19 – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Inmates of Janowska concentration camp, near Lwów (at this time in German-occupied Poland), stage a failed uprising, after which the SS liquidates the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.
* November 20 – WWII: Battle of Tarawa
The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan at the Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, and was part of Operation Galvanic, the U.S. invasion of the Gilberts. Nearly 6,400 Japanese, Koreans, ...
: United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through c ...
land on Tarawa and Makin atoll
An atoll () is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical oceans and seas where corals can ...
s in the Gilbert Islands
The Gilbert Islands ( gil, Tungaru;Reilly Ridgell. ''Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.'' 3rd. Ed. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1995. p. 95. formerly Kingsmill or King's-Mill IslandsVery often, this n ...
(Kiribati
Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),Kiribati
''The Wor ...
from 1979) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.
* November 22– 26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – ''The Wor ...
President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal gove ...
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As moder ...
Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China
This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China.
The Republic of China controlled Mainland China before 1949. In the fall of 1949, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan and surrounding islands as a result of the takeover of the ...
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
meet at Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo met ...
, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.
* November 22 – Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate.
* November 23 – The Deutsches Opernhaus
The Deutsche Oper Berlin is a German opera company located in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. The resident building is the country's second largest opera house (after Munich's) and also home to the Berlin State Ballet.
Since 2004, the De ...
on Bismarckstraße, in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg, is destroyed in an air raid (it is reopened in 1961, as the Deutsche Oper Berlin).
* November 25 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George
The Battle of Cape St. George was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on 25 November 1943, between Cape St. George, New Ireland, and Buka Island (now part of the North Solomons Province in Papua New Guinea). It wa ...
, between Buka and New Ireland.
* November 26 – WWII: British troopship HMT ''Rohna'' is sunk off the north African coast by a ''Luftwaffe
The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German '' Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the '' Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabt ...
'' Henschel Hs 293
The Henschel Hs 293 was a World War II German radio-guided glide bomb. It is the first operational anti-shipping missile, first used unsuccessfully on 25 August 1943 and then with increasing success over the next year, ultimately damaging or ...
radio controlled glide bomb, killing 1,015.
* November 27 – The 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake in Turkey kills thousands.
* November 28 – WWII: Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference ( codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. It was held in the Soviet Union's embass ...
: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
meet in Tehran
Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the Capital city, capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is th ...
, to discuss war strategy. On November 30, they establish an agreement concerning a planned June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summ ...
1944 invasion of Europe, codenamed Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Norm ...
.
* November 29 – The second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavij ...
, is held in Jajce
Jajce (Јајце) is a town and municipality located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the town has a population of 7,172 inhabitants, wit ...
, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and ...
, to determine the post-war ordering of the country.
December
* December 2 – WWII: Bari chemical warfare disaster: A surpriseLuftwaffe
The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German '' Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the '' Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabt ...
air raid on Bari, Italy sinks 28 Allied ships in the harbor, including the American Liberty ship
Liberty ships were a ship class, class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Though British in concept, the design was adopted by the United States for its simple, low-cost constr ...
, releasing its secret cargo of mustard gas
Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound belonging to a family of cytotoxic and blister agents known as mustard agents. The name ''mustard gas'' is technically incorrect: the substance, when dispersed, is often not actually a gas, b ...
bombs, inflating the number of casualties.
* December 3
** In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the SS and Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one or ...
execute 100 Warsaw Tramway workers.
** Edward R. Murrow delivers his classic "Orchestrated Hell" broadcast over CBS Radio, describing a Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
nighttime bombing raid on Berlin.
* December 4
** WWII: In Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavij ...
, resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito, Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government-in-exile.
** With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes the Works Progress Administration.
** WWII: Bolivia declares war on Romania and Hungary.
* December 7 – Chiara Lubich starts the humanitarian Focolare Movement in Trento, Italy.
* December 13 – WWII: Massacre of Kalavryta – The occupying 117th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) machine-guns all adult males from Kalavryta, Greece, subsequently burning the town.
* December 15 – WWII: American and Australian forces begin the Battle of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea), Cape Gloucester on New Britain, in Papua New Guinea.
* December 20 – A military coup is staged in Bolivia.
*December 20–December 28, 28 – WWII: Italian Campaign – Battle of Ortona: Canadian infantry defeat elite German paratroops.
* December 24 – WWII: U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes Supreme Allied Commander Europe. He establishes the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in London.
* December 26 – WWII: Battle of the North Cape – German battleship Scharnhorst, German battleship ''Scharnhorst'' is torpedoed and sunk in a night action north of the Arctic Circle by British battleship HMS Duke of York (17), HMS ''Duke of York'' and her escorts with the loss of all but 36 of the German crew of 1,943 (including Admiral Erich Bey); this is the war's last action between big-gun capital ships of Britain and Germany.
* December 30 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India.
* December 31 - The Times Square Ball in Times Square, New York City isn't dropped a second time. Instead, there was a moment of silence at midnight, followed by the sound of bells playing from sound trucks at the base of One Times Square.
Date unknown
* Bengal famine of 1943, Bengal Famine. * History of the cooperative movement: Father José María Arizmendiarrieta sets up a polytechnic school at Mondragón in the Spanish Basque Country (predecessor of the University of Mondragón), which inspires creation of the Mondragon Corporation. * Arana Hall, a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is founded. * Jacques-Yves Cousteau co-invents, with Émile Gagnan, the first commercially successful open circuit type of Scuba set, scuba diving equipment, the Aqua-lung. * Martin Noth's groundbreaking work of Old Testament scholarship, , is published.Births
January
* January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. ...
– Jimmy Hart, American wrestling manager
* January 2 – Barış Manço, Turkish singer, television personality (d. 1999)
* January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – E ...
– Doris Kearns Goodwin, American writer
* January 5 – James Goldstein, LA businessman, NBA basketball aficionado
* January 6 – Terry Venables, English footballer and manager
* January 7 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese leukemia, atomic bomb sickness victim (d. 1955)
* January 9 – Scott Walker (singer), Scott Walker, American-born singer, composer and record producer (d. 2019)
* January 10 – Jim Croce, American surburbia musician (d. 1973)
* January 14
Events Pre-1600
*1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
* 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary.
1601–1900
* 1639 – The " Fundamental Orders", the first written ...
** Mariss Jansons, Latvian conductor (d. 2019)
** José Luis Rodríguez (singer), José Luis Rodríguez, Venezuelan singer
** Ralph M. Steinman, Canadian immunologist, cell biologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2011)
** Holland Taylor, American actress
* January 15
** Kirin Kiki, Japanese actress (d. 2018)
** Dame Margaret Beckett, British politician
* January 17
** Daniel Brandenstein, American astronaut
** René Préval, 2nd Prime Minister of Haiti, 38th and 40th President of Haiti (d. 2017)
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chine ...
** Paul Freeman (actor), Paul Freeman, English actor
** Kay Granger, American politician
* January 19
** Janis Joplin, American rock singer (d. 1970)
** Princess Margriet of the Netherlands
* January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw ...
** Tamás Cseh, Hungarian composer, singer and actor (d. 2009)
** Marília Pêra, Brazilian actress (d. 2015)
* January 24
** Janice Raymond, American second-wave feminist activist
** Sharon Tate, American actress and model (d. 1969)
* January 25
** Roy Black (singer), Roy Black, German singer (d. 1991)
** Tobe Hooper, American film director (d. 2017)
* January 26 – Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress (d. 2001)
February
* February 2 – Erkan Geniş, Turkish artist
* February 3
Events Pre-1600
*1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
* 1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
** Blythe Danner, American actress
** Dennis Edwards, American soul, R&B singer (d. 2018)
** Eric Haydock, British musician (d. 2019)
* February 4 – Alberto João Jardim, Portuguese politician
* February 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
*1576 – Henry IV of France, Henry of Navarre :wikt:abjure, abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Re ...
** Nolan Bushnell, American video game pioneer
** Michael Mann (director), Michael Mann, American film director, writer and producer
** Craig Morton, American football player
* February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
* 1301 &nda ...
– Gareth Hunt, English actor (d. 2007)
* February 8 – Creed Bratton, American actor, musician
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** Joe Pesci, American actor (''Goodfellas'')
** Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
*1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...
– Walter B. Jones Jr., American politician (d. 2019)
* February 11 – Mohammad Rafiquzzaman, Bangladeshi lyricist
* February 12 – Wacław Kisielewski, Polish pianist (d. 1986)
* February 14
Events Pre-1600
* 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt.
* 842 – Charles the Bald and Lo ...
– Maceo Parker, American musician (James Brown, P-Funk)
* February 15 – Elke Heidenreich, German author, TV presenter and journalist
* February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 &nd ...
– Graeme Garden, Scottish writer, comedian and actor
* February 19
Events Pre-1600
* 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
* 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of ...
** Homer Hickam, American aerospace engineer and writer
** Tim Hunt, British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* February 20
** Moshe Cotel, American composer, pianist (d. 2008)
** Antonio Inoki, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2022)
** Mike Leigh, British film director
* February 21
Events Pre-1600
*452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
*1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The ...
** David Geffen, American record executive, film producer
** Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Russian novelist
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
*1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdi ...
** Horst Köhler, President of Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany
** Eduard Limonov, Russian writer, poet, publicist, and political dissident (d. 2020)
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Fred Biletnikoff, American football player, coach
* February 24 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer
* February 25
** Boediono, Indonesian economist, 11th Vice President of Indonesia
** George Harrison, English singer, guitarist (''The Beatles'') (d. 2001)
* February 26
** Bill Duke, American actor, director
** Bob Hite, American singer, musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1981)
** Darcus Howe, Trinidadian-born British civil rights activist (d. 2017)
* February 27 – Morten Lauridsen, American composer
* February 28 – Donnie Iris, American rock singer, guitarist (The Jaggerz, Wild Cherry (band), Wild Cherry, Donnie Iris, Donnie Iris and the Cruisers)
March
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...
** Gil Amelio, American entrepreneur
** Richard H. Price, American physicist
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cu ...
** Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (d. 2005)
** Tony Meehan, British drummer (The Shadows) (d. 2005)
** Peter Straub, American author (d. 2022)
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
*1575 & ...
– Trond Mohn, Norwegian billionaire
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title ''princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez (title), Knez Trpimir I of Cr ...
** Lucio Dalla, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
** Zoltán Jeney, Hungarian composer (d. 2019)
* March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
*1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern j ...
** Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1997)
** Lucio Battisti, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1998)
* March 8
** Lynn Redgrave, English-American actress (d. 2010)
** Susan Clark, Canadian actress (''Webster (TV series), Webster'')
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
*1226 &nda ...
** Bobby Fischer, American chess player (d. 2008)
** Charles Gibson, American television journalist
* March 11 - Ma'ruf Amin, Indonesian Islamic cleric and 13th Vice President of Indonesia
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
*1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the C ...
– Ratko Mladic, Serbia military leader
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
* 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
* 1591 – At the Battle of ...
– André Téchiné, French film director
* March 14
** Anita Morris, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 1994)
** Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, American guitarist (Ohio Players) (d. 2013)
* March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – ...
** David Cronenberg, Canadian film director
** Kohji Moritsugu, Japanese actor (Ultraseven)
** Sly Stone, African-American singer (Sly and the Family Stone)
* March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
*1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
** Helen Armstrong (violinist), Helen Armstrong, American violinist (d. 2006)
** Kim Mu-saeng, South Korean actor (d. 2005)
* March 18
** Kevin Dobson, American actor (d. 2020)
** Lowrell Simon, American singer (d. 2018)
* March 19
** Mario J. Molina, Mexican chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
** Mario Monti, 54th Prime Minister of Italy
* March 20
** Gerard Malanga, American poet, photographer
** Douglas Tompkins, American conservationist, businessman (d. 2015)
* March 21
** Luigi Agnolin, Italian football referee (d. 2018)
** István Gyulai, Hungarian sports official (d. 2006)
** Vivian Stanshall, British comedy writer, artist, broadcaster and musician (d. 1995)
** Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
*106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
** George Benson, African American guitarist and singer-songwriter
** Keith Relf, British rock musician (d. 1976)
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Lee May, American baseball player (d. 2017)
* March 24 – Kate Webb, New Zealand-born Australian war correspondent (d. 2007)
* March 25 – Paul Michael Glaser, American actor
* March 26 – Bob Woodward, American journalist
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
– Conchata Ferrell, American actress (d. 2020)
* March 29
** Eric Idle, English comedian, actor, author and musician (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
** John Major, British politician, 70th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As moder ...
** Vangelis, Greek musician, composer (''Chariots of Fire'', ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Cosmos'') (d. 2022)
* March 30
** Dennis Etchison, American author and editor (d. 2019)±
** Jay Traynor, American singer (Jay and the Americans) (d. 2014)
* March 31
** Motiur Rahman Nizami, Bangladeshi politician, convicted war criminal (d. 2016)
** Christopher Walken, American actor
April
* April 2 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
* April 4 – Isabel-Clara Simó, Spanish journalist and writer (d. 2020)
* April 5
** Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018)
** Max Gail, American actor (''Barney Miller'')
* April 6 − Susan Tolsky, American actress and voice actress
* April 8
** Miller Farr, American football player
** Jack O'Halloran, American boxer and actor
* April 10
** Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete (d. 2008)
** Margaret Pemberton, English writer
* April 11 – Harley Race, American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer (d. 2019)
* April 13 – Doreen Tracey, British-born American actress (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and biochemist
** Mighty Sam McClain, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015)
* April 16 – Petro Tyschtschenko, German businessman
* April 17 – Bobby Curtola, Canadian singer (d. 2016)
* April 19 – Claus Theo Gärtner, German actor
* April 20 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor
* April 21 – Napsiah Omar, Malaysian educator, politician (d. 2018)
* April 22
** Louise Glück, American poet, 12th US Poet Laureate, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
** Gabriel López Zapiain, Mexican footballer (d. 2018)
* April 23
** Dominik Duka, Czech Roman Catholic bishop, theologian
** Gail Goodrich, American basketball player
** Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer
** Frans Koppelaar, Dutch painter
** Hervé Villechaize, French-born actor (''Fantasy Island'') (d. 1993)
* April 24 – Richard Sterban, American singer (''The Oak Ridge Boys'')
* April 25
** Alan Feduccia, American paleornithologist
** James G. Mitchell, Canadian computer scientist
* April 26 – Gary Wright, American singer, songwriter, musician and composer
* April 28 – John Oliver Creighton, John O. Creighton, American astronaut
* April 29 – Sir Ian Kershaw, English historian
* April 30
** Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (d. 2011)
** Bobby Vee, American singer (d. 2016)
May
* May 1
**Ian Dunn (activist), Ian Dunn, Scottish gay and paedophile rights activist (d. 1998)
**Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004)
* May 2 – Mustafa Nadarević, Yugoslav and Bosnian actor and comedian (d. 2020)
* May 3 – Jim Risch, American politician
* May 5 – Michael Palin, English comedian, actor, and television presenter (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
* May 6 – Grange Calveley, British writer, artist (d. 2021)
* May 7 – Orlando Ramírez (footballer), Orlando Ramírez, Chilean footballer (d. 2018)
* May 8 – Danny Whitten, American musician (d. 1972)
* May 10 – Richard Darman, American federal government official, businessman (d. 2008)
* May 13 – Kurt Trampedach, Danish artist (d. 2013)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and fo ...
** Jack Bruce, British musician, songwriter (d. 2014)
** Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, 5th President of Iceland
* May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
*1364 ...
– Dan Coats, American politician and diplomat
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
*1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore F ...
** Mark W. Olson, American economist, politician (d. 2018)
** Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, King of Malaysia
* May 20 – Imata Kabua, Marshallese politician, 2nd List of Presidents of the Marshall Islands, President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2019)
* May 22 – Betty Williams (Nobel laureate), Betty Williams, Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2020)
* May 24 – Gary Burghoff, American actor (''M*A*S*H'')
* May 25 – Jessi Colter, American singer, composer
* May 26 – Erica Terpstra, Dutch swimmer, politician and president of the Dutch Olympic Committee
* May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
*1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
** Bruce Weitz, American actor
** Cilla Black, English singer, entertainer (d. 2015)
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
*1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Ion Ciubuc, Moldovan politician (d. 2018)
* May 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...
– James Chaney, African-American civil rights worker (d. 1964)
* May 31
** Sharon Gless, American actress
** Joe Namath, American football player
June
* June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king o ...
** Kuki Gallmann, Kenyan writer, poet
** Richard Goode, American pianist
** Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (d. 2004)
* June 2 – Ilayaraaja, Indian composer
* June 3
** John Burgess (host), John Burgess, Australian game show host, actor
** Billy Cunningham, American basketball player and coach
* June 4 – Joyce Meyer, Christian author, speaker
* June 6 – Richard Smalley, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
* June 7
** Chan Hung-lit, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009)
** Nikki Giovanni, American poet, writer, commentator, activist and educator
** Ken Osmond, American actor (d. 2020)
* June 8
** Colin Baker, British actor
** Şahan Arzruni, Armenian pianist
* June 11 – Henry Hill, American gangster (d. 2012)
* June 13 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor
* June 14 – Jim Sensenbrenner, American politician
* June 15
** Johnny Hallyday, French pop singer, actor (d. 2017)
** Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, 23rd Prime Minister of Denmark
* June 16
** Raymond Ramazani Baya, Congolese politician (d. 2019)
** Joan Van Ark, American actress
* June 17
** Newt Gingrich, American politician, author and historian
** Barry Manilow, American pop musician
* June 18
** Raffaella Carrà, Italian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2021)
** Barry Evans (actor), Barry Evans, English actor (d. 1997)
* June 21 – Marika Green, French-Swedish actress
* June 22
Events Pre-1600
*217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Per ...
** Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor
** J. Michael Kosterlitz, Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* June 23
** Patrick Bokanowski, French filmmaker
** James Levine, American conductor (d. 2021)
** Vint Cerf, American internet pioneer
* June 25
** Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter
* June 26
** John Beasley (actor), John Beasley, American actor
** Warren Farrell, American educator, activist and author on gender issues
* June 27 – Rico Petrocelli, American baseball player
* June 28
** Jens Birkemose, Danish painter
** Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* June 29
** Maureen O'Brien, British actress
** Leopold Grausam, Austrian footballer
** Frank Zweerts, Dutch field hockey player
* June 30
** Cees Kurpershoek, Dutch sailor
** Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician
** Florence Ballard, African-American singer, founder of The Supremes (d. 1976)
** Dieter Kottysch, West German Olympic boxer (d. 2017)
** Dani Litani, Israeli musician and actor
July
* July 3
** Judith Durham, Australian singer (d. 2022)
** Kurtwood Smith, American actor (''That '70s Show'')
** Norman Thagard, American astronaut
* July 4
** Conny Bauer, Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German trombonist
** Geraldo Rivera, American reporter, talk show host
**Alan Wilson (musician), Alan Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1970)
* July 5
** István Gáli, Hungarian boxer
** Curt Blefary, American baseball player (d. 2001)
** Robbie Robertson, Canadian musician (''The Band'')
* July 6
** Kim Kye-gwan, North Korean diplomat
** Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian mezzo-soprano
** Rosemary Forsyth, Canadian-American actress, model
** Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar, Pakistani politician
* July 7
** Jürgen Geschke, German track cyclist
** M. Karathu, Malaysian football player, manager
** Robert East (actor), Robert East, Welsh theatre, TV actor
** Joel Siegel, American film critic (d. 2007)
** Miguel Vila Luna, Dominican architect, painter (d. 2005)
* July 8
** Guido Marzulli, Italian painter
** Carmine Preziosi, Italian road bicycle racer
* July 9
** Suzanne Rogers, American actress
** Soledad Miranda, Spanish actress (d. 1970)
* July 10
** Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis player (d. 1993)
** Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika, Zambian politician
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
** Edna Madzongwe, Zimbabwean politician
** Tom Holland (filmmaker), Tom Holland, American screenwriter, actor and filmmaker
** Luciano Onder, Italian journalist
* July 12
** Christine McVie, British musician (''Fleetwood Mac'') (d. 2022)
** Walter Murch, American film editor, sound designer
* July 14
** George Thomas Coker, United States Navy commander
** Harold Wheeler (musician), Harold Wheeler, American orchestrator, composer, conductor, arranger, record producer and music director
** David Burden, British Army officer
* July 15 – Jocelyn Bell Burnell, British astrophysicist
* July 16 – Reinaldo Arenas, Cuban writer (d. 1990)
* July 17
** Shlomo Ben-Ami, Israeli diplomat, politician and historian
** Alfredo Mantica, Italian politician
* July 18 – Jerry Chambers, American basketball player
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
** Carla Mazzuca Poggiolini, Italian journalist and politician
** David Griffin (actor), David Griffin, British actor
* July 20
** Christopher Murney, American actor, vocal artist
** Wendy Richard, British actress (d. 2009)
* July 21
** Michael Caton, Australian actor, comedian and television presenter
** Edward Herrmann, American actor (d. 2014)
** Henry McCullough, Northern Irish musician (''Paul McCartney & Wings'') (d. 2016)
** Bob Shrum, American political consultant
* July 22 – Kay Bailey Hutchison, American attorney, television correspondent, politician and diplomat
* July 23
** Tony Joe White, American singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 2018)
** Zvonimir Vujin, Serbian amateur boxer (d. 2019)
** Bob Hilton, American game show host
* July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of St ...
- John Bryson, American businessman and Former 37th US Secretary of Commerce (2011–12)
* July 25 – Erika Steinbach, German politician
* July 26 – Mick Jagger, English rock singer (''The Rolling Stones'')
* July 28
** Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and composer (d. 1981)
** Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
** Richard Wright (musician), Richard Wright, British musician (d. 2008)
* July 29 – Bob Brunning, British musician (d. 2011)
* July 30 – Giovanni Goria, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1994)
August
* August 2
Events Pre-1600
*338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
* 216 BC – The Carthaginian a ...
– Max Wright, American actor (d. 2019)
* August 3
** Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, Princess Christina of Sweden
** Clarence Wijewardena, Sri Lankan musician (d. 1996)
* August 4
** Vicente Álvarez Areces, Spanish politician (d. 2019)
** Barbara Saß-Viehweger, German politician, lawyer and civil law notary
** Bjørn Wirkola, Norwegian ski jumper
* August 5 – Nelson Briles, American baseball player (d. 2005)
* August 6 – Jim Hardin, American baseball pitcher (Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves) (d. 1991)
* August 8 – Luc Rosenzweig, French journalist (d. 2018)
* August 9 – Ken Norton, African-American boxer, actor (d. 2013)
* August 10
** Frédéric Kyburz, Swiss judoka (d. 2018)
** Ronnie Spector, American singer (d. 2022)
* August 11
** Abigail Folger, American heiress, murder victim (d. 1969)
** Pervez Musharraf, Pakistani general, leader and 10th President of Pakistan (d. 2022)
* August 13 – Roberto Micheletti, President of Honduras
* August 15 – Glória Maria, Brazilian journalist, reporter and television host
* August 17
** Robert De Niro, American actor
** Yukio Kasaya, Japanese ski jumper
* August 18
** Martin Mull, American actor and comedian
** Gianni Rivera, Italian footballer
* August 19 – Edwin Hawkins, African-American gospel musician, pianist (d. 2018)
* August 20 – Sylvester McCoy, Scottish actor
* August 22 – Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia
* August 23 – Pino Presti, Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer
* August 27 – Tuesday Weld, American actress
* August 28
** Surayud Chulanont, Thai politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand
** Lou Piniella, American baseball player, manager
** Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor, voice actor
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
– Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* August 30
** Tal Brody, American-born Israeli basketball player
** Robert Crumb, R. Crumb, American artist, illustrator
** Altovise Davis, American entertainer (d. 2009)
** Jean-Claude Killy, French skier
** John Kani, South African actor
* August 31 – Leonid Ivashov, Russian general
September
* September 5 – Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician, former DSWD Secretary (d. 2007)
* September 6
** Harris Hines, American judge (d. 2018)
** Richard J. Roberts, English biochemist, molecular biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
** Roger Waters, English musician (''Pink Floyd'')
* September 7 – Lena Valaitis, Lithuanian-German Schlager singer
* September 9 – Art LaFleur, American actor (d. 2021)
* September 10
** Daniel Truhitte, American actor
** Neale Donald Walsch, American author (''Conversations with God'')
* September 11
** Mickey Hart, American percussionist and musicologist (''Grateful Dead'')
** Jaime Thorne León, Peruvian politician (d. 2018)
** Gilbert Proesch, Italian-born artist (''Gilbert and George'')
** Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian terrorist
* September 13 – Mildred D. Taylor, American writer
* September 14
** Irwin Goodman, Finnish singer (d. 1991)
** Tunde Idiagbon, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1999)
* September 16
** Tadamasa Goto, Japanese yakuza boss
** Oskar Lafontaine, German politician
* September 18 – Nina Wayne, American actress
* September 19 – Joe Morgan, American baseball player (d. 2020)
* September 20 – Sani Abacha, Nigerian Army officer and dictator (d. 1998)
* September 21
**Jerry Bruckheimer, American film and television producer
**David Hood, American session bassist and trombone player
**Mathew Prichard, British philanthropist, the only child of literary guardian Rosalind Hicks and the only grandchild of author Agatha Christie
* September 22
Events Pre-1600
* 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government.
*1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the ...
– Toni Basil, American musician, video artist ("Mickey (Toni Basil song), Mickey")
* September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
** Ernie Ackerley, British footballer (d. 2017)
** Julio Iglesias, Spanish singer, songwriter
** Tanuja, Indian actress
* September 28 – J. T. Walsh, American actor (d. 1998)
* September 29
** Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
** Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
* September 30
** Johann Deisenhofer, German biochemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate
** Ian Ogilvy, British-American actor
October
* October 1
** Jerry Martini, American musician
** Naushad Ali (cricketer), Naushad Ali, Pakistani cricketer
** Jean-Jacques Annaud, French film director
* October 2
** Franklin Rosemont, American poet (d. 2009)
** Henri Szeps, Australian actor
* October 3 – Jeff Bingaman, American politician
* October 4 – Buddy Roemer, American politician, investor and banker (d. 2021)
* October 5
** Bonnie Bryant (golfer), Bonnie Bryant, American golfer
** Ben Cardin, American politician
* October 6 – Michael Durrell, American actor
* October 7 – Oliver North, American military officer, military historian, political commentator, author and television host
* October 8
** Chevy Chase, American comedian, actor (''Saturday Night Live'')
** R. L. Stine, American novelist (''Goosebumps'')
* October 11
** John Nettles, English actor, writer
** Gene Watson, American country singer
* October 12
**Jeffrey R. MacDonald, American physician and United States Army Officer
**Köbi Kuhn, Swiss footballer and manager (d. 2019)
* October 14
** Lois Hamilton, American model, actress and artist (d. 1999)
** Mohammad Khatami, 5th President of Iran
** Lance Rentzel, American football player
* October 15 – Penny Marshall, American actress, director and producer (d. 2018)
* October 18
** Birthe Rønn Hornbech, Danish politician
** Christine Charbonneau, Canadian francophone singer, songwriter (d. 2014)
* October 22 – Catherine Deneuve, French actress
* October 24
** Theodor Stolojan, 54th Prime Minister of Romania
** José E. Serrano, American politician
* October 25 – Roy Lynes, English keyboardist
* October 27 – Carmen Argenziano, American actor (d. 2019)
* October 28 – Cornelia Froboess, German actress
* October 29 – Don Simpson, American film producer, screenwriter and actor (d. 1996)
November
* November 1 – Jacques Attali, French economist
* November 3 – Bert Jansch, Scottish folk musician (d. 2011)
* November 4
** Sundar Popo, Indo-Trinidadian Chutney music, chutney musician (d. 2000)
** Chuck Scarborough, American news anchor
* November 5
** Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American pioneering television chef (d. 2007)
** Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor (d. 2017)
* November 7
** Stephen Greenblatt, American literary critic
** Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1991)
** Joni Mitchell, Canadian musician (''Big Yellow Taxi'')
** Michael Spence, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate
* November 8 – Martin Peters, English footballer (d. 2019)
* November 11 – Doug Frost (swimming coach), Doug Frost, Australian swimming coach
* November 12 – Wallace Shawn, American actor
* November 13
** Roberto Boninsegna, Italian footballer
** Jay Sigel, American golfer
* November 14
Events Pre-1600 1601–1900
*1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
* 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile ...
** Peter Norton, American software engineer, businessman
** Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, Rafael Leonardo Callejas, President of Honduras (d. 2020)
* November 17 – Lauren Hutton, American actress, model
* November 19 – Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)
* November 20
** Mie Hama, Japanese actress
** Marek Tomaszewski, Polish pianist
* November 21 – Larry Mahan, American rodeo cowboy
* November 22
** Peter Adair, American filmmaker (d. 1996)
** Yvan Cournoyer, Canadian ice hockey player
** Billie Jean King, American tennis player
** William Kotzwinkle, American novelist, screenwriter
** Fouad Siniora, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon
* November 23 – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo
* November 24
** Dave Bing, American mayor, longtime National Basketball Association, NBA player
** Kuniwo Nakamura, 6th President of Palau (d. 2020)
* November 25 – Dante Caputo, Argentine diplomat, politician (d. 2018)
* November 26 – Marilynne Robinson, American writer
* November 28 – Randy Newman, American musician
* November 30 – Terrence Malick, American film director
December
* December 2
** Wayne Allard, American politician
** William Wegman (photographer), William Wegman, American photographer
* December 5
** Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate
** Nicolae Văcăroiu, 55th Prime Minister of Romania
* December 8
** José Carbajal (Uruguayan musician), José Carbajal, Uruguayan singer, composer and guitarist (d. 2010)
** Larry Martin, American paleontologist (d. 2013)
** Jim Morrison, American rock musician (''The Doors'') (d. 1971)
** Bodo Tümmler, German Olympic middle-distance runner
* December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, 68th U.S. Secretary of State
* December 12
** Dickey Betts, American guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer (''The Allman Brothers Band'')
** Gianni Russo, American actor
** Phyllis Somerville, American actress (d. 2020)
** Grover Washington, Jr., African-American saxophonist (d. 1999)
* December 13
** David W. Huff, American rock singer, guitarist of (''David and the Giants'')
** Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player
* December 14
** Britt Allcroft, British television producer, creator of ''Thomas & Friends''
** António Simões, Portuguese footballer
* December 15 – Lucien den Arend, Dutch sculptor
* December 16 – Steven Bochco, American television producer (d. 2018)
* December 17
** Pak Doo-ik, North Korean footballer
** Ron Geesin, British musician, songwriter (''Pink Floyd'')
** Rick Nolan, American politician
* December 18 – Keith Richards, English rock guitarist, songwriter (''The Rolling Stones'')
* December 19
** Sam Kelly, English actor (d. 2014)
** Ross M. Lence, American political scientist (d. 2006)
** Jimmy Mackay, Australian football player (d. 1998)
* December 20 – Jacqueline Pearce, English screen actress (d. 2018)
* December 21 – Jack Nance, American actor (d. 1996)
* December 22 – Paul Wolfowitz, American political scientist
* December 23
** Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (d. 1987)
** Harry Shearer, American actor, comedian and screenwriter
** Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen consort of Sweden
* December 24
** Tarja Halonen, 11th President of Finland
** James A. Johnson (politics), James A. Johnson, American business leader, philanthropist
* December 25 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
* December 27 – Sam Hinds, 3-Time Prime Minister of Guyana
* December 28
** Keith Floyd, British chef (d. 2009)
** Chas Hodges, English musician and singer (d. 2018)
** Craig MacIntosh, American illustrator
** Billy Chapin, American child actor (d.2016)
** Richard Whiteley, English television presenter (d. 2005)
* December 31
** John Denver, American musician (d. 1997)
** Sir Ben Kingsley, British actor (''Gandhi (film), Gandhi'')
** Pete Quaife, English musician, artist and author (''The Kinks'') (d. 2010)
Deaths
January
* January 2
** Qazim Koculi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (murdered) (b. 1887)
** Wilhelm Lorenz, German general (died of wounds) (b. 1894)
* January 3 – Bid McPhee, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1859)
* January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – E ...
** Hàm Nghi, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1872)
** Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz, Greek-born Polish athlete, resistance member (executed) (b. 1911)
** Kate Price (actress), Kate Price, Irish-born American actress (b. 1872)
* January 5 – George Washington Carver, African-American botanist (b. c. 1864)
* January 7
** George Washington Crile, founder of the Cleveland Clinic (b. 1864)
** Nikola Tesla, Croatian-born American electrical engineer, inventor (b. 1856)
* January 8 – Richard Hillary, Australian-born British Battle of Britain Supermarine Spitfire, Spitfire pilot, author (killed on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1919)
* January 9 – R. G. Collingwood, English philosopher, historian and archaeologist (b. 1889)
* January 10 – Lewis Hall (soldier), Lewis Hall, American soldier (killed on active service) (b. 1895)
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muham ...
– Agustín Pedro Justo, Argentinian military officer, diplomat and politician, 23rd President of Argentina (b. 1876)
* January 12 – Jan Campert, Dutch journalist, writer (in Neuengamme concentration camp) (b. 1902)
* January 13
Events Pre-1600
*27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racin ...
** Henner Henkel, German tennis champion (killed in action) (b. 1915)
** Xavier Martinez, Mexican-born American painter (b. 1869)
** Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (b. 1877)
* January 14
Events Pre-1600
*1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
* 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary.
1601–1900
* 1639 – The " Fundamental Orders", the first written ...
– Laura E. Richards, American author (b. 1850)
* January 15 – Eric Knight, American author (b. 1897)
* January 16 – Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet, British surgeon (b. 1856)
* January 17
** Jane Avril, French dancer (b. 1868)
** Taj al-Din al-Hasani, Syrian politician, 6th Prime Minister of Syria and 6th President of Syria (b. 1885)
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chine ...
– Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen, Norwegian admiral and industry leader (b. 1857)
* January 19 – William Pettigrew (missionary), William Pettigrew, British Christian missionary (b. 1869)
* January 20
** Giacomo Benvenuti, Italian composer (b. 1885)
** Baron Max Wladimir von Beck, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1854)
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
*1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...
** Aimo Cajander, 7th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1879)
** Konstantinos Davakis, Greek army officer (died of wounds) (b. 1897)
** Robert Henry English, American admiral (killed in aviation accident) (b. 1888)
* January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw ...
– Gyula Peidl, 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1873)
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
* 1264 &n ...
– Alexander Woollcott, American critic (b. 1887)
* January 26
** Harry H. Laughlin, American Eugenics, eugenicist (b. 1880)
** Nikolai Vavilov, Russian, Soviet botanist, geneticist (b. 1887)
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ru ...
** Henriette Caillaux, French murderer, socialite and wife of former French prime minister (b. 1874)
** Vladimir Kokovtsov, 4th Prime Minister of Russia, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (b. 1853)
February
* February 1 – Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* February 2
** Alfred Cavendish, British general (b. 1859)
** Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (b. 1880)
* February 4
** Frank Calder, British-born Canadian ice hockey executive, first National Hockey League president (b. 1877)
** Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese army commander, politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1876)
* February 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
*1576 – Henry IV of France, Henry of Navarre :wikt:abjure, abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Re ...
** Sim Gokkes, Dutch composer (in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1897)
** W. S. Van Dyke, American director (b. 1889)
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** Eustace Fiennes, British soldier, politician (b. 1864)
** Dmitry Kardovsky, Soviet painter, illustrator (b. 1866)
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
*1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...
** Sverre Granlund, Norwegian general (b. 1918)
** James T. Powers (actor), James T. Powers, American actor (b. 1862)
* February 11 – Bess Houdini, American wife of Harry Houdini (b. 1876)
* February 14
Events Pre-1600
* 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt.
* 842 – Charles the Bald and Lo ...
– David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)
* February 15 – Charles Bennett (actor), Charles Bennett, American actor (b. 1889)
* February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Karuse. ...
– Paul Ranous Greever, American politician (b. 1891)
* February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 &nd ...
– Reginald Pinney, Sir Reginald Pinney, British army general (b. 1863)
* February 19
Events Pre-1600
* 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
* 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of ...
– Jan Piekałkiewicz, Polish economist, statistician and politician (b. 1892)
* February 20
** Ernest Guglielminetti, Swiss physician (b. 1862)
** Donald Haines, American actor (b. 1919)
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
*1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdi ...
** Tamara Drasin, Russian-born American singer, actress (b. 1905)
** Christoph Probst, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1919)
** Ben Robertson (journalist), Ben Robertson, American novelist, journalist and war correspondent (b. 1903)
** Hans Scholl, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1918)
** Sophie Scholl, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1921)
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
** Edward Heaton-Ellis, Sir Edward Heaton-Ellis, British vice-admiral (b. 1868)
** Grigory Kravchenko, Soviet test pilot and air force general (killed in action) (b. 1912)
** Karl Leopold von Möller, German officer, journalist, author and politician (b. 1876)
* February 26 – Theodor Eicke, German Nazi official (killed in action) (b. 1892)
* February 27 – Maria Josefa Karolina Brader, Swiss Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1860)
March
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...
– Alexandre Yersin, Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist (b. 1863)
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cu ...
– Gisela Januszewska, Austrian physician (in Theresienstadt concentration camp) (b. 1867)
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
*1575 & ...
– Rafael López Nussa, Puerto Rican physician (b. 1885)
* March 6 – Jimmy Collins, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1870)
* March 8
** Alma del Banco, German painter (suicide) (b. 1862)
** Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, Indonesian independence leader (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
*1226 &nda ...
– Otto Freundlich, German painter, sculptor (killed in Majdanek concentration camp) (b. 1878)
* March 10
** Laurence Binyon, English poet and scholar (b. 1869)
** Tully Marshall, American character actor (b. 1864)
* March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
*1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the C ...
** Czesława Kwoka, Polish Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (killed in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1928)
** Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (b. 1869)
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
* 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
* 1591 – At the Battle of ...
– Jaap Nunes Vaz, Dutch journalist, writer and editor (killed in Sobibór extermination camp) (b. 1906)
* March 19 – Frank Nitti, Italian-born American gangster (suicide) (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* March 20
** Lizika Jančar, Slovene Partisan, national hero (killed by militia) (b. 1919)
** Heinrich Zimmer, German-born Indologist, historian (pneumonia) (b. 1890)
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
*106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
– Hans Woellke, German Olympic athlete (killed by partisans) (b. 1911)
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Mervyn Herbert, Viscount Clive, British peer, army officer (killed on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1904)
* March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII i ...
– George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, British politician, 5th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1882)
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
** Ben Davies (tenor), Ben Davies, British tenor (b. 1858)
** Lorenzo Gasparri, Italian admiral (killed on active service in accidental explosion) (b. 1894)
** Edward Heron-Allen, British polymath, lawyer, scientist and scholar (b. 1861)
** Robert W. Paul, British film director (b. 1869)
** Sergei Rachmaninoff, Soviet composer (b. 1873)
* March 30 – Maria Restituta Kafka, German Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (executed) (b. 1894)
* March 31 – Pavel Milyukov, exiled Russian politician, founder and leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party (b. 1859)
April
* April 1 – Vahida Maglajlić, Yugoslav partisan, national hero (killed in combat) (b. 1907) *April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
...
– Conrad Veidt, German actor (b. 1893)
* April 5 – W. G. Howard Gritten, British barrister, writer and conservative politician (b. 1870)
* April 6 – Alexandre Millerand, French politician, 41st Prime Minister of France and 11th President of France (b. 1859)
* April 7 – Auguste Audollent, French historian, archaeologist (b. 1864)
* April 8
** Harry Baur, French actor (b. 1880)
** Itamar Ben-Avi, Israeli activist (b. 1882)
** Tomás Garrido Canabal, Mexican politician, revolutionary (b. 1891)
** Otto and Elise Hampel, German anti-Nazi resistance members (executed) (b. 1897 & 1903)
** Richard Sears (tennis), Richard Sears, American tennis champion (b. 1861)
* April 9 – Philip Slier, Dutch Jewish typesetter (in Sobibór extermination camp) (b. 1923)
* April 11 – Kim Myeong-sik, Korean independence activist (b. 1890)
* April 13 – Oskar Schlemmer, German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer (b. 1888)
* April 16 – Carlos Arniches, Spanish playwright (b. 1866)
* April 18 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral (b. 1884)
* April 21 – Rihard Jakopič, Yugoslav painter (b. 1869)
* April 24
** Kenneth Whiting, United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (b. 1881)
** Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord, German general (b. 1878)
* April 30
** Eddy Hamel, American footballer (b. 1902; killed in Auschwitz)
** Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator of Ido (language), Ido and Novial languages (b.1860)
** Beatrice Webb, British sociologist, economist, historian and social reformer (b. 1858)
May
* May 1 – Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian Christian leader, founder of Brunstad Christian Church (b. 1871)
* May 3 – Frank Maxwell Andrews, American general (plane crash) (b. 1884)
* May 4
** Cesira Ferrani, Italian soprano (b. 1863)
** Saverio Marotta, Italian naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* May 5
** Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1911)
** Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart, British politician, judge (b. 1870)
* May 7 – Fethi Okyar, Turkish diplomat, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1880)
* May 8 – Miroslav Šalom Freiberger, Yugoslav rabbi, writer and spiritual leader (killed at Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1903)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and fo ...
** George, Crown Prince of Saxony, Catholic priest (b. 1893)
** Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arb ...
– Horst Hannig, German Luftwaffe fighter ace (b. 1921)
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
*1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore F ...
** Johanna Elberskirchen, German feminist (b. 1864)
** Montagu Love, British actor (b. 1877)
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
* 1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nd ...
– Kristjan Raud, Soviet painter, drawer (b. 1865)
* May 20 – John Stone Stone, American physicist, inventor (b. 1869)
* May 22 – Helen Taft, First Lady of the United States (b. 1861)
* May 24 – Johannes Orasmaa, Estonian army general (in labour camp) (b. 1890)
* May 25 – Ali Rikabi, 1st Prime Minister of Syria, 2-time Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1864)
* May 26 – Edsel Ford, American businessman, president of Ford Motor Company (b. 1893)
* May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
*1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1878)
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
*1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Yasuyo Yamasaki, Imperial Japanese Army officer (killed in action) (b. 1891)
* May 31
** Prince Georg of Bavaria, Catholic priest (b. 1880)
** Helmut Kapp, German Gestapo official (killed by partisans)
June
* June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king o ...
** István Bárczy, Hungarian politician (b. 1866)
** Leslie Howard, British actor (aircraft shot down) (b. 1893)
* June 2 – Nile Kinnick, American athlete, Heisman Trophy winner (died on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1918)
* June 3 – Osgood Hanbury, British pilot (killed on active service) (b. 1917)
* June 4
** Francesco Pianzola, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1881)
** Kermit Roosevelt, American explorer, author (suicide) (b. 1889)
* June 10 – Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco (b. 1878)
* June 11 – Heisuke Abe, Japanese general (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* June 12 – Hans Junkermann (actor), Hans Junkermann, German actor (b. 1872)
* June 26 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist, physician (b. 1868)
* June 28 – Pietro Porcelli, Italian sculptor (b. 1872)
* June 30 – Kristian Kristiansen (explorer), Kristian Kristiansen, Norwegian explorer (b. 1865)
July
* July 2 – Alice Mary Dowd, American educator and poet (b. 1855)
* July 4
** Cevat Abbas Gürer, Turkish army officer (b. 1887)
** Gordon Sidney Harrington, Canadian politician (b. 1883)
** Zofia Leśniowska, Polish army officer (aviation accident) (b. 1912)
** Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (; 20 May 18814 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
Prior to the First World War, Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause for Polish ...
, Polish prime minister in exile (aviation accident) (b. 1881)
** Charles Stevenson (actor), Charles Stevenson, American silent film actor (b. 1887)
* July 5
** Leonardo Ferrulli, Italian pilot (killed in action) (b. 1918)
** Kazimierz Junosza-Stępowski, Polish actor (b. 1880)
* July 6
** Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1891)
** Nazaria Ignacia March Mesa, Spanish-born Roman Catholic religious sister, canonized (b. 1889)
* July 8
** Jean Moulin, French resistance fighter (injuries from suicide attempt in custody) (b. 1899)
** Sir Harry Oakes, American-born British gold mine owner (murdered) (b. 1874)
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– Eugen Lovinescu, Romanian critic, academic and novelist (b. 1881)
* July 12
** Shunji Isaki, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892)
** Cecilia Loftus, Scottish-born actress (b. 1876)
* July 13
** Lorenzo Barcelata, Mexican composer (b. 1898)
** Marianna Biernacka, Polish Roman Catholic religious sister, martyr and blessed (killed) (b. 1888)
** Luz Long, German long jump athlete (killed in action) (b. 1913)
** Alexander Schmorell, Russian-born German White Rose resistance member, Orthodox Church passion bearer and saint (executed) (b. 1917)
* July 14 – Mariya Borovichenko, Soviet medical officer (killed in action) (b. 1925)
* July 16 – Saul Raphael Landau, Polish Jewish lawyer, journalist, publicist and Zionist activist (b. 1870)
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
** Martin Faust (actor), Martin Faust, American film actor (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
** Giuseppe Terragni, Italian architect (b. 1904)
* July 20
** Maria Gay, Spanish opera singer (b. 1879)
** Charles Hazelius Sternberg, American fossil collector and paleontologist (b. 1850)
* July 21
** José Jurado de la Parra, Spanish journalist, poet and playwright (b. 1856)
** Charley Paddock, American sprinter (aviation accident) (b. 1900)
** Louis Vauxcelles, French art critic (b. 1870)
** Theodor von Guérard, German jurist, politician (b. 1863)
* July 23 – Mario Nicolis di Robilant, Italian general (b. 1855)
* July 26 – Luis Barros Borgoño, Chilean politician (b. 1858)
* July 28 – Charles Granval, French actor (b. 1882)
* July 29 – William Ewart Hart, Australian aviator, dentist (b. 1885)
* July 30 – Max Eitingon, Belarusian-German medical doctor and psychoanalyst (b. 1881)
* July 31
**Zdzisław Lubomirski, Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, politician and activist (b. 1865)
**James MacLachlan, British flying ace (b. 1919)
**Hedley Verity, British cricketer (b. 1905)
**Rodger Young, American soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (killed in action) (b. 1918)
August
* August 1 – Martyrs of Nowogródek, Polish nuns, martyrs and blessed (executed) (b. 1888–1916)
**Lin Sen, Chinese chairman of the National Government of China (b. 1868)
* August 5
** Iosif Apanasenko, Soviet commander (killed in action) (b. 1890)
** Eva-Maria Buch, German resistance leader (executed) (b. 1921)
* August 9
** Franz Jägerstätter, Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1907)
** Chaïm Soutine, Russian-born painter (b. 1893)
* August 12 – Bobby Peel, English cricketer (b. 1857)
* August 14
Events Pre-1600
* 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...
– Joe Kelley, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1871)
* August 18 – Hans Jeschonnek, German general (suicide) (b. 1899)
* August 21
Events Pre-1600
* 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
*1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
*1169 – B ...
– Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
* August 22 – Virgilio Dávila, Puerto Rican poet, educator, businessman and politician (b. 1869)
* August 24
** Ettore Muti, Italian Fascist politician (shot while under arrest) (b. 1902)
** Simone Weil, French philosopher (b. 1909)
* August 26 – Ted Ray (golfer), Ted Ray, British golfer (b. 1877)
* August 27
** William de Burgh (philosopher), William de Burgh, British philosopher (b. 1866)
** Constantin Prezan, Romanian general, Marshal of Romania (b. 1861)
* August 28 – King Boris III of Bulgaria
Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until ...
(b. 1894)
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
– Baba Nand Singh ji, Punjabi Sikh religious leader, saint (b. 1870)
* August 31 – Gustav Bachmann, German naval officer, admiral (b. 1860)
September
* September 1 – Charles Atangana, Cameroonian chief (b. c.1880)
* September 2 – Marsden Hartley, American modernism, American Modernist artist (b. 1877)
* September 6 – Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1915–1916 (b. 1863)
* September 7
** Géza Grünwald, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1910)
** Karlrobert Kreiten, German pianist (executed) (b. 1916)
* September 8 – Julius Fučík (journalist), Julius Fučík, Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1903)
* September 9
** Carlo Bergamini (admiral), Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (killed in action) (b. 1888)
** Salvatore John Cavallaro, American naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
** Federico Martinengo, Italian pilot (killed in action) (b. 1899)
* September 13
** David Bacon (actor), David Bacon, American film actor (b. 1914)
** Ugo Cavallero, General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b. 1880)
* September 17 – (killed in Ponary massacre)
** Kazimierz Pelczar, Polish oncologist, academic (b. 1894)
** Mieczysław Witold Gutkowski, Polish lawyer (b. 1893)
* September 19 – Germaine Cernay, French mezzo-soprano (b. 1900)
* September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
** Elinor Glyn, British writer, critic (b. 1864)
** Ernst Trygger, Swedish professor, politician and 19th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1857)
* September 26 - Henri Fertet, French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
fighter (b. 1926)
* September 28
** Sam Ruben, American chemist (b. 1913)
** Filippo Illuminato, Italian partisan, Gold Medal of Military Valour (b. 1930)
* September 27 – Willoughby Hamilton, Irish tennis player (b. 1864)
* September 29 – Mariano Goybet, French army general (b. 1861)
* September 30
** Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Norwegian businessman, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1870)
** Adolf Paul, Swedish novelist, playwright (b. 1863)
October
* October 2
** Carlos Blanco Galindo, 32nd President of Bolivia (b. 1882)
** Muhamed Hadžiefendić, Yugoslav army officer (killed by partisans) (b. 1898)
* October 4 – Irena Iłłakowicz, Polish general (murdered) (b. 1906)
* October 5 – Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinetist (b. 1902)
* October 6 – Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln, Hungarian adventurer (b. 1879)
* October 7 – Prince Christoph of Hesse (aviation accident) (b. 1901)
* October 8
**Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer, World War II resistance member (executed) (b. 1895)
**Wilhelm Hegeler, German novelist (b. 1870)
* October 9 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
* October 12 – Max Wertheimer, Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. 1880)
* October 14
** Rudolf Beckmann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1910)
** Siegfried Graetschus, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1916)
** Johann Niemann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1913)
* October 15 – William Penhallow Henderson, American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. 1877)
* October 18 – Margaret Bartholomew, American Civil Air Patrol officer (aviation accident on mission) (b. 1903)
* October 19 – Camille Claudel, French sculptor (b. 1864)
* October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
* 1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege o ...
– Dudley Pound, Sir Dudley Pound, British admiral (b. 1877)
* October 22 – William Reginald Hall, Sir Reginald Hall, British admiral (b. 1870)
* October 23
** André Antoine, French actor (b. 1858)
** Ben Bernie, American jazz violinist (b. 1891)
** Antonio Legnani, Italian admiral (automobile accident) (b. 1888)
** Franceska Mann, Polish dancer (killed in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1917)
* October 24 – Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, Canadian poet, lawyer (b. 1912)
* October 26 – Joseph E. Widener, American art collector and philanthropist (b. 1871)
* October 28 – Aurel Stein, Sir Aurel Stein, Hungarian-born British archaeologist (b. 1862)
* October 30 – Max Reinhardt, Austrian director (b. 1873)
November
* November 5
** Samad Abdullayev, Soviet army officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
**Frank Campeau, American actor (b. 1864)
** Idhomene Kosturi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1873)
* November 7 – Dwight Frye, American character actor (b. 1899)
* November 9
Events Pre-1600
* 694 – At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
* 1277 – The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement f ...
– Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia (b. 1877)
* November 10 – Blessed Lübeck martyrs, German Roman Catholic priests (executed):
** Johannes Prassek (b. 1911)
** Eduard Müller (martyr), Eduard Müller (b. 1911)
** Hermann Lange (b. 1912)
** Karl Friedrich Stellbrink (b. 1894)
* November 13 – Maurice Denis, French painter (b. 1870)
* November 14
Events Pre-1600 1601–1900
*1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
* 1770 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile ...
– Gurie Grosu, Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox priest and metropolitan (b. 1877)
* November 19 – Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna, Dutch painter (b. 1864)
* November 22
** Lorenz Hart, American lyricist (b. 1895)
** Keiji Shibazaki, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1894)
* November 23 – Charles Ray (actor), Charles Ray, American actor (b. 1891)
* November 24
** France Balantič, Yugoslav poet (killed in action) (b. 1921)
** Doris Miller, African-American sailor, Pearl Harbor survivor (killed in action) (b. 1919)
** Henry M. Mullinnix, American admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892)
* November 25 – Renato Cialente, Italian film actor (b. 1897)
* November 26
** Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot), Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1909)
** Kiyoto Kagawa, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1895)
** Edward O'Hare, Edward "Butch" O'Hare, American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1914)
* November 28 – Aleksander Hellat, Soviet politician (b. 1881)
* November 29 – Zsolt Harsányi, Hungarian author, dramatist, translator and writer (b. 1887)
December
* December 1
** Antonio de Viti de Marco, Italian economist (b. 1858)
** Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, historian (b. 1862)
* December 2 – Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist and activist (killed in action as war correspondent) (b. 1902)
* December 6 – G. O. Smith, English sportsman (b. 1872)
* December 7 – Hamilton Lamb, Australian politician, soldier (in Japanese POW camp) (b. 1900)
* December 8 – Donald Mackintosh (bishop), Donald Mackintosh, British clergyman, Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1876)
* December 9
** George Cooper (actor), George Cooper, American silent film actor (b. 1892)
** Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (b. 1870)
* December 10 – Charles Belcher (actor), Charles Belcher, American film actor (b. 1872)
* December 13 – Erich Garske, German political activist (executed) (b. 1907)
* December 14 – John Harvey Kellogg, American physician, nutritionist (b. 1852)
* December 15 – Fats Waller, African-American jazz pianist (pneumonia) (b. 1904)
* December 18 – Hector Gray, British Royal Air Force officer (executed in Japanese Prisoner of War camp) (b. 1911)
* December 20 – Edward L. Beach Sr., American naval officer, author (b. 1867)
* December 22 – Beatrix Potter, British children's author, illustrator (b. 1866)
* December 23 – Frederic Fisher, Sir Frederic Fisher, British admiral (b. 1851)
* December 25 – William Irving (actor), William Irving, German-born American film actor (b. 1893)
* December 26 – Erich Bey, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1898)
* December 27
** Rupert Julian, New Zealand actor, director (b. 1879)
** Creelman MacArthur, Canadian businessman, politician (b. 1874)
* December 30 – Hobart Bosworth, American film actor, director, writer and producer (b. 1867)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Otto Stern * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – George de Hevesy * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – not awarded * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awardedReferences
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