Events

January

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: Muhammad and his ...

– Australian aviator Sir

Charles Kingsford Smith Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith (9 February 18978 November 1935), nicknamed Smithy, was an Australian aviation pioneer. He piloted the first transpacific flight and the first flight between Australia and New Zealand. Kingsford Smith was ...

makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

– The

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

votes in favour of

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

independence, against the wishes of U.S. President

Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...

. *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 98, 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accessi ...

– "

Pakistan Declaration The "Pakistan Declaration" (titled ''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?'') was a pamphlet written and published by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, on 28 January 1933, in which the word Pakstan (without the letter "i") was used for the first ...

Choudhry Rahmat Ali Choudhry Rahmat Ali (16 November 1897 – 3 February 1951) was a Muslim nationalist activist who is credited with coining the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland in British India and is sometimes regarded as the originator of the Pa ...

publishes (in

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...

, UK) a pamphlet entitled ''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?'', in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls " Pakstan"; this influences the

Pakistan Movement The Pakistan Movement was a religiopolitical and social movement that emerged in the early 20th century as part of a campaign that advocated the creation of an Islamic state in parts of what was then British Raj. It was rooted in the two-nation the ...

. *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...

leader

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

is appointed

Chancellor of Germany The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal Cabinet of Germany, government of Germany. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Government of Germany, ...

by President of Germany

Paul von Hindenburg Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German military and political leader who led the Imperial German Army during the First World War and later became President of Germany (1919� ...

. **

Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical Party (France), Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, who was the Prime Minister of France in 1933, 1934 and again from 1938 to 1940. he signed the Munich Agreeme ...

forms a government in France in succession to

Joseph Paul-Boncour Augustin Alfred Joseph Paul-Boncour (; 4 August 1873 – 28 March 1972) was a French politician and diplomat of the Third Republic. He was a member of the Republican-Socialist Party (PRS) and served as Prime Minister of France from December 19 ...

. He is succeeded on October 26 by

Albert Sarraut Albert-Pierre Sarraut (; 28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic. Biography Sarraut was born on 28 July 1872 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. On 14 March 1907 Sarraut ...

and on November 26 by

Camille Chautemps Camille Chautemps (; 1 February 1885 – 1 July 1963) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic, three times President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). He was the father-in-law of U.S. politician and statesman Howar ...

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

–

gives his "Proclamation to the German People" in Berlin. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

– Adolf Hitler gives a secret speech to his military leaders, outlining his plans to rearm Germany in defiance of the

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allies of World War I, Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace ...

and to adopt a policy of ''

Lebensraum (, ) is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch movement, ''Völkisch'' nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901, '' lso in:' beca ...

'' in eastern Europe. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * *2 BC – Caesar Augustus is granted the title ''pater patriae'' by the Roman Senate. *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *756 – Chinese New Year; An Lushan proclaims himself E ...

– A

mutiny Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military or a crew) to oppose, change, or remove superiors or their orders. The term is commonly used for insubordination by members of the military against an officer or superior, ...

starts on the

Royal Netherlands Navy The Royal Netherlands Navy (, ) is the Navy, maritime service branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. It traces its history to 8 January 1488, making it the List of navies, third-oldest navy in the world. During the 17th and early 18th centurie ...

coastal defence ship Coastal defence ships (sometimes called coastal battleships or coast defence ships) were warships built for the purpose of coastal defence, mostly during the period from 1860 to 1920. They were small, often cruiser-sized warships that sacrifi ...

''De Zeven Provinciën'' in the

Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...

. After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft, killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender. *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

– 7 – Officers on the USS ''Ramapo'' record a 34-meter high sea wave in the Pacific Ocean. *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

–

The King and Country debate The King and Country Debate was a debate on 9 February 1933 at the The Oxford Union, Oxford Union Society. The motion presented, "That this House will under no circumstances fight for its King and country", passed with 275 votes for the motion an ...

: The

Oxford Union The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to as the Oxford Union, is a debating society in the city of Oxford, England, whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. Founded in 1823, it is one of Britain's oldest unive ...

student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country." *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

– The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first

singing telegram A singing telegram is a message delivered by an artist in a musical form. Singing telegrams are historically linked to normal telegrams, but tend to be humorous. Sometimes, the artist is in costume or formal clothing. Western Union, the Americ ...

. *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

– In

Miami Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...

Giuseppe Zangara Giuseppe Zangara (September 7, 1900 – March 20, 1933) was an Italian immigrant and naturalized United States citizen who attempted to assassinate the President-elect of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on February 15, 1933, 17 da ...

attempts to assassinate President-elect

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...

, but instead fatally wounds the

Mayor of Chicago The mayor of Chicago is the Chief executive officer, chief executive of city Government of Chicago, government in Chicago, Illinois, the List of United States cities by population, third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsib ...

Anton Cermak Anton Joseph Cermak (May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician who served as the 44th Mayor of Chicago from April 7, 1931, until his death in 1933. He was killed by Giuseppe Zangara, whose likely target was President-elec ...

. Zangara is executed on March 20 by the

electric chair The electric chair is a specialized device used for capital punishment through electrocution. The condemned is strapped to a custom wooden chair and electrocuted via electrodes attached to the head and leg. Alfred P. Southwick, a Buffalo, New Yo ...

. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

–

Repeal of Prohibition in the United States In the United States, the nationwide ban on alcoholic beverages was repealed by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5, 1933. Background In 1919, the requisite number of List of state legislature ...

: The

Blaine Act The Blaine Act, formally titled Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-First Amendment to the United States Constitution, is a joint resolution adopted by the United States Congress on February 20, 1933, initiating repeal of the 18th Amendment t ...

passes the

United States Senate The United States Senate is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and ...

, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending

prohibition in the United States The Prohibition era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the United States prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, an ...

. *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...

– The

Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...

invades Rehe province in northern China. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...

– Arminda de Jesus is burned for witchcraft in Soalhães, Portugal. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

–

Reichstag fire The Reichstag fire (, ) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. Marinus van der Lubbe, ...

: Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the

Reichstag building The Reichstag (; ) is a historic legislative government building on Platz der Republik in Berlin that is the seat of the German Bundestag. It is also the meeting place of the Federal Convention, which elects the President of Germany. The Ne ...

, is set on fire under controversial circumstances. The following day, the

Reichstag Fire Decree The Reichstag Fire Decree () is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State () issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immed ...

is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties. *

February 28 Events Pre-1600 *202 BC – Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty. * 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), Fourth Council of Co ...

–

English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33 A cricket team representing England toured Australia in the 1932–33 season. The tour was organised by the Marylebone Cricket Club and matches outside the Tests were played under the MCC name. The tour included five Test matches in Australia, ...

: The

England cricket team The England men's cricket team represents cricket in England, England and cricket in Wales, Wales in international cricket. Since 1997, it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), having been previously governed by Maryleb ...

wins

The Ashes The Ashes is a Test cricket series played biennially between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, '' The Sporting Times'', immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, ...

using the controversial

bodyline Bodyline, also known as fast leg theory bowling, was a cricketing tactic devised by the English cricket team for their English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33, 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. It was designed to combat the extraordinar ...

tactic.

March

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

–

King Kong King Kong, also referred to simply as Kong, is a fictional giant monster resembling a gorilla, who has appeared in various media since 1933. The character has since become an international pop culture icon,Erb, Cynthia, 1998, ''Tracking Kin ...

: The original ''King Kong'' film, starring

Fay Wray Vina Fay Wray (September 15, 1907 – August 8, 2004) was a Canadian-American actress best known for starring as Ann Darrow in the 1933 film ''King Kong''. Through an acting career that spanned nearly six decades, Wray attained international r ...

and directed by

Merian C. Cooper Merian Caldwell Cooper (October 24, 1893 – April 21, 1973) was an American filmmaker, actor, producer and air officer. In film, his most famous work was the 1933 movie ''King Kong (1933 film), King Kong'', and he is credited as co-inventor of ...

, debuts in

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

. *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

–

1933 Sanriku earthquake The occurred on the Sanriku coast of the Tōhoku region of Honshū, Japan on March 2 with a moment magnitude of 8.4. The associated tsunami caused widespread devastation. Earthquake The epicenter was located offshore, east of the city of ...

: A powerful earthquake and

tsunami A tsunami ( ; from , ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, ...

hit

Honshū , historically known as , is the largest of the four main islands of Japan. It lies between the Pacific Ocean (east) and the Sea of Japan (west). It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and the second-most populous after the Indonesian ...

, Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

** The

Parliament of Austria The Austrian Parliament () is the bicameral federal legislature of Austria. It consists of two chambers – the National Council and the Federal Council. In specific cases, both houses convene as the Federal Assembly. The legislature meets i ...

is suspended because of a quibble over procedure;

Chancellor Chancellor () is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries. The original chancellors were the of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the (lattice work screens) of a basilica (court hall), which separa ...

Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (alternatively Dollfuß; 4 October 1892 – 25 July 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator who served as chancellor of Federal State of Austria, Austria between 1932 and 1934. Having served as Minister for Forests and ...

initiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin of

Austrofascism The Fatherland Front (, VF) was the right-wing conservative, authoritarian, nationalist, corporatist, fascist and Catholic ruling political organisation of the Federal State of Austria. It claimed to be a nonpartisan movement, and aimed to unite ...

. **

is sworn in as the 32nd president of the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

. *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Easte ...

** The

Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...

: President

declares a " Bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends on

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

). **

March 1933 German federal election March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 ...

: The

gains 43.9% of the votes. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

– The real-estate trading board game ''

Monopoly A monopoly (from Greek language, Greek and ) is a market in which one person or company is the only supplier of a particular good or service. A monopoly is characterized by a lack of economic Competition (economics), competition to produce ...

'' is developed in the United States. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

– The 6.4 Long Beach earthquake shakes

Southern California Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and Cultural area, cultural List of regions of California, region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. Its densely populated coastal reg ...

with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (''Severe''), killing 115 people. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

–

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served ...

addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his "

Fireside chats The fireside chats were a series of evening radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, between 1933 and 1944. Roosevelt spoke with familiarity to millions of Americans about recovery from the Great D ...

". *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

– Indonesian Association football club

Persib Bandung Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Bandung (), also known in acronym as Persib (), is an Indonesian professional football club based in Bandung, West Java. The club competes in the Liga 1, the top tier of Indonesian football. Founded in 1919 as ...

is founded as Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

** The

Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity indice ...

rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index. ** Austrian Chancellor

keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the

Austrofascist The Fatherland Front (, VF) was the right-wing conservative, authoritarian, nationalist, corporatist, fascist and Catholic ruling political organisation of the Federal State of Austria. It claimed to be a nonpartisan movement, and aimed to unit ...

dictatorship. *

March 20 Events Pre-1600 *1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. *1600 – The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish n ...

Dachau Dachau (, ; , ; ) was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents, which consisted of communists, s ...

, the first

Nazi concentration camp From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (), including subcamp (SS), subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately af ...

, is completed in Germany (it opens

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...

to hold political prisoners). ** First of a series of meetings in the United States called by Jewish organizations calling for an international anti-Nazi boycott in response to the persecution of German Jews. *

– President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Cullen–Harrison Act, an amendment to the Volstead Act, allowing the manufacture and sale from April 7 of "3.2 beer" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines, 8 months before the full

repeal of Prohibition in the United States In the United States, the nationwide ban on alcoholic beverages was repealed by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 5, 1933. Background In 1919, the requisite number of List of state legislature ...

in December. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. * 1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the las ...

– ''

Gleichschaltung The Nazi term (), meaning "synchronization" or "coordination", was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler—leader of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, Germany—established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all ...

'': The Reichstag passes the

Enabling Act An enabling act is a piece of legislation by which a legislative body grants an entity which depends on it (for authorization or legitimacy) for the delegation of the legislative body's power to take certain actions. For example, enabling act ...

, making

effectively the

dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute Power (social and political), power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a polity. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to r ...

of Germany. *

March 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...

– Japan announces it will leave the

League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...

(due to a cancellation period of exactly two years, the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935). *

March 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice. * 1461 – Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a ...

– Welsh journalist Gareth Jones makes the first report in the West of the

Holodomor The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Famine, was a mass famine in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–193 ...

famine genocide in Ukraine. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...

** March revolution in

Uruguay Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...

: President

Gabriel Terra José Luis Gabriel Terra Leivas (August 1, 1873 – September 15, 1942) was a Uruguayan lawyer and statesman who served as the 26th constitutional president of Uruguay from 1931 to 1933 and as dictator until 1938. He led a traditionalist and ...

carries out a coup with the support of the civilian population, police officers and firefighters and rules as a dictator until 1938. ** The

Civilian Conservation Corps The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government unemployment, work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was ...

is established in the United States as an unemployment relief program.

April

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and, after his tro ...

– The recently elected

Nazis Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

(under

Julius Streicher Julius Sebastian Streicher (12 February 1885 – 16 October 1946) was a German publicist, politician and convicted war criminal. A member of the Nazi Party, he served as the ''Gauleiter'' (regional leader) of Franconia and a member of the '' Reic ...

) organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St ...

– As a member of the English cricket team touring New Zealand, 1933, batsman

Wally Hammond Walter Reginald Hammond (19 June 1903 – 1 July 1965) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Gloucestershire in a career that lasted from 1920 to 1951. Beginning as a professional, he later became an amateur and was appointed capt ...

scores a record 336 runs in a test match at

Eden Park Eden Park is a sports venue in Auckland, New Zealand. It is located three kilometres southwest of the Auckland CBD, on the boundary between the suburbs of Mount Eden and Kingsland. The main stadium has a nominal capacity of 50,000, and is s ...

Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...

. *

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...

** An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

). ** The first flight over

Mount Everest Mount Everest (), known locally as Sagarmatha in Nepal and Qomolangma in Tibet, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level. It lies in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas and marks part of the China–Nepal border at it ...

is made by the British Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale, and funded by

Lucy, Lady Houston Dame Fanny Lucy Houston, Lady Houston, (' Radmall; 8 April 1857 – 29 December 1936) was a British philanthropist, fascist sympathizer, political activist and suffragist. Beginning in 1933, she published the ''Saturday Review (London newspap ...

. *

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 &nd ...

– American airship ''

Akron Akron () is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is the fifth-most populous city in Ohio, with a population of 190,469 at the 2020 census. The Akron metropolitan area, covering Summit and Portage counties, had ...

'' crashes off the coast of

New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...

, killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this date (and until

1950 Events January * January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed. * January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 ...

). *

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921), second Fatimid invasion of Medieval Egypt, Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, Al-Qa'im (Fa ...

** The

International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ; , CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that Adjudication, adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on International law, internation ...

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

decides that

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

belongs to Denmark, and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision. ** United States President

declares a national emergency and issues

Executive Order 6102 Executive Order 6102 is an executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the hoarding (economics), hoarding of gold coin, gold bar, gold bullion, and Gold certificate (United States), gold certificat ...

, making it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold or

bullion Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity. The term is ordinarily applied to bulk metal used in the production of coins and especially to precious metals such as gold and silver. It comes from ...

. *

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First '' Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Em ...

– In Germany, the

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (, shortened to ''Berufsbeamtengesetz''), also known as Civil Service Law, Civil Service Restoration Act, and Law to Re-establish the Civil Service, was enacted by the Nazi Party, Na ...

is passed, the first law of the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents). *

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. *1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...

– Aviator

Bill Lancaster William Henry Lancaster (November 17, 1947 – January 4, 1997) was an American screenwriter and actor. The son of screen legend Burt Lancaster, he was perhaps best known for his screenplays for ''The Bad News Bears'' and ''The Thing (1982 film) ...

takes off from Lympne in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the

Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope ( ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A List of common misconceptions#Geography, common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Afri ...

, but vanishes (his body is not found in the

Sahara Desert The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...

until

1962 The year saw the Cuban Missile Crisis, which is often considered the closest the world came to a Nuclear warfare, nuclear confrontation during the Cold War. Events January * January 1 – Samoa, Western Samoa becomes independent from Ne ...

). *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Henry V, King of Germany, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. * 1455 – Thirteen Years' War: ...

– The Children and Young Persons Act is passed in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

. This raises the

age of criminal responsibility The age of criminal responsibility is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence/defense of infancy, which is a form of defense known as an excuse so t ...

from 7 to 8, raises the minimum age for

capital punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence (law), sentence ordering that an offender b ...

to 18, places restrictions on the identification in the press of persons under 18 appearing in court, sets a minimum full-time working age of 14 and makes it illegal to sell tobacco products to under-16s. *

April 21 Events Pre-1600 * 753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is mur ...

–

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

outlaws the

kosher (also or , ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher ( in English, ), from the Ashke ...

ritual ''

shechita In Judaism, ''shechita'' (anglicized: ; ; ; also transliterated ''shehitah, shechitah, shehita'') is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to ''kashrut''. One who practices this, a kosher butcher is called a ''sho ...

''. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

– In Nazi Germany: **

Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses The beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses have engendered controversy throughout their history. Consequently, the denomination has been opposed by local governments, communities, and religious groups. Many Christian denominations co ...

begins with the seizure of the Bible Students' office in

Magdeburg Magdeburg (; ) is the Capital city, capital of the Germany, German States of Germany, state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is on the Elbe river. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archbishopric of Mag ...

. ** Jewish physicians are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many to give up their practices. *

April 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux. * 1478 – The Pazzi family attack on Lorenzo de' Medici in order to displace the ruling Medici family kills his brother Giuliano during High Mass in Fl ...

– The

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

secret police image:Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png, 300px, Vladimir Putin's secret police identity card, issued by the East German Stasi while he was working as a Soviet KGB liaison officer from 1985 to 1989. Both organizations used similar forms of repression. Secre ...

is established in Nazi Germany by

Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German Nazism, Nazi politician, aviator, military leader, and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which gov ...

. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...

– The

Stahlhelm The ''Stahlhelm'' (German for "''steel helmet''") is a term used to refer to a series of German steel combat helmet designs intended to protect the wearer from common battlefield hazards such as shrapnel. The armies of the great powers began ...

veterans' organization joins the

Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

party in Germany.

May

May 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first royal charter. * 1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great. * 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and impris ...

– ''

'':

prohibits

trade union A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...

s. *

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

** In the

Irish Free State The Irish Free State (6 December 192229 December 1937), also known by its Irish-language, Irish name ( , ), was a State (polity), state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-ye ...

Dáil Éireann Dáil Éireann ( ; , ) is the lower house and principal chamber of the Oireachtas, which also includes the president of Ireland and a senate called Seanad Éireann.Article 15.1.2° of the Constitution of Ireland reads: "The Oireachtas shall co ...

abolishes the

oath of allegiance An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to a monarch or a country. In modern republics, oaths are sworn to the country in general, or to the country's constitution. For ...

to the

British Crown The Crown is a political concept used in Commonwealth realms. Depending on the context used, it generally refers to the entirety of the State (polity), state (or in federal realms, the relevant level of government in that state), the executive ...

. **

Nellie Tayloe Ross Nellie Davis Ross (née Tayloe; November 29, 1876 – December 19, 1977) was an American educator and politician who served as the 14th governor of Wyoming from 1925 to 1927, and as the 28th and first female director of the United States Mint fr ...

becomes the first woman to be named director of the

United States Mint The United States Mint is a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bull ...

. *

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...

– The detection by

Karl Jansky Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in April 1933 first announced his discovery of radio waves emanating from the Milky Way in the constellation Sagittarius. He is consider ...

of radio waves from the center of the

Milky Way The Milky Way or Milky Way Galaxy is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the #Appearance, galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars in other arms of the galax ...

Galaxy is reported in ''The New York Times''. The discovery leads to the birth of

radio astronomy Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies Astronomical object, celestial objects using radio waves. It started in 1933, when Karl Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories reported radiation coming from the Milky Way. Subsequent observat ...

. *

May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...

–

Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2October 186930January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British ...

begins a 3-week

hunger strike A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fasting, fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are ...

because of the mistreatment of the lower castes in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

–

Chaco War The Chaco War (, Paraguay Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border, east and northeast, and Boli ...

formally declares war on

Bolivia Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, w ...

. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...

–

Vidkun Quisling Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (; ; 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer, politician and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Nazi collaborator who Quisling regime, headed the government of N ...

and

Johan Bernhard Hjort Johan Bernhard Hjort (25 February 1895 – 24 February 1969) was a Norwegian supreme court lawyer. He is known for co-founding Nasjonal Samling in 1933, his later resistance work against Nazi Germany, including his work to help Scandinavian pr ...

form the

Nasjonal Samling The Nasjonal Samling (, NS; ) was a Norway, Norwegian far-right politics, far-right political party active from 1933 to 1945. It was the only legal party of Norway from 1942 to 1945. It was founded by former minister of defence Vidkun Quisling a ...

(the National Gathering Party) of Norway. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47 ...

–

New Deal The New Deal was a series of wide-reaching economic, social, and political reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938, in response to the Great Depression in the United States, Great Depressi ...

: President

signs an act creating the

Tennessee Valley Authority The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned electric utility corporation in the United States. TVA's service area covers all of Tennessee, portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, and small areas of Georgia, North Carolin ...

. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire ta ...

– The

Party in Germany introduces a law to legalize

eugenic Eugenics is a set of largely discredited beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the ferti ...

sterilization. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &nda ...

in the United States: The

Federal Securities Act The Securities Act of 1933, also known as the 1933 Act, the Securities Act, the Truth in Securities Act, the Federal Securities Act, and the '33 Act, was enacted by the United States Congress on May 27, 1933, during the Great Depression and afte ...

is signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with the

Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government whose principal mission is the enforcement of civil (non-criminal) United States antitrust law, antitrust law and the promotion of consumer protection. It ...

. ** The ''

Century of Progress A Century of Progress International Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, was a world's fair held in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, from 1933 to 1934. The fair, registered under the Bureau International des Exposit ...

World's Fair A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a perio ...

opens in Chicago.

June

* June – The

famine-genocide in

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

reaches its peak, with 30,000 deaths from human-made starvation each day. The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born this year is 7.3 years. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

– The

U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body, the U.S. House of Representatives, and an upper body, the U.S. Senate. They both ...

abrogates the United States use of the

gold standard A gold standard is a backed currency, monetary system in which the standard economics, economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the ...

, by enacting a joint resolution nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointe ...

– The first drive-in movie theater is opened in Pennsauken Township, near

Camden, New Jersey Camden is a City (New Jersey), city in Camden County, New Jersey, Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the Delaware Valley metropolitan region. The city was incorporated on February 13, 1828.Snyder, John P''The Story of ...

, by Richard Hollingshead, according to his patent granted May 16. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...

– The

London Economic Conference Geological Museum building, London The London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933, also known as the London Economic Conference, was a meeting of representatives of 66 nations from June 12 to July 27, 1933, at the Geological Museum in Lond ...

is held. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. *1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burn ...

– Kansas City massacre: At the Union Station in

Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City, Missouri, abbreviated KC or KCMO, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by List of cities in Missouri, population and area. The city lies within Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson, Clay County, Missouri, Clay, and Pl ...

, gangsters kill four law enforcement officers and detained fugitive bank robber Frank Nash. *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...

–

outlaws the Social-Democratic Party (SPD). * June 25 – Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against the

persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany Jehovah's Witnesses suffered religious persecution in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 after refusing to perform military service, join Nazi organizations, or give allegiance to the Hitler regime. An estimated 10,000 Witnesses were sent to Nazi ...

. *

June 26 Events Pre-1600 *4 AD, 4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. * 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar (title), Caesar. * 363 – Roman emperor Julian (emperor), J ...

– In the United States: ** The American Totalisator Company unveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine, at the

Arlington Park Arlington Park (formerly known as Arlington International Racecourse) is a former horse race track in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights, Illinois. Once called the ''Arlington Park Jockey Club'', it was located adjacent to the Illinois Rou ...

race track near Chicago. ** Founding of

Twentieth Century Pictures Twentieth Century Pictures, Inc. was an American independent film, independent Cinema of the United States, Hollywood motion picture production company created in 1933 by Joseph Schenck (the former president of United Artists) and Darryl F. Za ...

as a motion picture production company by

Joseph Schenck Joseph Michael Schenck (; December 25, 1876 – October 22, 1961) was a Russian-born American film studio executive. Life and career Schenck was born to a Jewish family in Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian Empire. He emigrated to New York Cit ...

and

Darryl F. Zanuck Darryl Francis Zanuck (; September 5, 1902December 22, 1979) was an American film producer and studio executive; he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. Best known as a co-founder of 20th Century Fox, he played a ...

in Hollywood.

July

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

** The

London Passenger Transport Board The London Passenger Transport Board was the organisation responsible for local public transport in London and its environs from 1933 to 1948. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and brand was Londo ...

begins operation. **

Business Plot The Business Plot, also called the Wall Street Putsch and the White House Putsch, was a political conspiracy in 1933 in the United States to overthrow the government of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and install Smedley Butler as dictator. But ...

Smedley Butler Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881June 21, 1940) was a United States Marine Corps officer and writer. During his 34-year military career, he fought in the Philippine–American War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Mexican Revolution, World War I, ...

becomes involved in a coup attempt led by Gerald MacGuire against the President of the United States

which fails (according to his testimony in 1934). *

July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and procla ...

–

Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2October 186930January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British ...

is sentenced to prison in India. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egy ...

– The first

Major League Baseball All-Star Game The Major League Baseball All-Star Game, also known as the "Midsummer Classic", is an annual professional baseball game sanctioned by Major League Baseball (MLB) and contested between the all-stars from the American League (AL) and National ...

is played at

Comiskey Park Comiskey Park was a ballpark in Chicago, Illinois, located in the Armour Square neighborhood on the near-south side of the city. The stadium served as the home of the Chicago White Sox of the American League from 1910 through 1990. Built by Wh ...

in Chicago. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1167 – The Byzantines defeat the Hungarian army ...

– The first

rugby union Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union in English-speaking countries and rugby 15/XV in non-English-speaking world, Anglophone Europe, or often just rugby, is a Contact sport#Terminology, close-contact team sport that orig ...

test match is played between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa, at Newlands in

Cape Town Cape Town is the legislature, legislative capital city, capital of South Africa. It is the country's oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. Cape Town is the country's List of municipalities in South Africa, second-largest ...

. *

July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. *1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 142 ...

– In

: ** Formation of new political parties is forbidden. ** The

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring () or "Sterilisation Law" was a statute in Nazi Germany enacted on July 14, 1933, (and made active in January 1934) which allowed the compulsory sterilisation of any citizen who in the op ...

is enacted, allowing

compulsory sterilization Compulsory sterilization, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to involuntarily sterilize a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually do ...

of citizens suffering from a list of alleged

genetic disorders A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a chromosome abnormality. Although polygenic disorders are ...

. *

July 15 Events Pre-1600 * 484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 &ndas ...

** The

Four-Power Pact The Four-Power Pact, also known as the Quadripartite Agreement, was an international treaty between the United Kingdom, French Third Republic, France, Kingdom of Italy, Italy, and Nazi Germany, Germany that was initialed on 7 June 1933 and signe ...

is signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy. ** The

International Left Opposition The International Left Opposition (ILO) was an organisation founded by Leon Trotsky in 1930. It was meant to be an opposition group within the Comintern, but members of the Comintern were immediately expelled as soon as they joined (or were sus ...

(ILO) is renamed the International Communist League (ICL). *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defe ...

– ''

Reichskonkordat The ''Reichskonkordat'' ("Concordat between the ... between the Holy See"> ... between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany">Holy See and the German Reich">Holy See"> .. ...

'': Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (later

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent p ...

) signs an accord with Germany. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of ...

Wiley Post Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was an American aviator during the Aviation between the World Wars, interwar period and the first aviator, pilot to fly solo around the world. Known for his work in high-altitude flyi ...

becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing at

Floyd Bennett Field Floyd Bennett Field is an airfield in the Marine Park, Brooklyn, Marine Park neighborhood of southeast Brooklyn in New York City, along the shore of Jamaica Bay. The airport originally hosted commercial and general aviation traffic before bein ...

Brooklyn Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...

, New York, after traveling eastbound in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes. ** " Machine Gun Kelly" and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.

August

August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...

– The Blue Eagle emblem of the

National Recovery Administration The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a prime agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cut throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and governmen ...

in the United States is displayed publicly for the first time. *

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Ancient Macedonian army, Macedonian army led by Philip II of Macedon, Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, Greece, Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Battle of Chaeronea, secu ...

– The

White Sea–Baltic Canal The White Sea–Baltic Canal (), often abbreviated to White Sea Canal (), is a man-made ship canal in Russia opened on 2 August 1933. It connects the White Sea, in the Arctic Ocean, with Lake Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea. U ...

, Stalin's 227 km

ship canal A ship canal is a canal especially intended to accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas, or lakes to which it is connected. Definition Ship canals can be distinguished from barge canals, which are intended to carry barges and other vessel ...

constructed using

forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...

in the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

, opens, connecting the

White Sea The White Sea (; Karelian language, Karelian and ; ) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the nort ...

with

Lake Onega Lake Onega (; also known as Onego; , ; ; Livvi-Karelian language, Livvi: ''Oniegujärvi''; ) is a lake in northwestern Russia, on the territory of the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast. It belongs to the basin of the Baltic ...

and the

Baltic Baltic may refer to: Peoples and languages *Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian *Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originatin ...

. *

August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of ...

– Simele massacre: More than 3,000 Assyrian Iraqis are killed by

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

i government troops. *

August 12 Events Pre-1600 *1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. * 1121 – Bat ...

– British politician

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (Winston Churchill in the Second World War, ...

makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German rearmament. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. * 29 BC – Octavian ...

– Loggers cause a

forest fire A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned and uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire ( in Australia), dese ...

in the Coast Range of

Oregon Oregon ( , ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is a part of the Western U.S., with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while t ...

, later known as the first forest fire of the

Tillamook Burn The Tillamook Burn was a series of forest fires in the Northern Oregon Coast Range of Oregon in the United States that destroyed a total area of of old growth timber in what is now known as the Tillamook State Forest. There were four wildfir ...

. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying . *

August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 766 – Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios. * 1248 – The Dutch cit ...

– The Diexi earthquake shakes

Mao County Mao County or Maoxian ( zh, s=茂县; ; Qiangic languages, Qiang: Shgvunyi) is a counties of China, county in Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Ngawa Prefecture, Sichuan, Sichuan Province, China. It has an area of 3,903 and a popul ...

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

, China and kills 9,000 people. *

August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1060 – The Mirdasids defeat the Fatimid Caliphate at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, signalling the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimi ...

– German-Jewish philosopher

Theodor Lessing Karl Theodor Richard Lessing (8 February 1872 – 31 August 1933) was a German philosopher. He is known for opposing the rise of Hindenburg as president of the Weimar Republic and for his classic on Jewish self-hatred (''Der jüdische Selbsth ...

is shot in Marienbad (

Mariánské Lázně Mariánské Lázně (; ) is a spa town in Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 14,000 inhabitants. Most of the town's buildings come from its Golden Era in the second half of the 19th century, when many c ...

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...

, dying the following day.

September

September 12 Events Pre-1600 * 490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Sima ...

Alejandro Lerroux Alejandro Lerroux García (4 March 1864, in La Rambla, Córdoba – 25 June 1949, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party. He served as Prime Minister three times from 1933 to 1935 and held sever ...

forms a new government in Spain. **

Leó Szilárd Leo Szilard (; ; born Leó Spitz; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-born physicist, biologist and inventor who made numerous important discoveries in nuclear physics and the biological sciences. He conceived the nuclear ...

, waiting for a red light on

Southampton Row The A4200 is a major thoroughfare in central London. It runs between the A4 at Aldwych, to the A400 Hampstead Road/Camden High Street, at Mornington Crescent tube station, via Holborn, Bloomsbury, Euston and Somers Town. Kingsway ...

Bloomsbury Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London, part of the London Borough of Camden in England. It is considered a fashionable residential area, and is the location of numerous cultural institution, cultural, intellectual, and educational ...

(London), conceives the idea of the

nuclear chain reaction In nuclear physics, a nuclear chain reaction occurs when one single nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, thus leading to the possibility of a self-propagating series or "positive feedback loop" of thes ...

. *

September 26 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. * 1087 – William II is c ...

– 1933 Tampico hurricane: A hurricane destroys the town of

Tampico Tampico is a city and port in the southeastern part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located on the north bank of the Pánuco River, about inland from the Gulf of Mexico, and directly north of the state of Veracruz. Tampico is the fif ...

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

October

October 1 Events Pre-1600 * 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. * 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated. * 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to E ...

–

, leader of the Fatherland's Front in Austria, is seriously injured in a failed assassination attempt. *

October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...

–

Air France Air France (; legally ''Société Air France, S.A.''), stylised as AIRFRANCE, is the flag carrier of France, and is headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. The airline is a subsidiary of the Air France-KLM Group and is one of the founding members ...

is formed by the merger of five French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes. *

October 10 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...

– 1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion: A bomb destroys a

United Airlines United Airlines, Inc. is a Major airlines of the United States, major airline in the United States headquartered in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois that operates an extensive domestic and international route network across the United States and six ...

Boeing 247 The Boeing Model 247 is an early American airliner, and one of the first such aircraft to incorporate advances such as all-metal ( anodized aluminum) semimonocoque construction, a fully cantilevered wing, and retractable landing gear.

on a transcontinental flight in mid-air near

Chesterton, Indiana Chesterton is a town in Westchester Township, Porter County, Indiana, Westchester, Jackson Township, Porter County, Indiana, Jackson and Liberty Township, Porter County, Indiana, Liberty townships in Porter County, Indiana, Porter County, in the U ...

, killing all 7 on board, in the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified. *

October 12 Events Pre-1600 *539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia Fall of Babylon, conquer Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed b ...

– The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on

Alcatraz Alcatraz Island () is a small island about 1.25 miles offshore from San Francisco in San Francisco Bay, California, near the Golden Gate Strait. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fo ...

is acquired by the

United States Department of Justice The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a United States federal executive departments, federal executive department of the U.S. government that oversees the domestic enforcement of Law of the Unite ...

, which plans to incorporate the island into its

Federal Bureau of Prisons The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a Federal law enforcement in the United States, federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Justice that is responsible for all List of United States federal prisons, federal prisons ...

as a

penitentiary A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, or remand center, is a facility where people are Imprisonment, imprisoned under the authority of the State (polity), state, usually ...

. *

October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. *1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's in ...

– Germany announces its withdrawal from the

and the World Disarmament Conference, after the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defence armaments under the Versailles Treaty. *

– 16 – The new constitution of

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

is approved only on the third consecutive referendum. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

–

Parricide Parricide is the deliberate killing of one's own parent, spouse, child, or other close relative. However, the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative. It is an umbrella term that can be used to ...

s committed in the United States by

Victor Licata Victor Licata (– December 4, 1950), also known as the Dream Slayer, was an American mass murderer who used an axe to kill his family in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, on October 16, 1933. The killings, which were reported by the media as the work o ...

lead to calls for the legal prohibition of

cannabis ''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae that is widely accepted as being indigenous to and originating from the continent of Asia. However, the number of species is disputed, with as many as three species be ...

. *

October 17 Events Pre-1600 * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China. * 1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London. * 1346 – The English capture King D ...

– Scientist

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...

arrives from Europe in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee from

and takes up a position at the

Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry located in Princeton, New Jersey. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholars, including Albert Ein ...

Princeton, New Jersey The Municipality of Princeton is a Borough (New Jersey), borough in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey, Borough of Princeton and Pri ...

November

November 5 Events Pre-1600 *1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign. * 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first B ...

– Spanish

Basque people The Basques ( or ; ; ; ) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily i ...

vote for autonomy. *

November 8 Events Pre-1600 * 960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla. * 1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dyn ...

: U.S. President

unveils the

Civil Works Administration The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was a short-lived job creation program established by the New Deal during the Great Depression in the United States in order to rapidly create mostly manual-labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers. The j ...

, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed. **

Mohammad Zahir Shah Mohammad Zāhir Shāh (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last King of Afghanistan, reigning from 8 November 1933 until he was deposed on 17 July 1973. Ruling for 40 years, Zahir Shah was the longest-serving ruler of Afghanistan since t ...

becomes

King of Afghanistan The Emir of Afghanistan or also later the King of Afghanistan was the monarch and head of state of Afghanistan from the establishment of the Emirate of Afghanistan, Emirate in the 18th century until the monarchy was abolished in 1973. The title ...

at the age of 19, following the assassination of his father King Mohammad Nadir Shah. *

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, '' Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of th ...

–

Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by a combination of natural factors (severe drought) and hum ...

: In

South Dakota South Dakota (; Sioux language, Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state, state in the West North Central states, North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Dakota people, Dakota Sioux ...

, a very strong

dust storm A dust storm, also called a sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Fine particles are transpo ...

("the great black blizzard") strips

topsoil Topsoil is the upper layer of soil. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. Description Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic mat ...

from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms this year). *

November 12 Events Pre-1600 * 954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. * 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. ...

– Japan Precision Optical Industry, predecessor of the global

Canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the material accepted as officially written by an author or an ascribed author * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western canon, th ...

camera A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photograp ...

and

photocopier A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine, and formerly Xerox machine, the generic trademark) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers ...

brand A brand is a name, term, design, symbol or any other feature that distinguishes one seller's goods or service from those of other sellers. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising for recognition and, importantly, to create and ...

, is founded in Japan. *

November 16 Events Pre-1600 * 951 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom. *1272 – W ...

** The United States and the

establish formal

diplomatic relations Diplomacy is the communication by representatives of state, intergovernmental, or non-governmental institutions intended to influence events in the international system.Ronald Peter Barston, ''Modern Diplomacy'', Pearson Education, 2006, p. ...

. ** American aviator

Jimmie Angel James "Jimmie" Crawford Angel (August 1, 1899December 8, 1956) was an American aviator after whom Angel Falls in Venezuela, the tallest waterfall in the world, is named. Early life James Crawford Angel was born August 1, 1899, near Cedar Valley, ...

becomes the first foreigner to see the

Angel Falls Angel Falls (; Pemon: ''Kerepakupai Merú'' or ''Parakupá Vená'') is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's tallest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of , and a plunge of . The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán-tepui m ...

Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...

(they are named after him). * November 17 – The Marx Brothers' anarchic comedy film ''Duck Soup (1933 film), Duck Soup'' is released in the United States. * November 19 – Second Spanish Republic: General elections result in a victory by the right-wing parties. * November 22 – The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China.

December

* December 5 – The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, Repeal of Prohibition in the United States, repealing Prohibition in the United States, making production and sale of alcohol legal in the U.S. * December 17 – The 1933 NFL Championship Game, first NFL Championship game in American football is played. The Chicago Bears defeat the New York Giants 23–21. * December 21 – Dominion of Newfoundland, Newfoundland returns to Crown colony status, following financial collapse. * December 23 – Lagny-Pomponne rail accident: A train collision near Lagny-sur-Marne in France kills 204. * December 26 ** Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is signed by participants in the 7th International Conference of American States; it is significant in the development of the Sovereign state#Declarative theory, declarative theory of statehood. ** The Nissan Motors, Nissan Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan. ** Frequency modulation, FM radio is patented. * December 29 – Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania.

Date unknown

* Turkey concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former Ottoman Empire to schedule the payments in Paris (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years). * The Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery is created by the

. * The first dated Inter-School Christian Fellowship group is started in Australia at North Sydney Boys High School, with the group continuing into the 21st century. * The ''Adélaïde Concerto'', a spurious violin work attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as "edited" (actually composed) by Marius Casadesus.

Births

January

* January 1 – Joe Orton, English playwright (d. 1967) * January 2 – On Kawara, Japanese conceptual artist (d. 2014) * January 6 – Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2003) * January 7 – Diane Leather, English athlete (d. 2018) *January 8 **Supriya Devi, Indian Bengali actress (d. 2018) **Charles Osgood, American radio and television commentator (d. 2024) * January 12 – Liliana Cavani, Italian film director and screenwriter * January 13 – Tom Gola, American basketball player (d. 2014) * January 14 – Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003) * January 15 – Ernest J. Gaines, American author (d. 2019) * January 16 – Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004) *

** Dalida, French singer (d. 1987) ** Shari Lewis, American ventriloquist (d. 1998) ** Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003) * January 18 ** David Bellamy, English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist (d. 2019) ** John Boorman, English film director * January 21 – Habib Thiam, Senegal politician (d. 2017) * January 23 ** Bill Hayden, Australian politician, 21st Governor-General of Australia (d. 2023) ** Chita Rivera, American actress, dancer (d. 2024) * January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009) * January 27 – Nikolai Fadeyechev, Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and teacher (d. 2020) *

– Jack Hill, American film director

February

* February 2 – Tony Jay, English-American actor and voice artist (d. 2006) *

– Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and priest (d. 2017) * February 8 ** Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria, Austro-Hungarian royal (d. 2017) ** Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano * February 12 – Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director, writer * February 13 ** Paul Biya, 2nd President of Cameroon ** Kim Novak, American actress ** Emanuel Ungaro, French fashion designer (d. 2019) * February 14 – Madhubala, Indian actress (d. 1969) *

– Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, 13th Chief Justice of Pakistan (d. 2017) * February 18 ** Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer, artist and widow of John Lennon ** Sir Bobby Robson, English soccer player, manager (d. 2009) **Frank Moores, second Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador (d. 2005) * February 21 – Nina Simone, African-American singer (d. 2003) * February 22 ** Katharine, Duchess of Kent, British royal, musician and patron of the arts ** Christopher Ondaatje, Ceylonese-born travel writer, biographer and philanthropist * February 24 – Don Bragg (basketball), Don Bragg, American basketball player (d. 1985) * February 26 – Lubomyr Husar, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2017) *

– Charles Vinci, American weightlifter (d. 2018)

March

** Tomas Milian, Cuban-American-Italian actor (d. 2017) ** Lee Radziwill, American socialite, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (d. 2019) *

– Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1998) *

– Jesús Gil, Spanish right-wing politician, construction businessman and football team owner (d. 2004) *

– Mike Stoller, American songwriter *

** Michael Caine, Sir Michael Caine, English actor and author ** René Felber, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 2020) ** Quincy Jones, African-American music producer, composer (d. 2024) *

– Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2020) * March 18 – Unita Blackwell, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2019) * March 19 – Philip Roth, American novelist (d. 2018) *

– Abolhassan Banisadr, 1st President of Iran (d. 2021)

April

** Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996) ** Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate *

– Frank Gorshin, American actor (''Batman (TV series), Batman'') (d. 2005) * April 6 – Henryk Niedźwiedzki, Polish boxer (d. 2018) *

– Wayne Rogers, American actor (''M*A*S*H (TV series), M*A*S*H'') (d. 2015) * April 9 ** Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor (d. 2021) ** Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994) * April 12 ** Montserrat Caballé, Catalan operatic soprano (d. 2018) ** Ben Nighthorse Campbell, American politician * April 14 – Yuri Oganessian, Russian nuclear physicist * April 15 ** Roy Clark, American country musician (d. 2018) ** Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (''Bewitched'') (d. 1995) * April 19 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967) * April 25 – Jerry Leiber, American composer (d. 2011) *

** Carol Burnett, American actress, singer and comedian ** Arno Allan Penzias, German-born physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2024) ** Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Puerto Rican activist (d. 2005) * April 29 ** Mark Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium ** Rod McKuen, American singer, songwriter and poet (d. 2015) ** Willie Nelson, American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, producer, author, poet and activist * April 30 – Vittorio Merloni, Italian entrepreneur (d. 2016)

May

James Brown Live Hamburg 1973 1702730029

Joan Collins - Monte-Carlo Television Festival

** James Brown, African-American soul musician (''I Got You (I Feel Good)'') (d. 2006) ** Steven Weinberg, American physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2021) *

– Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, 2-time prime minister of Sri Lanka (d. 2016) * May 7 ** Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002) ** Nexhmije Pagarusha, Albanian singer and actress (d. 2020) *

** Barbara Taylor Bradford, English-born novelist (d. 2024) ** Eurico da Silva, Indian judge of the High Court of Bombay (d. 2025) * May 11 – Louis Farrakhan, African-American Muslim leader * May 14 – Siân Phillips, Welsh actress * May 21 – Maurice André, French trumpeter (d. 2012) * May 22 – Chen Jingrun, Chinese mathematician (d. 1996) * May 23 – Joan Collins, English actress * May 24 – Don Taxay, American numismatist and historian (disappeared. 1977) * May 29 – Helmuth Rilling, German conductor

June

* June 1 ** Charlie Wilson (Texas politician), Charlie Wilson, American politician (d. 2010) ** Haruo Remeliik, 1st president of Palau (d. 1985) * June 2 – Sasao Gouland, governor of Chuuk State, Micronesia (d. 2011) * June 3 – Celso Torrelio, 58th president of Bolivia (d. 1999) * June 4 – Godfried Danneels, Belgian cardinal (d. 2019) *

– Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) * June 8 – Joan Rivers, American actress, comedian, and television host (d. 2014) * June 10 – F. Lee Bailey, American lawyer (d. 2021) * June 11 – Gene Wilder, American actor (d. 2016) *

– Eddie Adams (photographer), Eddie Adams, American photographer and photojournalist (d. 2004) * June 13 – Sven-Olov Sjödelius, Swedish sprint canoeist (d. 2018) * June 14 ** Svetlin Rusev, Bulgarian artist (d. 2018) ** Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019), Henri, Count of Paris, French noble (d. 2019) * June 15 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, 2nd president of Iran, 47th prime minister of Iran (d. 1981) *

– Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (d. 1970) * June 19 – Viktor Patsayev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1971) * June 20 – Danny Aiello, American actor (d. 2019) * June 21 – Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian *

– Dianne Feinstein, American politician, Senator and mayor of San Francisco (d. 2023) * June 23 – Abel Alier, South Sudanese politician and judge * June 24 ** Sam Jones (basketball, born 1933), Sam Jones, American basketball player (d. 2021) ** Ngina Kenyatta, First Lady of Kenya * June 25 ** James Meredith, American civil rights activist and writer ** Hong Sook-ja, South Korean politician, feminist ** Álvaro Siza, Portuguese architect *

– Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor (d. 2014) * June 28 – V. Sasisekharan, Indian molecular biologist * June 30 – Lea Massari, Italian actress

July

* July 3 ** Carmen Barbará, Spanish comics artist, illustrator ** Lidy Stoppelman, Dutch figure skater *

– Reza Davari Ardakani, Iranian philosopher * July 7 – Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner (d. 2022) * July 9 – Oliver Sacks, English-born neurologist (d. 2015) * July 11 ** Joyce Piliso-Seroke, South-African educator, activist, feminist and community organizer ** György Czakó, Hungarian figure skater (d. 2023) *

** Franz, Duke of Bavaria, German royal ** Dumaagiin Sodnom, 13th prime minister of Mongolia *

** Julian Bream, English guitarist and lutenist (d. 2020) ** Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (d. 2003) ** John Hopfield, American physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate ** M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Indian writer (d. 2024) * July 16 ** Julian A. Brodsky, American businessman ** Gheorghe Cozorici, Romanian actor (d. 1993) * July 17 – Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th prime minister of Malta (d. 2022) * July 18 ** Syd Mead, American industrial and conceptual designer (d. 2019) ** Jean Yanne, French humorist and film actor and director (d. 2003) ** Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Russian poet (d. 2017) * July 19 – Michel Lévêque, French diplomat and politician *

– Cormac McCarthy, American Pulitzer Prize-winning author (d. 2023) * July 23 – Richard Rogers, Italian-born British architect (d. 2021) * July 29 – Lou Albano, Italian-American professional wrestler, manager and actor (d. 2009)

August

Roman Polanski at Cannes in 2013 cropped and brightened

– Dom DeLuise, American actor, comedian (d. 2009) *

– Tom Bell (actor), Tom Bell, English actor (d. 2006) * August 4 – Anthony Anenih, Nigerian politician (d. 2018) * August 6 – Suchinda Kraprayoon, 19th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2025) *

** Elinor Ostrom, American economist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) ** Jerry Pournelle, American science fiction writer (d. 2017) * August 10 ** Silvia Caos, Cuban-Mexican actress (d. 2006) ** Doyle Brunson, American poker player (d. 2023) * August 11 – Jerry Falwell, American evangelist, conservative political activist (d. 2007) *

** Robert Harold Porter, Canadian businessman, farmer and politician (d. 2018) ** Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021) * August 16 ** Julie Newmar, American actress ** Stuart Roosa, American astronaut (d. 1994) ** Ricardo Blume, Peruvian-Mexican actor and theater director (d. 2020) * August 17 – Gene Kranz, American NASA Flight Director * August 18 ** Roman Polanski, Polish film director ** Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh, Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018) * August 20 ** George J. Mitchell, American lawyer, businessman, author and politician ** Don Fuqua, American politician and member of the United States House of Representatives from 1963 to 1987 * August 21 – Janet Baker, Dame Janet Baker, English mezzo-soprano * August 23 – Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022) * August 24 – Guillermo Bredeston, Argentine actor (d. 2018) *

– Tom Skerritt, American actor * August 29 – Arnold Koller, Swiss Federal Councillor

September

Samora Moises Machel detail DF-SC-88-01383

* September 1 ** T. Thirunavukarasu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1982) ** Conway Twitty, American country music artist (d. 1993) * September 2 – Mathieu Kérékou, 5th President of Benin (d. 2015) * September 10 ** Yevgeny Khrunov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2000) ** Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer, artist (d. 2019) * September 11 – William Luther Pierce, American Neo-Nazi and far-right activist (d. 2002) * September 13 – Mahant Swami Maharaj (b. Vinu Patel), Indian Hindu guru * September 14 – Hillevi Rombin, Swedish athlete, model and Miss Universe 1955 (d. 1996) * September 15 – Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor (d. 2014) * September 17 ** Arsenio Corsellas, Spanish actor (d. 2019) ** Chuck Grassley, American politician ** Evelyn Kawamoto, American competition swimmer (d. 2017) ** Dorothy Loudon, American actress and singer (d. 2003) * September 18 ** Scotty Bowman, Canadian ice hockey coach ** Robert Blake (actor), Robert Blake, American actor (d. 2023) ** Fred Willard, American actor and comedian (d. 2020) * September 19 – David McCallum, Scottish-born actor (d. 2023) * September 21 – Anatoly Krutikov, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2019) * September 24 – Raffaele Farina, Italian cardinal, archivist of the Holy Roman Church * September 25 – Hubie Brown, American basketball coach, broadcaster * September 27 ** Kathleen Nolan, American actress ** Will Sampson, American actor (d. 1987) * September 29 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (d. 1986) * September 30 ** Ajitesh Bandopadhyay, Indian actor, playwright and director (d. 1983) ** Cissy Houston, American singer (d. 2024) ** Barbara Knox, English actress ** Dirce Migliaccio, Brazilian actress (d. 2009) ** Michael Parenti, Micheal Parenti, American political scientist

October

* October 2 ** John Gurdon, British developmental biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ** Dave Somerville, Canadian singer (The Diamonds) (d. 2015) ** Waldo Von Erich, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2009) * October 3 – Abdon Pamich, Italian Olympic athlete * October 9 – Peter Mansfield, British physicist and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel laureate (d. 2017) *

– Jay Sebring, American hair stylist (d. 1969) * October 11 – Thomas Atcitty, American politician (d. 2020) * October 13 – Mark Zakharov, Soviet and Russian film and theatre director (d. 2019) *

** William Anders, American astronaut (d. 2024) ** Jeanine Deckers, Belgian nun, known as "The Singing Nun" (d. 1985) * October 18 – Firuz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani politician (d. 2018) * October 19 – Geraldo Majella Agnelo, Dom Geraldo Majella, Brazilian Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 2023) * October 24 ** Reginald Kray, British gangster (d. 2000) ** Ronald Kray, British gangster (d. 1995) * October 28 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (d. 1983)

November

* November 3 ** John Barry (composer), John Barry, British film score composer (d. 2011) ** Ken Berry, American actor, dancer and singer (d. 2018) ** Jeremy Brett, British actor (d. 1995) ** Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995) ** Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate ** C. K. Jaffer Sharief, Indian politician (d. 2018) ** Michael Dukakis, American politician, former governor of Massachusetts, and 1988 United States presidential election, 1988 presidential candidate * November 4 – Charles K. Kao, Chinese electrical engineer, physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2018) * November 6 – Knut Johannesen, Norwegian speed-skater * November 9 – Lucian Pintilie, Romanian film director, screenwriter (d. 2018) * November 10 ** Don Clarke, New Zealand rugby football player (d. 2002) ** Seymour Nurse, Barbadian cricketer (d. 2019) *

– Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda, Japanese artistic gymnast (d. 2023) *

– Jalal Talabani, Kurdish President of Iraq (d. 2017) * November 14 – Fred Haise, American astronaut in Apollo 13 * November 19 – Larry King, American Radio Hall of Fame, Hall of Fame broadcaster (''Larry King Live'', ''Larry King Now'', ''Politicking with Larry King'') (d. 2021) * November 21 – T. Rasalingam, Sri Lankan Tamil politician * November 23 – Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer and conductor (d. 2020) * November 25 ** Tunku Abdul Rahman (born 1933), Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian aristocrat (d. 1988) ** Kathryn Crosby, American actress (d. 2024) * November 26 – Robert Goulet, American entertainer (d. 2007) * November 27 – Ani Bitenc, Slovenian translator (d. 2024) * November 28 – Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003) * November 29 ** Francisco Cuoco, Brazilian actor ** John Mayall, English blues musician (d. 2024)

December

Carroll Spinney and Oscar the Grouch 2014

* December 1 – Lou Rawls, American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor and record producer (d. 2006) * December 2 – Mike Larrabee, American Olympic athlete (d. 2003) * December 3 – Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021) * December 4 ** Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1988) ** Horst Buchholz, German actor (d. 2003) ** Wink Martindale, American game show host and disc jockey (d. 2025) * December 6 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (d. 2010) * December 10 – Mako (actor), Mako, Japanese-born actor (d. 2006) * December 13 – Lou Adler, American film and record producer * December 14 ** Justin Rakotoniaina, 3rd prime minister of Madagascar (d. 2001) ** Eva Wilma, Brazilian actress (d. 2021) * December 15 ** Tim Conway, American actor and comedian (d. 2019) ** Ralph T. O'Neal, 4th and 6th Premier of the Virgin Islands (d. 2019) * December 17 – Shirley Abrahamson, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (d. 2020) * December 22 – Abel Pacheco, 44th President of Costa Rica * December 23 – Akihito, 125th List of Emperors of Japan, Emperor of Japan * December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018) * December 26 ** Emmanuel Dabbaghian, Syrian Armenian Catholic patriarch (d. 2018) ** Caroll Spinney, American puppeteer (d. 2019)

Deaths

January

* January 3 ** Wilhelm Cuno, German businessman, politician and 15th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) ** Jack Pickford, Canadian-born actor, film director and producer (b. 1896) * January 5 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872) * January 7 – Bert Hinkler, Australian aviator (b. 1892) * January 9 ** Kate Gleason, American engineer (b. 1865) ** Daphne Akhurst, Australian tennis champion (b. 1903) * January 10 – Roberto Mantovani, Italian geologist (b. 1854) *

– Louis Comfort Tiffany, American stained glass artist, jewellery designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany (b. 1848) * January 25 – Lewis J. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1870) * January 29 ** Thomas Coward, British ornithologist (b. 1867) ** Sara Teasdale, American lyrical poet (b. 1884) * January 31 – John Galsworthy, British writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)

February

** James Banning, American aviation pioneer (b. 1900) ** Josiah Thomas (politician), Josiah Thomas, Australian politician (b. 1863) * February 12 ** Henri Duparc (composer), Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848) ** Sir Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet, William Robertson, British field marshal (b. 1860) * February 14 – Carl Correns, German botanist, geneticist (b. 1864) *

– Pat Sullivan (film producer), Pat Sullivan, Australian-born American director, producer of animated films (b. 1885) * February 18 – James J. Corbett, American boxer (b. 1866) * February 26 ** Spottiswoode Aitken, British-American actor (b. 1868) ** Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (b. 1866) *

– Walter Hiers, American actor (b. 1893)

March

– Thomas J. Walsh, American politician (b. 1859) * March 6 **

, Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (assassinated) (b. 1873) ** Cyril R. Jandus, American lawyer and politician (b. 1867) *

– Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, Chief of the Senussi order in Libya (b. 1873) *

** Andon Dimitrov, Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. 1867) ** Robert T. A. Innes, South African astronomer (b. 1861) *

** Balto, American sled dog (b. 1919) ** Antonio Garbasso, Italian physicist, politician (b. 1871) *

– Gustavo Jiménez, Interim President of Peru (b. 1886) * March 18 – Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Italian mountaineer, explorer and admiral (b. 1873) *March 19 – Erhard Heiden, German Nazi officer and 3rd commander Reichsführer-SS of the Schutzstaffel (b. 1901) *

–

, American attempted assassin of

(b. 1900) * March 26 – Eddie Lang, American musician (b. 1902) * March 30 – Dan O'Connor (prospector), Dan O'Connor, Canadian prospector (b. 1864) *

– Baltasar Brum, 23rd President of Uruguay (b. 1883)

April

– Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, British politician and colonial governor, Viceroy of India (b. 1868) *

– Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricketer and ruler of Nawanagar State, Nawanagar. (b. 1872) *

– William A. Moffett, U.S. admiral (crash of airship ) (b. 1869) *

– Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria (b. 1860) *April 15 – Mary Isabella Macleod, North American pioneer (b. 1852) * April 17 – Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist (b. 1876) * April 20 – William Courtenay (actor), William Courtenay, Canadian actor, director (b. 1875) * April 22 ** Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1901) ** Henry Royce, Sir Henry Royce, English car manufacturer (b. 1863) * April 23 – Tim Keefe, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857) * April 30 – Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, 77th Prime Minister of Peru, 48th President of Peru (assassinated) (b. 1889)

May

– Frederick Kerr, English actor (b. 1858) * May 6 – Li Ching-Yuen, Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor * May 13 – Ernest Torrence, British actor (b. 1878) * May 15 – Hermann von François, German general (b. 1856) * May 16 – John Henry Mackay, Scottish-born German anarchist writer and philosopher (b. 1864) * May 22 – Sándor Ferenczi, Hungarian psychoanalyst (b. 1873) * May 24 ** Percy C. Mather, British Protestant missionary (b. 1882) ** Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss, British admiral (b. 1864) *

** Horatio Bottomley, British politician and businessman (b. 1860) ** Jimmie Rodgers (country singer), Jimmie Rodgers, American country singer (b. 1897)

June

* June 2 – Frank Jarvis (athlete), Frank Jarvis, American athlete (b. 1878) * June 7 – Cyrus H. K. Curtis, American publisher (b. 1850) * June 15 – Hildegard Burjan, German Catholic Church, Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1883) * June 18 – Harry Sweet, American actor and director (b. 1901) * June 25 ** Jean Cugnot, French Olympic cyclist (b. 1899) ** Giovanni Giacometti, Swiss painter (b. 1868) * June 29 – Roscoe Arbuckle, American actor, comedian, film director and screenwriter (b. 1887)

July

* July 3 ** Hipólito Yrigoyen, 18th President of Argentina (b. 1852) ** Franz Wilhelm Seiwert, German painter, sculptor (b. 1894) *

– Robert Kajanus, Finnish conductor and composer (b. 1856) * July 11 – Edward Dillon (actor), Edward Dillon, American actor, director (b. 1879) *

** Irving Babbitt, American literary critic (b. 1865) ** Freddie Keppard, American jazz musician (b. 1890) ** Léon de Witte de Haelen, Belgian general (b. 1857) * July 18 – Charles Prince (actor), Charles Prince, French actor (b. 1872) * July 27 – Nobuyoshi Mutō, Japanese field marshal, ambassador (b. 1868)

August

– Sulejman Delvina, Albanian politician, 5th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1884) * August 10 – Alf Morgans, Australian politician, 4th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1850) * August 13 – Hasan Prishtina, Albanian politician, 8th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1873) * August 18 – James Williamson (film pioneer), James Williamson, British film director (b. 1855) * August 22 – Alexandros Kontoulis, Greek general (b. 1858) * August 23 ** Marie Cahill, American singer, actress (b. 1866) ** Adolf Loos, Austrian-Czechoslovak architect (b. 1870) *

– Kustaa Ahmala, Finnish politician (b. 1867)

September

* September 2 – Francesco de Pinedo, Italian aviator (b. 1890) * September 7 – Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, British statesman (b. 1862) * September 8 – King Faisal I of Iraq (b. 1885) * September 10 – Giuseppe Campari, Italian opera singer, Grand Prix driver (b. 1892) * September 17 ** Jules Culot, French entomologist (b. 1861) ** Joseph De Piro, Maltese Roman Catholic priest, missionary and Servant of God (b. 1877) * September 20 – Annie Besant, British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator (b. 1847) * September 21 – Kenji Miyazawa, Japanese novelist and poet of children's literature (b. 1896) * September 24 – Dorothea Baird, British actress (b. 1875) * September 25 ** Paul Ehrenfest, Austrian-Dutch physicist (b. 1880) ** Ring Lardner, American writer (b. 1885) *

– William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick, British-born flying ace (b. 1896) * September 28 – Alexander von Krobatin, Austro-Hungarian field marshal and politician (b. 1849)

October

* October 4 – Edward Lyon Buchwalter, American Union captain and businessman (b. 1841) * October 5 – Renée Adorée, French actress (b. 1898) *

– Jo Labadie, American labor organizer (b. 1850) *

– Ismael Montes, Bolivian general and political figure, 26th President of Bolivia (b. 1861) * October 27 – Emily Murphy, Canadian woman's rights activist (b. 1868) * October 29 ** George Luks, American painter (b. 1867) ** Albert Calmette, French bacteriologist, immunologist (b. 1863) ** Paul Painlevé, French mathematician and statesman, 62nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)

November

* November 2 – Gao Qifeng, Chinese painter (b. 1889) * November 3 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician (b. 1853) *

– Texas Guinan, American actress, producer and entrepreneur (b. 1884) * November 6 – Andrey Lyapchev, 22nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1866) *

** Pietro Albertoni, Italian psychologist, politician (b. 1849) ** Mohammad Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan (b. 1883) *

– Kyrillos III of Cyprus, archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church (b. 1859) * November 18 – Francisco Javier Gaxiola, Mexican diplomat, lawyer and politician (b. 1870) * November 20 – Augustine Birrell, English politician and author (b. 1850) * November 21 – Inez Clough, American actress (b. 1873) * November 23 ** Eusebio Hernández Pérez, Cuban eugenicist, obstetrician, and guerrilla (b. 1853) ** François Albert, French journalist (b. 1874) * November 30 – Arthur Currie, Sir Arthur Currie, Canadian general (b. 1875)

December

* December 2 ** Clarence Burton, American actor (b. 1882) ** Émile Meyerson, Polish-French epistemologist, chemist and philosopher (b. 1859) * December 4 – Stefan George, German poet (b. 1868) * December 6 – Auguste Chapuis, French composer (b. 1858) * December 8 ** Yamamoto Gonnohyoe, Imperial Japanese army officer, 8th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1852) ** Karl Jatho, German airplane pioneer (b. 1873) ** John Joly, Irish physicist (b. 1857) * December 10 – János Hadik, 19th prime minister of Hungary (b. 1863) * December 16 – Robert W. Chambers, American writer (b. 1865) * December 17 **13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (b. 1876) **Oskar Potiorek, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1853) * December 18 – Hans Vaihinger, German philosopher (b. 1852) * December 19 ** George Jackson Churchward, English Great Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b. 1857) ** Friedrich von Ingenohl, German admiral (b. 1857) * December 21 ** Dora Montefiore, English suffragist and socialist (b. 1851) ** Knud Rasmussen, Danish polar explorer and anthropologist (b. 1879) ** Tod Sloan (jockey), Tod Sloan, American jockey (b. 1874) * December 24 – Prince Aribert of Anhalt (b. 1866) * December 25 – Francesc Macià, President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. 1859) * December 26 – Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian Marxist revolutionary (b. 1875) * December 29 – Ion G. Duca, 35th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1879)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Thomas Hunt Morgan * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Ivan Bunin * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Norman Angell, Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)

References

External links

The 1930s Timeline: 1933
– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia {{DEFAULTSORT:1933 1933,