1929
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This year marked the end of a period known in American history as the
Roaring Twenties The Roaring Twenties, sometimes stylized as Roaring '20s, refers to the 1920s decade in music and fashion, as it happened in Western world, Western society and Western culture. It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultura ...
after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
. In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the
Cristero War The Cristero War (), also known as the Cristero Rebellion or , was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of secularism, secularist and anti-clericalism, anticler ...
, a Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico. The
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August ...
, a British high court, ruled that Canadian women are persons in the '' Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)'' case. The
1st Academy Awards The 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and hosted by AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks, honored the best 1927 in film, films from 1 August 1927 to 1928 in film, 31 July 1928 a ...
for film were held in Los Angeles, while the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
opened in New York City. The
Peruvian Air Force The Peruvian Air Force (, FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Military of Peru, Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of aerial warfare, air power. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding i ...
was created. In Asia, the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
and the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
engaged in a minor conflict after the Chinese seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, which ended with a resumption of joint administration. In the Soviet Union,
General Secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, Power (social and political), power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the org ...
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...
expelled
Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...
and adopted a policy of
collectivization Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives, in which member- ...
. The Grand Trunk Express began service in India.
Rioting A riot or mob violence is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people. Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The p ...
between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the
Western Wall The Western Wall (; ; Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: ''HaKosel HaMa'arovi'') is an ancient retaining wall of the built-up hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. Its most famous section, known by the same name ...
took place in the Middle East. The
centenary of Western Australia In 1929, Western Australia (WA) celebrated the centenary of the founding of Perth and the establishment of the Swan River Colony, the first permanent European settlement in WA. A variety of events were run in Perth, regional areas throughout the ...
was celebrated. The Afghan Civil War, which started in November in the preceding year, continued until October. The
Kellogg–Briand Pact The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris – officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy – is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war t ...
, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the
Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty (; ) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question. The treaty and ass ...
. The
Idionymon ''Idionymon'' (, literally "that which has its own name", also translated as "special illegal act" or ''delictum sui generis''), is a Greek legal term referring to a criminal offense which is treated distinctly from the general categories in the G ...
law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent. Spain hosted the
Ibero-American Exposition The Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 (; ) was a world's fair held in Seville, Spain, from 9 May 1929 until 21 June 1930. Countries in attendance of the exposition included: Portugal, the United States, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, C ...
which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The German airship LZ 127 ''Graf Zeppelin'' flew around the world in 21 days.


Summary


Middle East, Asia, and Pacific Isles

On
August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...
of this year the
1929 Palestine riots The 1929 Palestine riots, Buraq Uprising (, ) or the Events of 1929 (, , ''lit.'' Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews ove ...
broke out between
Arabs Arabs (,  , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of yea ...
and
Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
over control of the
Western Wall The Western Wall (; ; Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: ''HaKosel HaMa'arovi'') is an ancient retaining wall of the built-up hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. Its most famous section, known by the same name ...
. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall, continued until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed. Early in 1929, the Afghan Civil War saw the Afghan leader King Amanullah lose power to the Saqqawists under
Habibullāh Kalakāni Habibullah Kalakani (, 19 January 1891 – 1 November 1929), derogatively called "Bacha-ye Saqao" (also romanized Bachai Sakao; literally ''son of the water carrier''), was the ruler of Afghanistan from 17 January to 13 October 1929, as well a ...
. Kalakani's rule, however, only lasted nine months.
Nadir Shah Nader Shah Afshar (; 6 August 1698 or 22 October 1688 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was a ...
replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years. In India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British. On
December 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. * ...
, the All India Congress in
Lahore Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...
declared Indian
independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...
from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status. China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of
Hailar Hailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban District (China), district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administr ...
and Manzhouli after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms on
November 26 Events Pre-1600 * 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her nephew from retaking the throne from Mauregatus. * 1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dy ...
. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria. The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems. In the Pacific, on
December 28 Events Pre-1600 * 418 – A papal election begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I. * 457 – Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor. * 484 – Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the V ...
– " Black Saturday" in
Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...
– New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the
Mau movement The Mau was a nonviolence, non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colony, colonial rule during the first half of the 20th century. ''Mau'' means 'resolute' or 'resolved' in the sense of 'opinion', 'unwavering', 'to be decided', o ...
to demand independence for Samoa.


Europe


Western

In 1929, the Fascist Party in Italy tightened its control. National education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination. In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God. On February 11, the
Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy (, ) was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy wa ...
and the
Holy See The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...
signed the
Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty (; ) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question. The treaty and ass ...
, making
Vatican City Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (; ), is a Landlocked country, landlocked sovereign state and city-state; it is enclaved within Rome, the capital city of Italy and Bishop of Rome, seat of the Catholic Church. It became inde ...
a sovereign state. On
July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridg ...
,
Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XI (; born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939) was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 until his death in February 1939. He was also the first sovereign of the Vatican City State u ...
emerged from the
Vatican Vatican may refer to: Geography * Vatican City, an independent city-state surrounded by Rome, Italy * Vatican Hill, in Rome, namesake of Vatican City * Ager Vaticanus, an alluvial plain in Rome * Vatican, an unincorporated community in the ...
and entered St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican. Italy used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy. Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the
Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...
until foreign investors withdrew their German interests. This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism. In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million. On
July 27 Events Pre-1600 *1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. This is known as the Battle of Dunsinane. *1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives a ...
, the
Geneva Convention upright=1.15, The original document in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian t ...
, held in Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems encountered during World War I. On
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by th ...
, the British general election returned a hung parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would have power. These elections were known as the "Flapper" elections due to the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could vote. A week after the vote, on
June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...
the
Conservatives Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...
conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals.
Ramsay MacDonald James Ramsay MacDonald (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British statesman and politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The first two of his governments belonged to the Labour Party (UK), Labour Party, where he led ...
founded a new Labour government the next day. 1929 is regarded as a turning point by
French historians This is a list of French historians limited to those with a biographical entry in either English or French Wikipedia. Other major French chroniclers, annalists, philosophers, or other writers are included if they have important historical output. ...
, who point out that it was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great Depression. The Third Republic had been in power since before World War I. On July 24, French prime minister
Raymond Poincaré Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to ...
resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by
Aristide Briand Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliat ...
. Briand adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The
Kellogg–Briand Pact The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris – officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy – is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war t ...
, renouncing
war War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organi ...
as an instrument of
foreign policy Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...
, went into effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in
1928 Events January * January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material. * January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris B ...
by most leading world powers). The French began work on the
Maginot Line The Maginot Line (; ), named after the Minister of War (France), French Minister of War André Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by French Third Republic, France in the 1930s to deter invas ...
in this year, as a defense against a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the ''United States of Europe''. On October 22, Briand was replaced as prime minister by
André Tardieu André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (; 22 September 1876 – 15 September 1945) was three times Prime Minister of France (3 November 1929 – 17 February 1930; 2 March – 4 December 1930; 20 February – 10 May 1932) and a dominant figure of ...
. Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.


Eastern

In May,
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...
consolidated his power in the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
by sending
Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...
into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey's civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12. Stalin turned on his former political ally,
Nikolai Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (; rus, Николай Иванович Бухарин, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪdʑ bʊˈxarʲɪn; – 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist. A prominent Bolshevik ...
, who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin's
New Economic Policy The New Economic Policy (NEP) () was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin characterized the NEP in 1922 as an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism, ...
into opposition. In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of the Great Breakthrough" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry. Millions of Soviet farmers were removed from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing
kulak Kulak ( ; rus, кула́к, r=kulák, p=kʊˈɫak, a=Ru-кулак.ogg; plural: кулаки́, ''kulakí'', 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul () or golchomag (, plural: ), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over ...
s as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by cattle train to areas of frozen tundra. The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascist
Lapua Movement The Lapua Movement (, ) was a radical Finnish nationalist, fascist, pro- German and anti-communist political movement founded in and named after the town of Lapua. Led by Vihtori Kosola, it turned towards far-right politics after its founding ...
on
November 23 Events Pre-1600 *534 BC – Thespis of Icaria becomes the first recorded actor to portray a character on stage. *1248 – Siege of Seville, Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile. *1499 – Seve ...
in a demonstration in
Lapua Lapua (; ) is a List of cities and towns in Finland, town and municipalities of Finland, municipality in Finland's South Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, region. It is located next to the Lapua River. The town has a population of () and cov ...
. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism. The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups. Politics in Lithuania was heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt in
Kaunas Kaunas (; ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius, the fourth largest List of cities in the Baltic states by population, city in the Baltic States and an important centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaun ...
.Kristina Vaičikonis. ''Augustinas Voldemaras''
. Lituanus, Vol. 30, No. 3, Fall 1984, ed.
Antanas Klimas Antanas Klimas (; April 17, 1924 in Pelekonys–18 September 2016 in Brighton, Monroe County, New York, Brighton) was a prominent Lithuanians, Lithuanian doctor of sciences, Onomastics, onomastician and Comparative linguistics, comparative linguist ...
;
Later, while attending a meeting of the
League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...
, he was ousted in a coup by President Smetona, who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office, Geležinis Vilkas went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" as King Alexander sought to unite the South Slavs under his rule. The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.


North America

In October 1929, the British
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August ...
overturned a ruling by the
Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; , ) is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants eac ...
that women could not be members of the legislature. This case, which came to be known as the
Persons Case ''Edwards v Canada (AG)'', also known as the ''Persons Case'' (), is a Canadian constitutional case that decided in 1929 that women were eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada. The legal case was put forward by the Government of Canada on the ...
, had important ramifications not just for the rights of women but because in overturning the case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that has come to be known as the " living tree doctrine". The five women who initiated the case are known in Canada as the Famous Five. In November, the
1929 Grand Banks earthquake The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake (also called the Laurentian Slope earthquake and the South Shore Disaster) occurred on November 18, 1929. The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of VI (''Strong tremor'') ...
occurred off the south coast of
Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, having a total size of . As of 2025 the population ...
in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a Richter magnitude 7.2
submarine earthquake A submarine, undersea, or underwater earthquake is an earthquake that occurs underwater at the seabed, bottom of a body of water, especially an ocean. They are the leading cause of tsunamis. The magnitude can be measured scientifically by the use ...
centered on
Grand Banks The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a series of underwater plateaus south-east of the island of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. The Grand Banks are one of the world's richest fishing grounds, supporting Atlantic cod, swordfi ...
, broke 12 submarine
transatlantic telegraph cable Transatlantic telegraph cables were undersea cables running under the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communications. Telegraphy is a largely obsolete form of communication, and the cables have long since been decommissioned, but telephone and dat ...
s and triggered a
tsunami A tsunami ( ; from , ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, ...
that destroyed many south coast communities in the
Burin Peninsula The Burin Peninsula ( ) is a peninsula located on the south coast of the island of Newfoundland (island), Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Marystown is the largest population centre on the peninsula.Statistics Canada. 201 ...
area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada's most lethal earthquake). Ross-Loos Medical Group is established in downtown Los Angeles by two physicians, Donald E. Ross and H. Clifford Loos - the first
HMO In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee. It is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded heal ...
in the United States. The Mexican
Cristero War The Cristero War (), also known as the Cristero Rebellion or , was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of secularism, secularist and anti-clericalism, anticler ...
continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed. Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and more religious control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz Rubio. By this time, the war had ended. The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US Ambassador
Dwight Morrow Dwight Whitney Morrow (January 11, 1873October 5, 1931) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician, best known as the U.S. ambassador who improved U.S.–Mexico relations, mediating the religious conflict in Mexico known as the Crister ...
initiated talks between parties. On
June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...
an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On
June 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded. * 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. * 1499 – Amerigo Vespucci sights what is now Amapá State in B ...
, church bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. The agreement heavily favored the government, as priests were required to register with the government and religion was banned from schools. The major event of the year for the United States was the stock market crash on Wall Street, which was to have international effects and be widely regarded as the inciting incident of the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
. On September 3, the
Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity indice ...
(DJIA) peaked at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. Then, from
October 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. * 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1260 – Afte ...
October 29 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
, stock prices suffered three multi-digit percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government). On
December 3 Events Pre-1600 * 915 – Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor (probable date). 1601–1900 * 1775 – American Revolution: becomes the first vessel to fly the Continental Union Flag (precursor to the " St ...
U.S. President
Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and ...
announced to the
U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body, the U.S. House of Representatives, and an upper body, the U.S. Senate. They both ...
that the worst effects of the recent
stock market A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include ''securities'' listed on a public stock exchange a ...
crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained faith in the
economy An economy is an area of the Production (economics), production, Distribution (economics), distribution and trade, as well as Consumption (economics), consumption of Goods (economics), goods and Service (economics), services. In general, it is ...
.


Literature, arts, and entertainment

Literature of the time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A major seller was ''
All Quiet on the Western Front ''All Quiet on the Western Front'' () is a semi-autobiographical novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental trauma during the war as well as the detachme ...
'' by
Erich Maria Remarque Erich Maria Remarque (; ; born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German novelist. His landmark novel '' All Quiet on the Western Front'' (1928), based on his experience in the Imperial German Army during World War ...
. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen and been wounded in the
Third Battle of Ypres The Third Battle of Ypres (; ; ), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele ( ), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. The battle took place on the Western Front, from July to November 1917, f ...
. He stated that he intended the book to tell the story "of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war." Another 1929 book reflecting on World War I was
Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized fo ...
's ''
A Farewell to Arms ''A Farewell to Arms'' is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant () in the a ...
'', as well as '' Good-Bye to All That'' by
Robert Graves Captain Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English poet, soldier, historical novelist and critic. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves, a celebrated Irish poet and figure in the Gaelic revival; they were b ...
. In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry made their debut, including ''
Tintin Tintin usually refers to: * ''The Adventures of Tintin'', the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé ** Tintin (character), the protagonist and titular character of the series Tintin or Tin Tin may also refer to: Material related to ''The A ...
'', a
comic book A comic book, comic-magazine, or simply comic is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panel (comics), panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by descriptive prose and wri ...
character created by
Hergé Georges Prosper Remi (; 22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), known by the pen name Hergé ( ; ), from the French pronunciation of his reversed initials ''RG'', was a Belgian comic strip artist. He is best known for creating ''The Adventures of T ...
, who would appear in over 200 million comic books in 60 languages. ''
Popeye Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional cartoon character created by E. C. Segar, Elzie Crisler Segar.comic strip A comic strip is a Comics, sequence of cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often Serial (literature), serialized, with text in Speech balloon, balloons and Glossary of comics terminology#Captio ...
character created by
Elzie Crisler Segar Elzie Crisler Segar (; December 8, 1894 – October 13, 1938), known by the pen name E. C. Segar, was an American cartoonist. He created Popeye in 1929, introducing the character in his comic strip ''Thimble Theatre''."E. C. Segar", in Walker, B ...
, also appeared in this year. Within the film industry, on
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...
the
1st Academy Awards The 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and hosted by AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks, honored the best 1927 in film, films from 1 August 1927 to 1928 in film, 31 July 1928 a ...
were presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, with '' Wings'' winning
Best Picture The following is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow film awards, including those presented by various films, festivals, and people's awards. Best Actor/Best Actress *See Best Actor#Film awards, Bes ...
. Also, '' Hallelujah!'' became the first Hollywood film to contain an entirely black cast, and ''
Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...
'', a film about the ''
Titanic RMS ''Titanic'' was a British ocean liner that sank in the early hours of 15 April 1912 as a result of striking an iceberg on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers a ...
'', is an early sound-on-film movie. The arts were in the midst of the
Modernist Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...
movement, as
Pablo Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...
painted two
cubist Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement which began in Paris. It revolutionized painting and the visual arts, and sparked artistic innovations in music, ballet, literature, and architecture. Cubist subjects are analyzed, broke ...
works, ''Woman in a Garden'' and ''Nude in an Armchair'', during this year. The
surrealist Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
painters
Salvador Dalí Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol (11 May 190423 January 1989), known as Salvador Dalí ( ; ; ), was a Spanish Surrealism, surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, ...
and
René Magritte René François Ghislain Magritte (; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgium, Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about the nature ...
completed several works, including ''
The First Days of Spring ''The First Days of Spring'' is an oil and collage on panel painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí, created in 1929. Description The setting for this image is an expansive, smooth gray plane. It is elevated on the right and steps dow ...
'' and ''
The Treachery of Images ''The Treachery of Images'' () is a 1929 painting by Belgian surrealist painter René Magritte. It is also known as ''This Is Not a Pipe'', ''Ceci n'est pas une pipe'' and ''The Wind and the Song''. It is on display at the Los Angeles County Muse ...
''. On
November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...
in New York City, the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
opened to the public. The latest in
modern architecture Modern architecture, also called modernist architecture, or the modern movement, is an architectural movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architectur ...
was also represented by the
Barcelona Pavilion The Barcelona Pavilion (; ; "German Pavilion"), designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich, was the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain. This building was used for the official opening of the G ...
in Spain, and the Royal York Hotel in Toronto, at its completion the tallest building in the British Empire.


Science and technology

The year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On
June 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded. * 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. * 1499 – Amerigo Vespucci sights what is now Amapá State in B ...
the first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. The
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
broadcast a television transmission for the first time. By November,
Vladimir Zworykin Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1888/1889July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode-ray tubes. He played a role in t ...
had taken out the first patent for color television. On
November 29 Events Pre-1600 * 528 – Antioch suffers its second major earthquake in two years, killing thousands and destroying its remaining edifice. * 561 – Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert ...
,
Bernt Balchen Bernt Balchen (23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer polar aviator, navigator, aircraft mechanical engineer and military leader. A Norwegian native, he later became an American citizen and was a recipient of the Disting ...
, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, became the first to fly over the
South Pole The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the point in the Southern Hemisphere where the Earth's rotation, Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True South Pole to distinguish ...
. Within the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint Antarctic Research Expedition, and the German airship '' Graf Zeppelin'' began a round-the-world flight (ended
August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
). This year Ernst Schwarz describes
Bonobo The bonobo (; ''Pan paniscus''), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus ''Pan (genus), Pan'' (the other bei ...
(''Pan paniscus'') as a different species from
common chimpanzee The chimpanzee (; ''Pan troglodytes''), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the ...
(''Pan troglodytes''), both closely related phylogenetically to human beings.


Events


January

*
January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...
**
6 January Dictatorship The 6 January Dictatorship ( sr-Cyrl-Latn, Шестојануарска диктатура, Šestojanuarska diktatura; ; ) was a royal dictatorship established in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1929) by ...
: King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes suspends his country's constitution. **
Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...
n missionary
sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...
Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as
Mother Teresa Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa, was an Albanian-Indian Catholic Church, Roman Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of ...
, arrives in
Calcutta Kolkata, also known as Calcutta (List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern ba ...
from Ireland to begin her work in India. *
January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...
– The first appearance of
Hergé Georges Prosper Remi (; 22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), known by the pen name Hergé ( ; ), from the French pronunciation of his reversed initials ''RG'', was a Belgian comic strip artist. He is best known for creating ''The Adventures of T ...
's Belgian
comic book A comic book, comic-magazine, or simply comic is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panel (comics), panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by descriptive prose and wri ...
hero
Tintin Tintin usually refers to: * ''The Adventures of Tintin'', the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé ** Tintin (character), the protagonist and titular character of the series Tintin or Tin Tin may also refer to: Material related to ''The A ...
, as ''
Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ''Tintin in the Land of the Soviets'' () is the first volume of ''The Adventures of Tintin'', the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper as anti-communism, anti-communist satire for its ...
'' (''Les Aventures de Tintin, reporter..., au pays des Soviets''), begins serialization in the children's newspaper supplement, ''
Le Petit Vingtième ''Le Petit Vingtième'' (, ''The Little Twentieth'') was the weekly youth supplement to the Belgium, Belgian newspaper ''Le Vingtième Siècle'' ("The Twentieth Century") from 1928 to 1940. The comics series ''The Adventures of Tintin'' first ap ...
''. *
January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...
– The
comic strip A comic strip is a Comics, sequence of cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often Serial (literature), serialized, with text in Speech balloon, balloons and Glossary of comics terminology#Captio ...
hero
Popeye Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional cartoon character created by E. C. Segar, Elzie Crisler Segar.January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...
Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...
falls to
Habibullāh Kalakāni Habibullah Kalakani (, 19 January 1891 – 1 November 1929), derogatively called "Bacha-ye Saqao" (also romanized Bachai Sakao; literally ''son of the water carrier''), was the ruler of Afghanistan from 17 January to 13 October 1929, as well a ...
's forces, beginning a 9-month period of Saqqawist rule in Afghanistan while the Afghan Civil War continues. *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...
– ''
All Quiet on the Western Front ''All Quiet on the Western Front'' () is a semi-autobiographical novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental trauma during the war as well as the detachme ...
'' (''Im Westen nichts Neues''), by
Erich Maria Remarque Erich Maria Remarque (; ; born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German novelist. His landmark novel '' All Quiet on the Western Front'' (1928), based on his experience in the Imperial German Army during World War ...
, is published in book form.


February

*
February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...
– " Litvinov's Pact" is signed in Moscow by the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, Poland,
Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...
,
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
and
Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...
, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves. *
February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...
– The
Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy (, ) was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy wa ...
and the
Holy See The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...
of the
Catholic Church The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
sign the
Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty (; ) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question. The treaty and ass ...
, to establish the
Vatican City Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (; ), is a Landlocked country, landlocked sovereign state and city-state; it is enclaved within Rome, the capital city of Italy and Bishop of Rome, seat of the Catholic Church. It became inde ...
as an independent sovereign
enclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is so ...
within Rome, resolving the "
Roman Question The Roman question (; ) was a dispute regarding the temporal power of the popes as rulers of a civil territory in the context of the Italian Risorgimento. It ended with the Lateran Pacts between King Victor Emmanuel III and Prime Minister Be ...
". *
February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...
– " Saint Valentine's Day Massacre": Five gangsters (rivals of
Al Capone Alphonse Gabriel Capone ( ; ; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), sometimes known by the nickname "Scarface", was an American organized crime, gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-foun ...
), plus a civilian, are shot dead in Chicago. *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...
– In the first battle of the
Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong The Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong was an uprising of several allied Chinese warlord armies under the leadership of Zhang Zongchang in 1929. The rebels wanted to regain their former territories in Shandong from Liu Zhennian, the man w ...
against the
Nationalist government The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT ...
of China, a 24,000-strong rebel force led by
Zhang Zongchang Zhang Zongchang (; also romanized as Chang Tsung-chang; 1881 – 3 September 1932), courtesy name Xiaokun, was a Chinese warlord who ruled Shandong from 1925 to 1928. A member of the Fengtian clique, Zhang was notorious for his brutal and ruthl ...
is defeated at Zhifu by 7,000 NRA troops. *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...
Grand Teton National Park Grand Teton National Park is a national park of the United States in northwestern Wyoming. At approximately , the park includes the major peaks of the Teton Range as well as most of the northern sections of the valley known as Jackson Hole. G ...
is established by the
United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...
.


March

*
March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...
– The longest bridge in the world at this time, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, opens. *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...
– A revolt by Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico. *
March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...
– The National Revolutionary Party (''Partido Nacional Revolucionario'') is established in Mexico, by ex-President
Plutarco Elías Calles Plutarco Elías Calles (born Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano; 25 September 1877 – 19 October 1945) was a Mexican politician and military officer who served as the 47th President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928. After the assassination of Ál ...
. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years. *
March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...
– The second of the Davos University Conferences opens in Switzerland; this includes the
Cassirer–Heidegger debate The Cassirer–Heidegger debate was a 1929 encounter between Ernst Cassirer and Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs. Background The Cassirer–Heidegger debate was an encounter between the philosophers Martin Heidegg ...
in philosophy. *
March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Did ...
– Japanese forces withdraw from
Shandong Shandong is a coastal Provinces of China, province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural ...
province to their garrison in
Qingdao Qingdao, Mandarin: , (Qingdao Mandarin: t͡ɕʰiŋ˧˩ tɒ˥) is a prefecture-level city in the eastern Shandong Province of China. Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, Qingdao was long an important fortress. In 1897, the city was ceded to G ...
, bringing an end to the Jinan Incident. *
March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Avar–Byzantine wars: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic army is decimated by the plague. * 1282 ...
Imperial Airways Imperial Airways was an early British commercial long-range airline, operating from 1924 to 1939 and principally serving the British Empire routes to South Africa, India, Australia and the Far East, including Malaya and Hong Kong. Passengers ...
begins operating the first commercial flights between London and
Karachi Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...
.


April

*
April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...
Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
signs the
Litvinov Protocol The Litvinov Protocol is the common name of an international peace treaty concluded in Moscow on February 9, 1929. Named after the chief Soviet diplomat moving the negotiations forward, Maxim Litvinov, the treaty provided for immediate implementat ...
. *
April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor ...
– The first edition of the
Monaco Grand Prix The Monaco Grand Prix () is a Formula One motor racing event held annually on the Circuit de Monaco, in late May or early June. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the wo ...
is held.


May

*
May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...
– The 7.2 Kopet Dag earthquake shakes the Iran-Turkmenistan border region, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121. *
May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I im ...
– "The Battle Of Blood Alley" is fought by a razor gang in Sydney, Australia. *
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...
– The
1st Academy Awards The 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and hosted by AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks, honored the best 1927 in film, films from 1 August 1927 to 1928 in film, 31 July 1928 a ...
are presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, honoring the best movies of 1927 and 1928, '' Wings'' (1927) winning
Best Picture The following is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow film awards, including those presented by various films, festivals, and people's awards. Best Actor/Best Actress *See Best Actor#Film awards, Bes ...
.
Gerald Duffy Gerald Duffy Gerald C. Duffy (April 13, 1896 – June 25, 1928) was a screenwriter of the silent film era, journalist, short story writer, and copyeditor. He is known for his contributions to and editorship of Redbook magazine and was nominat ...
(died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded (for his
intertitle In films and videos, an intertitle, also known as a title card, is a piece of filmed, printed text edited into the midst of (hence, ''inter-'') the photographed action at various points. Intertitles used to convey character dialogue are referred ...
s to the
silent film A silent film is a film without synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, w ...
'' The Private Life of Helen of Troy'' (1927)). *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by th ...
– The
United Kingdom general election United Kingdom general elections (elections for the House of Commons) have occurred in the United Kingdom since the first in 1802. The members of the 1801–1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliame ...
again returns a
hung parliament A hung parliament is a term used in legislatures primarily under the Westminster system (typically employing Majoritarian representation, majoritarian electoral systems) to describe a situation in which no single political party or pre-existing ...
; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern.


June

*
June 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. * 1298 – Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. * 1495 – A monk, John Cor, rec ...
– The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...
. *
June 3 Events Pre-1600 * 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators. * 713 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine emperor Philippikos Ba ...
– The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between
Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...
and
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
. *
June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...
– The
Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty (; ) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question. The treaty and ass ...
, making
Vatican City Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (; ), is a Landlocked country, landlocked sovereign state and city-state; it is enclaved within Rome, the capital city of Italy and Bishop of Rome, seat of the Catholic Church. It became inde ...
a sovereign state, is ratified. *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
Ramsay MacDonald James Ramsay MacDonald (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British statesman and politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The first two of his governments belonged to the Labour Party (UK), Labour Party, where he led ...
forms the United Kingdom's
second Labour government The second MacDonald ministry was formed by Ramsay MacDonald on his reappointment as prime minister of the United Kingdom by King George V on 5 June 1929. It was the second time the Labour Party had formed a government; the first MacDonald m ...
. *
June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...
– An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow helps end the
Cristero War The Cristero War (), also known as the Cristero Rebellion or , was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of secularism, secularist and anti-clericalism, anticler ...
in Mexico. *
June 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded. * 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. * 1499 – Amerigo Vespucci sights what is now Amapá State in B ...
– The first public demonstration of
color TV Color television (American English) or colour television (British English) is a television transmission technology that also includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improv ...
is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at
Bell Telephone Laboratories Nokia Bell Labs, commonly referred to as ''Bell Labs'', is an American industrial research and development company owned by Finnish technology company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, Murray Hill, New Jersey, the compa ...
in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an
American flag The national flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag, consists of thirteen horizontal Bar (heraldry), stripes, Variation of the field, alternating red and white, with a blue rectangle in the Canton ( ...
. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington.


July

*
July 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. * 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of S ...
** The
Kellogg–Briand Pact The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris – officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy – is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war t ...
, renouncing war as an instrument of
foreign policy Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...
, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers). ** Union Airways Pty. Ltd. is founded, to be nationalised as
South African Airways South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier of South Africa. Founded in 1929 as Union Airways it later rebranded to South African Airways in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannes ...
, on
1 February Events Pre-1600 *1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
1934 Events January–February * January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established. * January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strik ...
. *
July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridg ...
Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XI (; born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939) was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 until his death in February 1939. He was also the first sovereign of the Vatican City State u ...
emerges from the
Apostolic Palace The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, the Palace of the Vatican and the Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the build ...
, and enters St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as
Prisoner in the Vatican A prisoner in the Vatican (; ) or prisoner of the Vatican described the situation of the pope with respect to the Kingdom of Italy during the period from the capture of Rome by the Royal Italian Army on 20 September 1870 until the Lateran Treaty ...
. *
July 27 Events Pre-1600 *1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. This is known as the Battle of Dunsinane. *1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives a ...
** The
Geneva Convention upright=1.15, The original document in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian t ...
addresses the treatment of prisoners of war. ** The
Red Crescent The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 16million volunteers, members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human ...
is adopted as an additional emblem of the
League of Red Cross Societies The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a worldwide humanitarian aid organization that reaches 160 million people each year through its 191 member National Societies. It acts before, during and after disast ...
. *
July 29 Events Pre-1600 *587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12. * 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo o ...
– the French prime minister
Raymond Poincaré Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to ...
resigns, and is succeeded by
Aristide Briand Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliat ...
.


August

*
August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...
29 – German
rigid airship A rigid airship is a type of airship (or dirigible) in which the Aerostat, envelope is supported by an internal framework rather than by being kept in shape by the pressure of the lifting gas within the envelope, as in blimps (also called pres ...
LZ 127 ''Graf Zeppelin'' makes a
circumnavigation Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical object, astronomical body (e.g. a planet or natural satellite, moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth. The first circumnaviga ...
of the
Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined by humans as being in the same celestial sphere, celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar ...
eastabout out of
Lakehurst, New Jersey Lakehurst is a borough in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 2,636, a decrease of 18 (−0.7%) from the 2010 census count of 2,654, which in turn reflected an increa ...
, including the first nonstop flight of any kind across the
Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five Borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is ...
(
Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...
Los Angeles Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...
). *
August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the H ...
– The
1929 Palestine riots The 1929 Palestine riots, Buraq Uprising (, ) or the Events of 1929 (, , ''lit.'' Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews ove ...
break out between
Palestinians Palestinians () are an Arab ethnonational group native to the Levantine region of Palestine. *: "Palestine was part of the first wave of conquest following Muhammad's death in 632 CE; Jerusalem fell to the Caliph Umar in 638. The indigenou ...
and
Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
s in
Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine was a British Empire, British geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the Palestine (region), region of Palestine, and after 1922, under the terms of the League of Nations's Mandate for Palestine. After ...
, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed. *
August 20 Events Pre-1600 *AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile. * 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arabs, Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take c ...
John Logie Baird John Logie Baird (; 13 August 188814 June 1946) was a Scottish inventor, electrical engineer, and innovator who demonstrated the world's first mechanical Mechanical television, television system on 26 January 1926. He went on to invent the fi ...
's experimental 30-line television system is first transmitted, by the
British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public broadcasting, public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved in ...
in London. *
August 23 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Ca ...
24 – The 1929 Hebron massacre: 65–68 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave
Hebron Hebron (; , or ; , ) is a Palestinian city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Hebron is capital of the Hebron Governorate, the largest Governorates of Palestine, governorate in the West Bank. With a population of 201,063 in ...
. *
August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
** The
1929 Palestine riots The 1929 Palestine riots, Buraq Uprising (, ) or the Events of 1929 (, , ''lit.'' Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews ove ...
: 18–20 Jews are killed in
Safed Safed (), also known as Tzfat (), is a city in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of up to , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Safed has been identified with (), a fortif ...
by Palestinian Arabs. ** The collides with the oil tanker ''S.C.T. Dodd'' off the
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
coast, causing the ''San Juan'' to sink in 3 minutes, killing 77 people. *
August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...
– The
Young Plan The Young Plan was a 1929 attempt to settle issues surrounding the World War I reparations obligations that Germany owed under the terms of Treaty of Versailles. Developed to replace the 1924 Dawes Plan, the Young Plan was negotiated in Paris f ...
, which sets the total
World War I reparations Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each defeated power was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria, Hungary, and ...
owed by Germany at
US$ The United States dollar (Currency symbol, symbol: Dollar sign, $; ISO 4217, currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and International use of the U.S. dollar, several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introdu ...
26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.


September

*
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the ...
– The
Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity indice ...
peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until
November November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin ''novem'' meaning " ...
1954 Events January * January 3 – The Italian broadcaster RAI officially begins transmitting. * January 7 – Georgetown–IBM experiment: The first public demonstration of a machine translation system is held in New York, at the head ...
. * September 5
Aristide Briand Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliat ...
presents his plan for the ''United States of Europe''. *
September 7 Events Pre-1600 * 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII. * 1159 – Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli is elected Pope Alexander III, prompting the election of Cardinal Octaviano Monticelli as Anti ...
– The
steamship A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ...
SS ''Kuru'' sank in
Lake Näsijärvi A lake is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins surrounded by dry land. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from t ...
near
Tampere Tampere is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Pirkanmaa. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Tampere is approximately , while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately . It is the most populous mu ...
,
Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...
, leading to 138 people drowning. *
September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". *1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine E ...
– A coup ousts
Augustinas Voldemaras Augustinas Voldemaras (16 April 1883 – 16 May 1942) was a Lithuanian nationalist political figure. He briefly served as the country's first prime minister in 1918 and continued serving as the minister of foreign affairs until 1920, representing ...
from his prime minister position in
Lithuania Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...
; he is replaced by the brother-in-law of President
Antanas Smetona Antanas Smetona (; 10 August 1874 – 9 January 1944) was a Lithuanian intellectual, journalist and politician. He served as the first president of Lithuania from 1919 to 1920 and later as the authoritarian head of state from 1926 until the Occu ...
, Juozas Tūbelis. *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture thei ...
Fritz von Opel Fritz Adam Hermann von Opel (4 May 1899 – 8 April 1971), known as Fritz Adam Hermann Opel until his father was ennobled in 1917, was the only son of Wilhelm von Opel and a grandson of Adam Opel, founder of the Opel company. He is remembered m ...
pilots the first
rocket-powered aircraft A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typicall ...
, the Opel RAK.1, in front of a large crowd in
Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...
.


October

*
October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius ...
– The country officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changes its name to
Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" () h ...
. *
October 6 Events Pre-1600 * 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio of the Roman army of the mid-Republic * 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. * AD 23 – Rebels decapitat ...
Serie A The Serie A (), officially known as Serie A Enilive in Italy and Serie A Made in Italy abroad for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Italy and the highest tier of the Italian football league system. Establish ...
, the top-class professional football league of
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
, replaces the Divisione Nazionale. *
October 12 Events Pre-1600 *539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia Fall of Babylon, conquer Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed b ...
1929 Australian federal election The 1929 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 12 October 1929. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election, but there was no Senate election. The election was caused by the defeat of the Stanley Bruce- Earl ...
: The Labor Party, led by
James Scullin James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the ninth prime minister of Australia from 1929 to 1932. He held office as the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), ...
, defeats the
Nationalist Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...
/
Country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, state with limited recognition, constituent country, ...
Coalition A coalition is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economic spaces. Formation According to ''A G ...
Government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...
, led by
Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Stanley Bruce Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was an Australian politician, statesman and businessman who served as the eighth prime minister of Australia from 1923 to 1929. He held office as ...
. Scullin will be sworn in on
October 22 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. * 794 – Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to H ...
. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting prime minister loses his own seat (the second being
John Howard John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is an Australian former politician who served as the 25th prime minister of Australia from 1996 to 2007. He held office as leader of the Liberal Party of Australia. His eleven-year tenure as prime min ...
in
2007 2007 was designated as the International Heliophysical Year and the International Polar Year. Events January * January 1 **Bulgaria and Romania 2007 enlargement of the European Union, join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eur ...
). *
October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...
Afghan Civil War ends. *
October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...
– On appeal from the
Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; , ) is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants eac ...
on behalf of " The Famous Five" Canadian women in the landmark case of '' Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)'', the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August ...
in the United Kingdom announces that women are "persons" under the
British North America Acts The British North America Acts, 1867–1975, are a series of acts of Parliament that were at the core of the Constitution of Canada. Most were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and some by the Parliament of Canada. Some of the ac ...
, and thus eligible for appointment to the
Senate of Canada The Senate of Canada () is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Monarchy of Canada#Parliament (King-in-Parliament), Crown and the House of Commons of Canada, House of Commons, they compose the Bicameralism, bicameral le ...
. *
October 22 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. * 794 – Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to H ...
– The government of
Aristide Briand Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliat ...
falls in France. *
October 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. * 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1260 – Afte ...
29Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government). *
October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 or 286 – Execution of Crispin and Crispinian, Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I (emperor), ...
– Former U.S. Interior Secretary
Albert B. Fall Albert Bacon Fall (November 26, 1861November 30, 1944) was a United States senator from New Mexico and United States Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of the Interior under President of the United States, President Warren G. Harding who becam ...
is convicted of
bribery Bribery is the corrupt solicitation, payment, or Offer and acceptance, acceptance of a private favor (a bribe) in exchange for official action. The purpose of a bribe is to influence the actions of the recipient, a person in charge of an official ...
for his role in the
Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a political corruption scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Warren G. Harding. It centered on Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall, who had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Do ...
, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.


November

*
November November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus . November retained its name (from the Latin ''novem'' meaning " ...
Vladimir Zworykin Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1888/1889July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode-ray tubes. He played a role in t ...
takes out the first patent for color television. *
November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...
** An
annular solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season i ...
is seen over the Atlantic Ocean and Africa. **
Conscription in Australia Conscription in Australia, also known as National Service following the Second World War, has a controversial history which dates back to the implementation of compulsory military training and service in the first years of Australia's nationhood. ...
ends. *
November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...
– In New York City, the
Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
(MoMA) opens to the public. The first exhibition ''Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat'' (November 7 – December 7) is seen by 47.000 visitors; the curator is Alfred H. Barr. *
November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. * 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle ...
– ''
Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...
'', a film drama about the sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'', is released in the U.K. The simultaneously shot German-language version is the first
sound film A sound film is a Film, motion picture with synchronization, synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, bu ...
feature to be released in Germany. *
November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: ca ...
– The
1929 Grand Banks earthquake The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake (also called the Laurentian Slope earthquake and the South Shore Disaster) occurred on November 18, 1929. The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of VI (''Strong tremor'') ...
occurs. *
November 29 Events Pre-1600 * 528 – Antioch suffers its second major earthquake in two years, killing thousands and destroying its remaining edifice. * 561 – Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert ...
Bernt Balchen Bernt Balchen (23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer polar aviator, navigator, aircraft mechanical engineer and military leader. A Norwegian native, he later became an American citizen and was a recipient of the Disting ...
, U.S. Admiral
Richard E. Byrd Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was an American naval officer, and pioneering aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader cr ...
, Captain Ashley McKinley and Harold June become the first to fly over the
South Pole The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the point in the Southern Hemisphere where the Earth's rotation, Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True South Pole to distinguish ...
.


December

* December 1929, December – New York (state), New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe popularizes Bingo (U.S.), Bingo after coming across the game of "Beano" in Atlanta, Georgia. After someone accidentally yells "bingo" instead of "beano" with a group of friends in Brooklyn, New York, he begins production of the game, going on to develop more than 6,000 card combinations under the E. S. Lowe company, as the popularity of the game grows to become a national pastime. * December 27 – Soviet General Secretary
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...
orders the "liquidation of the
kulak Kulak ( ; rus, кула́к, r=kulák, p=kʊˈɫak, a=Ru-кулак.ogg; plural: кулаки́, ''kulakí'', 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul () or golchomag (, plural: ), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over ...
s as a class". *
December 28 Events Pre-1600 * 418 – A papal election begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I. * 457 – Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor. * 484 – Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the V ...
– " Black Saturday" in
Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...
: New Zealand colonial police kill 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the
Mau movement The Mau was a nonviolence, non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colony, colonial rule during the first half of the 20th century. ''Mau'' means 'resolute' or 'resolved' in the sense of 'opinion', 'unwavering', 'to be decided', o ...
to demand independence for Samoa. *
December 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. * ...
– The All India Congress in
Lahore Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...
demands Indian
independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...
.


Date unknown

* Slavery in Jordan is abolished.


Births


January

* January 1 ** Haruo Nakajima, Japanese actor (d. 2017) ** Latif-ur-Rehman, Indian field hockey player (d. 1987) * January 2 – Tellervo Koivisto, Finnish politician and former First Lady of Finland * January 3 ** Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989) ** Gordon Moore, American computing entrepreneur (d. 2023) * January 4 – Günter Schabowski, official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (d. 2015) * January 5 – Alexandre Jany, French swimmer and water polo player (d. 2001) * January 7 – Terry Moore (actress), Terry Moore, American actress * January 8 – Saeed Jaffrey, Indian-born actor (d. 2015) * January 9 – Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (d. 2015) * January 11 ** Nureddin al-Atassi, Syrian philatelist, 54th List of Prime Ministers of Syria, Prime Minister of Syria and 17th President of Syria (d. 1992) ** Wanda Wiłkomirska, Polish violinist and teacher (d. 2018) * January 12 ** Jaakko Hintikka, Finnish philosopher and logician (d. 2015) ** Irena Homola-Skąpska, Polish historian (d. 2017) ** Alasdair MacIntyre, British-American philosopher (d. 2025) * January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., African-American civil rights leader and Nobel laureate (d. 1968) *
January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...
** Tan Boon Teik, Attorney-General of Singapore (d. 2012) ** Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986) * January 19 ** Edmundo Abaya, Filipino Catholic archbishop (d. 2018) ** Carl-Ebbe Andersen, Danish rower (d. 2009) * January 20 ** Jimmy Cobb, American jazz drummer (d. 2020) ** Masaharu Kawakatsu, Japanese zoologist * January 23 **Filaret (Denysenko), Patriarch Filaret, former Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate **John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist and Nobel laureate * January 25 – Benny Golson, American jazz musician (d. 2024) * January 26 ** Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and author (d. 2025) ** Sumiteru Taniguchi, Japanese anti-nuclear weapons activist (d. 2017) * January 27 ** Mohamed Al-Fayed, Egyptian business magnate (d. 2023) ** Hans Berliner, American chess player, writer and professor (d. 2017) ** Barbara York Main, Australian arachnologist and adjunct professor (d. 2019) ** Richard Ottinger, American politician * January 28 ** Acker Bilk, English jazz clarinetist (d. 2014) ** Edith M. Flanigen, American chemist ** Ali Mirzaei (weightlifter), Ali Mirzaei, Iranian weightlifter (d. 2020) ** Claes Oldenburg, Swedish-born American sculptor (''Clothespin (Oldenburg), Clothespin'') (d. 2022) * January 30 ** Isamu Akasaki, Japanese physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021) ** Jacqueline van Maarsen, Dutch writer * January 31 ** Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2011) ** Jean Simmons, English-American actress (d. 2010)


February

* February 1 – Basilio Lami Dozo, Argentine dictator (d. 2017) * February 2 – Věra Chytilová, Czech director (d. 2014) * February 5 ** Hal Blaine, American drummer and session musician (d. 2019) ** Luc Ferrari, French composer (d. 2005) ** Fred Sinowatz, 18th Chancellor of Austria (d. 2008) * February 6 ** Sixten Jernberg, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) ** Pierre Brice, French actor (d. 2015) * February 10 ** Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2007) ** Jerry Goldsmith, American composer and conductor (d. 2004) *
February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...
– Gunvor Pontén, Swedish actress (d. 2023) *
February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...
– Vic Morrow, American actor and director (d. 1982) * February 15 ** Graham Hill, English racing driver (d. 1975) ** Kauko Armas Nieminen, Finnish physicist (d. 2010) ** Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Palestinian academic (d. 2001) ** James Schlesinger, American politician (d. 2014) * February 16 – Kazimierz Kutz, Polish film director and politician (d. 2018) * February 17 ** Paul Meger, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019) ** Alejandro Jodorowsky, Chilean-French director and screenwriter ** Patricia Routledge, English actress and singer * February 18 ** Roland Minson, American basketball player and coach (d. 2020) ** Len Deighton, British author *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...
– Chespirito (Roberto Gómez Bolaños), Mexican actor and comedian (d. 2014) * February 22 ** James Hong, Chinese American actor and director ** Miloš Radulović (politician), Miloš Radulović, President of Yugoslavia (d. 2017) ** Rebecca Schull, American actress * February 23 – Patriarch Alexy II of Russia (d. 2008) * February 24 ** Nils Petter Sundgren, Swedish film critic and television presenter (d. 2019) ** Zdzisław Beksiński, Polish surrealist painter (d. 2005) ** Modesta Lavana, Mexican healer and activist for indigenous rights in Hueyapan (d. 2010) *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...
** Ina'am Al-Mufti, Jordanian politician (d. 2018) ** Paolo Ferrari (actor), Paolo Ferrari, Italian actor (d. 2018) * February 27 – Rube Bjorkman, American ice hockey player and coach * February 28 ** Hayden Fry, American football player and coach (d. 2019) ** Frank Gehry, Canadian-born American architect ** Rangaswamy Srinivasan, Indian-American physical chemist and inventor


March

* March 1 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978) *
March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...
** Columba Domínguez, Mexican actress (d. 2014) ** Cyril Robinson (footballer), Cyril Robinson, English footballer (d. 2019) ** Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor (d. 2021) * March 6 ** Fazil Iskander, Abkhaz writer (d. 2016) ** Ho Dam, North Korean politician (d. 1991) ** Günter Kunert, German writer (d. 2019) * March 8 – Hebe Camargo, Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer (d. 2012) * March 9 ** Desmond Hoyte, 3rd Prime Minister of Guyana, 4th President of Guyana (d. 2002) ** Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (d. 2013) * March 10 – Lolita Rodrigues, Brazilian actress and presenter (d. 2023) * March 13 – Paek Nam-sun, North Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2007) * March 15 – Cecil Taylor, African-American jazz pianist, composer, and poet (d. 2018) * March 16 ** Gennady Bukharin, Soviet Olympic canoeist (d. 2020) ** Nadja Tiller, Austrian actress (d. 2023) * March 18 – Christa Wolf, German literary critic, novelist, and essayist (d. 2011) * March 22 **Yayoi Kusama, Japanese contemporary artist **P. Ramlee, Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter, composer, and producer (d. 1973) * March 23 – Roger Bannister, Sir Roger Bannister, British athlete (d. 2018) * March 29 ** Richard Lewontin, American biologist, geneticist and academic (d. 2021) ** Lennart Meri, President of Estonia (d. 2006) ** Olga Tass, Hungarian Olympic gymnast (d. 2020)


April

* April 1 – Milan Kundera, Czech writer (d. 2023) *
April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...
– Poul Schlüter, Danish politician (d. 2021) * April 5 ** Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws, Dutch Antillean politician (d. 2017) ** Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate ** Nigel Hawthorne, English actor (d. 2001) ** Joe Meek, English record producer, sound engineer, and songwriter (d. 1967) * April 6 ** André Previn, German-American pianist, conductor and composer (d. 2019) ** Christos Sartzetakis, Greek politician (d. 2022) * April 7 – Madavoor Vasudevan Nair, Indian Kathakali dancer (d. 2018) * April 8 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer (d. 1978) * April 9 – Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (d. 1993) * April 10 ** Duje Bonačić, Croatian rower (d. 2020) ** Mike Hawthorn, British racing driver (d. 1959) ** Max von Sydow, Swedish actor (d. 2020) * April 13 – Yvonne Clark, American engineer (d. 2019) *
April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor ...
** Gerry Anderson, English television, film producer, director and writer, (''Thunderbirds (TV series), Thunderbirds'') (d. 2012) ** Paavo Berglund, Finnish conductor, violinist (d. 2012) ** Chadli Bendjedid, 3rd President of Algeria (d. 2012) * April 17 – James Last, German composer and bandleader (d. 2015) * April 21 ** Estrella Zeledón Lizano, Costa Rican politician, First Lady (d. 2019) ** Bevin Hough, New Zealand sportsman (d. 2019) * April 22 ** Michael Atiyah, British-Lebanese mathematician (d. 2019) ** John Nicks, English figure skater and skating coach * April 24 ** Shammi (actress), Shammi, Indian actress (d. 2018) ** Dr. Rajkumar, Rajkumar, Indian actor and singer (d. 2006) * April 25 – Abderrahmane Mahjoub, French and Moroccan international football (soccer) midfielder (d. 2011) * April 26 – Alexandre Lamfalussy, Hungarian-Belgian economist and central banker (d. 2015) * April 28 – Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress (d. 2017) * April 30 – Klausjürgen Wussow, German actor (d. 2007)


May

*
May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...
– Ralf Dahrendorf, Anglo-German sociologist (d. 2009) * May 2 ** Eddie Garcia, Filipino actor and director (d. 2019) ** Link Wray, American rock and roll musician (d. 2005) ** Édouard Balladur, 91st Prime Minister of France * May 3 – Per-Ingvar Brånemark, Swedish physician, "father of modern dental implantology" (d. 2014) * May 4 ** Ronald Golias, Brazilian comedian and actor (d. 2005) ** Audrey Hepburn, Belgian-born British actress and activist (d. 1993) * May 5 – Ilene Woods, American singer, actress (d. 2010) * May 6 – Paul Lauterbur, American chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2007) * May 8 ** Girija Devi, Indian classical singer (d. 2017) ** Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese singer, actress (d. 2007) * May 12 ** Ágnes Heller, Hungarian philosopher (d. 2019) ** Sam Nujoma, 1st President of Namibia (d. 2025) * May 13 – Ângela Maria, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 2018) * May 15 – Otar Patsatsia, Georgian politician (d. 2021) *
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...
** Betty Carter, African-American jazz singer (d. 1998) ** Adrienne Rich, American poet and essayist (d. 2012) * May 25 – Beverly Sills, American operatic soprano, director of the New York City Opera (d. 2007) * May 29 – Peter Higgs, British theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2024) * May 30 – Doina Cornea, Romanian human rights activist, professor (d. 2018) *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by th ...
**Joseph Bernardo, French Olympic swimmer (d. 2023) **Menahem Golan, Israeli director and producer (d. 2014)


June

*
June 3 Events Pre-1600 * 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators. * 713 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine emperor Philippikos Ba ...
– Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist and Nobel laureate * June 4 ** Rolf Leeser, Dutch footballer and fashion designer (d. 2018) ** Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (d. 2021) * June 6 ** Sunil Dutt, Hindi film actor (d. 2005) ** Albert Kalonji, Congolese politician (d. 2015) *
June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...
– John Turner, 17th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2020) *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– Gastone Moschin, Italian actor (d. 2017) * June 10 ** Ian Sinclair, Australian politician ** E. O. Wilson, American biologist (d. 2021) ** James McDivitt, American astronaut (d. 2022) * June 12 – Anne Frank, German-born diarist, Holocaust victim (d. 1945) * June 13 – Kurt Equiluz, Austrian opera singer (d. 2022) * June 16 – Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (d. 2020) * June 18 – Jürgen Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher *
June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...
– Ramón Luis Rivera, Puerto Rican politician * June 23 ** June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003) ** Mario Ghella, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2020) ** Claude Goretta, Swiss television producer, film director (d. 2019) * June 24 ** Carolyn S. Shoemaker, American astronomer (d. 2021) ** Yaakov Agmon, Israeli theatre producer, manager, and director (d. 2020) * June 25 ** Eric Carle, American designer, illustrator, and writer (d. 2021) ** Benny Schmidt, Danish modern pentathlete * June 26 – Milton Glaser, American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher (d. 2020) *
June 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded. * 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. * 1499 – Amerigo Vespucci sights what is now Amapá State in B ...
** H. Ian Macdonald, Canadian economist and civil servant ** Gennady Osipov, Russian scientist, sociologist and philosopher * June 28 – Alfred Miodowicz, Polish politician (d. 2021) * June 29 ** Pat Crawford Brown, American actress (d. 2019) ** Pete George, American weightlifter (d. 2021) ** Lalla Fatima Zohra, Moroccan aristocrat (d. 2014) * June 30 ** Othmar Mága, German conductor (d. 2020) ** Ron Phoenix, English footballer (d. 2021) ** Yang Ti-liang, Hong Kong judge (d. 2023)


July

* July 1 ** Gerald Edelman, American biologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2014) ** Jack Storey (footballer), Jack Storey, Australian rules footballer * July 2 ** Daphne Hasenjäger, South African athlete ** Imelda Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines * July 5 ** Chikao Ōtsuka, Japanese actor, voice actor and father of Akio Ōtsuka (d. 2015) ** Katherine Helmond, American actress (d. 2019) ** Thérèse Quentin, French actress (d. 2015) * July 6 – Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, secretary of the Académie française, historian specializing in Russian history (d. 2023) * July 7 – Sergio Romano (writer), Sergio Romano, Italian writer, journalist, and historian * July 9 ** Elon Lages Lima, Brazilian mathematician (d. 2017) ** King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999) ** Chi Haotian, Chinese general * July 10 ** Franco Graziosi, Italian actor (d. 2021) ** José Vicente Rangel, Venezuelan politician (d. 2020) * July 13 – Sofia Muratova, Soviet artistic gymnast (d. 2006) * July 14 ** Sonja Kastl, Croatian film and stage actress, teacher, dancer and choreographer ** Kailash Chandra Joshi, Indian politician (d. 2019) ** Syed Rahim, Indian cricketer (d. 2014) * July 17 ** Sergei K. Godunov, Russian mathematician, academic (d. 2023) ** Arthur Frommer, American writer, publisher and consumer advocate (d. 2024) ** Vasco Modena, Italian racing cyclist (d. 2016) * July 18 ** Dick Button, American figure skater ** A V Swamy, Indian politician (d. 2019) * July 19 ** Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, French historian (d. 2023) ** Ronald Melzack, Canadian physiologist and professor (d. 2019) ** Orville Turnquest, Bahamian politician * July 20 – Irving Wardle, English writer and theatre critic (d. 2023) * July 21 ** Birger Asplund, Swedish hammer thrower (d. 2023) ** Idrissa Dione, French boxer ** Albert Kwesi Ocran, Ghanaian soldier, politician (d. 2019) * July 22 – Midhat J. Gazalé, French international telecommunications, space consultant (d. 2009) *
July 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. * 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of S ...
** Peter Yates, English film director and producer (d. 2011) ** Paolo Paoloni, Italian actor (d. 2019) *
July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridg ...
** Vasily Shukshin, Russian actor, writer, screenwriter and film director (d. 1974) ** Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018) *
July 27 Events Pre-1600 *1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. This is known as the Battle of Dunsinane. *1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives a ...
** Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist and political commentator (d. 2007) ** Jack Higgins, British novelist (d. 2022) * July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States (d. 1994) * July 31 – Don Murray (actor), Don Murray, American actor (d. 2024) * July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, British author of books for adults and children (d. 2024)


August

*
August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...
** Flerida Ruth Pineda-Romero, Filipino judge (d. 2017) ** Hafizullah Amin, Afghan politician and statesman (d. 1979) * August 2 – José Afonso, Portuguese singer-songwriter, teacher and activist (d. 1987) * August 5 ** Ottó Boros, Hungarian water polo player (d. 1988) ** Nathalia Timberg, Brazilian actress *
August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...
** Ronnie Biggs, British criminal (d. 2013) ** Luis García Meza, 57th president of Bolivia (d. 2018) ** Sabri Godo, Albanian writer and politician (d. 2011) * August 15 ** Carlo Ripa di Meana, Italian politician (d. 2018) ** Evelyn Y. Davis, American activist shareholder (d. 2018) * August 17 – Francis Gary Powers, American Lockheed U-2, U-2 spy plane pilot (d. 1977) * August 21 – Ahmed Kathrada, South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist (d. 2017) *
August 23 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Ca ...
** Zoltán Czibor, Hungarian footballer (d. 1997) ** Peter Thomson (golfer), Peter Thomson, Australian golfer (d. 2018) * August 24 – Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)


September

* September 1 ** Maurice Vachon, "Mad Dog" Vachon, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2013) ** Květa Fialová, Czech actress (d. 2017) *
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the ...
** Armand Vaillancourt, Quebec, Québécois Canadians, Canadian sculptor, painter and performance artist ** Irene Papas, Greek actress and singer (d. 2022) * September 5 – Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor (d. 2024) * September 10 – Arnold Palmer, American golfer (d. 2016) * September 15 ** John Julius Norwich, British historian, travel writer and television personality (d. 2018) ** Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2019) * September 16 ** Margarita Carrera, Guatemalan philosopher, professor and writer (d. 2018) ** Jamshid bin Abdullah, last Sultan of Zanzibar (d. 2024) *
September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". *1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine E ...
– Stirling Moss, British Formula One racing driver (d. 2020) * September 18 – Armando (artist), Armando, Dutch artist (d. 2018) * September 19 – Luigi Taveri, Swiss motorcycle road racer (d. 2018) * September 20 – Anne Meara, American actress and comedian (d. 2015) * September 21 ** Sándor Kocsis, Hungarian football player (d. 1979) ** Bernard Williams, English philosopher (d. 2003) * September 22 ** Hédi Váradi, Hungarian actress (d. 1987) ** Carlo Ubbiali, Italian motorcycle road racer (d. 2020) * September 23 – Johan Claassen, South African rugby player (d. 2019) * September 24 – Tunku Abdul Malik, Raja Muda of Kedah (d. 2015) * September 25 ** Barbara Walters, American journalist (d. 2022) ** Ronnie Barker, English actor, comedian and writer (d. 2005) * September 28 ** Lata Mangeshkar, Indian singer (d. 2022) ** Nikolai Ryzhkov, Soviet and Russian politician (d. 2024) * September 29 – Giorgio Bàrberi Squarotti, Italian academic, poet (d. 2017) *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture thei ...
– Mir Hazar Khan Khoso, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2021)


October

* October 2 – Hong Song-nam, 8th Premier of North Korea (d. 2009) * October 5 ** Yuri Artsutanov, Russian engineer (d. 2019) ** Richard F. Gordon Jr., American astronaut (d. 2017) * October 9 – Ana Luisa Peluffo, Mexican actress * October 15 ** Hubert Dreyfus, American philosopher (d. 2017) ** Antonino Zichichi, Italian physicist * October 16 – Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian actress *
October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...
– Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (d. 2025) * October 21 – Ursula K. Le Guin, American science-fiction, fantasy author (d. 2018) *
October 22 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. * 794 – Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to H ...
** Patsy Elsener, American diver (d. 2019) ** Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (d. 1990) *
October 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. * 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1260 – Afte ...
– George Crumb, American composer (d. 2022) *
October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 or 286 – Execution of Crispin and Crispinian, Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I (emperor), ...
– Claude Rouer, French Olympic road cyclist (d. 2021) * October 26 – Yvonne Ménard, Yvonne Marie Louise Odette Renée Ménard, French burlesque dancer (d. 2013) * October 28 – Joan Plowright, English actress (d. 2025) *
October 29 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
– Yevgeny Primakov, Russian politician, diplomat (d. 2015) * October 31 ** Bud Spencer, Italian actor (d. 2016) ** Muktha Srinivasan, Indian film director, producer (d. 2018)


November

* November 2 ** Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, 9th president of Pakistan (d. 2022) ** Richard E. Taylor, Canadian-born physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2018) * November 5 – Lennart Johansson, Swedish sports official and 5th president of UEFA (d. 2019) * November 6 – June Squibb, American actress *
November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...
– Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate * November 8 – Jona Senilagakali, Prime Minister of Fiji (d. 2011) * November 9 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate (d. 2016) * November 10 – Ninón Sevilla, Cuban-born Mexican film actress, dancer (d. 2015) * November 12 ** Grace Kelly, American actress, later Princess of Monaco (d. 1982) ** Michael Ende, German fantasy writer (d. 1995) ** Hind Rostom, Egyptian actress (d. 2011) * November 13 – Fred Phelps, American pastor, activist (''Westboro Baptist Church'') (d. 2014) *
November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. * 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle ...
** Ed Asner, American actor (d. 2021) ** Gombojavyn Ochirbat, Mongolian politician * November 17 – Gorō Naya, Japanese actor, voice actor, narrator and theatre director, older brother of Rokurō Naya (d. 2013) *
November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: ca ...
– Francisco Savín, Mexican conductor, composer (d. 2018) * November 20 – Raymond Lefèvre, French conductor, arranger, composer (d. 2008) *
November 23 Events Pre-1600 *534 BC – Thespis of Icaria becomes the first recorded actor to portray a character on stage. *1248 – Siege of Seville, Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile. *1499 – Seve ...
– Karl Svoboda (politician), Karl Svoboda, Austrian politician (d. 2022) * November 24 – Franciszek Kokot, Polish nephrologist (d. 2021) * November 28 ** Berry Gordy, African-American record producer, songwriter ** Thomas Remengesau Sr., 4th president of Palau (d. 2019) * November 30 – Dick Clark, American television entertainer (d. 2012)


December

* December 1 – Alfred Moisiu, 7th president of Albania * December 6 ** Philippe Bouvard, French television and radio presenter ** Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Austrian conductor (d. 2016) ** Alain Tanner, Swiss film director (d. 2022) * December 9 ** Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2019) ** John Cassavetes, American actor and director (d. 1989) * December 12 – Toshiko Akiyoshi, Japanese pianist and composer * December 13 – Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor (d. 2021) * December 15 – Dina bint Abdul-Hamid, queen consort of Jordan 1955–7 (d. 2019) * December 16 ** Nicholas Courtney, British actor (d. 2011) ** Arthur Fitzsimons, Irish football player, manager (d. 2018) * December 17 – William Safire, American author, columnist, journalist and presidential speechwriter (d. 2009) * December 19 – David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry, Scottish potter and aristocrat * December 20 ** Salim Al-Huss, 3-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. 2024) ** Lee Hyun-jae, South Korean politician, Prime Minister of South Korea, Prime Minister ** Milan Panić, Serbian politician, Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro * December 22 – Wazir Mohammad Pakistani cricketer * December 23 ** Chet Baker, American jazz musician (d. 1988) ** Monique Watteau, Belgian writer and artist * December 24 – David H. DePatie, American film and television producer (d. 2021) * December 26 ** Kathleen Crowley, American actress (d. 2017) ** Taarak Mehta, Indian playwright and humorist (d. 2017) ** Régine Zylberberg, Régine, Belgian-French discothèque pioneer and singer (d. 2022) * December 27 – Tommy Rall, American actor and dancer (d. 2020) *
December 28 Events Pre-1600 * 418 – A papal election begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I. * 457 – Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor. * 484 – Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the V ...
– Efraín Goldenberg, Peruvian politician, finance minister and foreign relations minister *
December 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. * ...
** Susie Garrett, American actress (d. 2002) ** Matt "Guitar" Murphy, American blues musician (d. 2018) * December 31 – Doug Anthony, 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2020)


Date unknown

*Bernard Zoniaba, Republic of Congo, Congolese politician and writer (d. 2001)


Deaths


Undetermined

* Fusajiro Yamauchi, Japanese entrepreneur and founder of Nintendo (b. 1868)


January

* January 5 ** Marc McDermott, Australian-born American actor (b. 1881) ** Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929), Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1856) *
January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...
– Katherine Delmar Burke (educator), Katherine Delmar Burke, American educator (b. 1867) * January 13 – Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter and sheriff (b. 1848) * January 15 – William Boyd Dawkins, Sir William Dawkins, British geologist and archaeologist (b. 1837) * January 24 – Wilfred Baddeley, English tennis player (b. 1872) *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...
– Paul Gerson Unna, German dermatologist (b. 1850) * January 30 ** Franklin J. Drake, American admiral (b. 1846) ** La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)


February

* February 3 – Jose Gutierrez Guerra, José Gutiérrez Guerra, Bolivian economist and statesman, 28th President of Bolivia (b. 1869) * February 6 – Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858) * February 7 – Édouard Hugon, French philosopher, theologian (b. 1867) *
February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...
– José de León Toral, Mecican assassin of president Álvaro Obregón (b. 1900) *
February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...
– Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1840) * February 12 – Lillie Langtry, British singer, actress (b. 1853) *
February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...
– Thomas Burke (sprinter), Thomas Burke, American Olympic athlete (b. 1875) * February 18 – William Russell (American actor), William Russell, American actor (b. 1884) * February 24 – Frank Keenan, American actor (b. 1858) * February 27 – Briton Hadden, American co-founder of ''Time (magazine), Time'' Magazine (b. 1898)


March

*
March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...
– Edward Hobart Seymour, Sir Edward Seymour, British admiral (b. 1840) * March 5 – David Dunbar Buick, Scottish-American inventor (b. 1854) * March 12 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman, politician (b. 1851) * March 15 – Pinetop Smith, African-American blues pianist (b. 1904) * March 18 – William P. Cronan, American Naval Governor of Guam (b. 1879) * March 20 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of Allied forces in World War I (b. 1851) * March 22 – Inoue Yoshika, Japanese admiral (b. 1845) * March 23 – Maurice Sarrail, French general (b. 1856) * March 25 – Robert Ridgway, American ornithologist (b. 1850) * March 29 – Hugh John Macdonald, Sir Hugh John Macdonald, 8th premier of Manitoba (b. 1850)


April

* April 4 ** Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844) ** William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander (United States), Commander, 7th List of governors of American Samoa, Naval Governor of American Samoa (b. 1867) * April 12 – Enrico Ferri (criminologist), Enrico Ferri, Italian criminologist (b. 1856) * April 22 – Henry Lerolle, French painter (b. 1848) * April 24 – Caroline Rémy de Guebhard, French feminist (b. 1855)


May

* May 2 ** Segundo de Chomón, Spanish film director (b. 1871) ** Charalambos Tseroulis, Greek general (b. 1879) * May 12 – Charles Swickard, German-American film director (b. 1861) * May 13 – Arthur Scherbius, German electrical engineer, mathematician, cryptanalyst and inventor (b. 1878) * May 21 – Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847) * May 23 – John G. Jacobson, American businessman and politician (b. 1869) * May 25 – Ernest Monis, 56th Prime Minister of France (b. 1846)


June

* June 5 **Adolph Coors, German-American brewer (b. 1847) **Cecil Burney, Sir Cecil Burney, British admiral of the fleet (b. 1858) * June 9 – Alice Gossage, American journalist (b. 1861) *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861) * June 11 – William D. Boyce, American entrepreneur, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858) * June 16 – Bramwell Booth, General of The Salvation Army (b. 1856) *
June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...
– Leonard Hobhouse, British political theorist, sociologist (b. 1864) * June 24 – Queenie Newall, British Olympic archer (b. 1854) * June 26 – Amandus Adamson, Estonian sculptor (b. 1855) * June 28 – Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)


July

* July 2 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (b. 1893) * July 3 – Dustin Farnum, American actor (b. 1874) * July 11 – Ali Ahmad Khan, Afghan politician, emir (b. 1883) * July 12 – Robert Henri, American painter (b. 1865) * July 15 – Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)


August

* August – Mary MacLane, Canadian feminist writer (b. 1881) * August 3 ** Emile Berliner, German-born inventor (b. 1851) ** Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian-American economist (b. 1857) * August 4 – Carl Auer von Welsbach, Austrian chemist and inventor (b. 1858) * August 5 – Dame Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist, feminist (b. 1847) * August 9 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (b. 1878) * August 10 – Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (b. 1854) * August 13 – Sir Ray Lankester, British zoologist (b. 1847) * August 14 – Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, British general (b. 1861) * August 19 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian ballet impresario (b. 1872) * August 22 – Otto Liman von Sanders, German general (b. 1855) * August 26 – Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat, scholar (b. 1843) * August 27 – Herman Potočnik, Slovenian rocket engineer (b. 1892)


September

* September 2 – Paul Leni, German filmmaker (b. 1885) * September 12 – Rainis, Latvian poet, playwright (b. 1865) * September 23 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865) * September 24 – Mahidol Adulyadej, Thai doctor, father of King Rama IX (b. 1892) * September 25 – Miller Huggins, American baseball manager, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1879) * September 27 – Johnny Hill, British, European, and World flyweight boxing champion (b. 1905) * September 29 – Tanaka Giichi, 26th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1864)


October

* October 1 – Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (b. 1861) *
October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius ...
** Jeanne Eagels, American actress (b. 1890) ** Gustav Stresemann, German statesman, 16th Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878) * October 5 – Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly, Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Syro-Malabar Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1876) * October 20 – José Batlle y Ordóñez, 3-time President of Uruguay (b. 1856) * October 21 – Vasil Radoslavov, 7th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1854) * October 26 – Aby Warburg, German historian, cultural theorist (b. 1866) * October 27 ** Théodore Tuffier, French surgeon (b. 1857) ** Georg von der Marwitz, German general (b. 1856) * October 28 – Bernhard von Bülow, German count and statesman, 8th Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849) *
October 29 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand '' adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber ...
– Emily Robin, English Madame (b. 1874) * October 31 – António José de Almeida, Portuguese political figure, 64th Prime Minister of Portugal and 6th President of Portugal (b. 1866)


November

*
November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...
Habibullāh Kalakāni Habibullah Kalakani (, 19 January 1891 – 1 November 1929), derogatively called "Bacha-ye Saqao" (also romanized Bachai Sakao; literally ''son of the water carrier''), was the ruler of Afghanistan from 17 January to 13 October 1929, as well a ...
, deposed Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1891) * November 6 – Prince Maximilian of Baden, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1867) * November 14 – Joe McGinnity, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1871) *
November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. * 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle ...
– Léon Delacroix, former Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1867) * November 17 – Herman Hollerith, American businessman, inventor (b. 1860) * November 24 ** Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, leader of the World War I (b. 1841) ** Raymond Hitchcock (actor), Raymond Hitchcock, American actor (b. 1865) *
November 26 Events Pre-1600 * 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her nephew from retaking the throne from Mauregatus. * 1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dy ...
– Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, 13th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1863)


December

* December 10 **Frederick Abberline, Chief Inspector of the London Metropolitan Police, investigator in the Jack the Ripper murders (b. 1843) **Harry Crosby, American publisher, poet (b. 1898) * December 14 – Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer), Henry B. Jackson, British admiral (b. 1855) * December 17 **Manuel Gomes da Costa, Portuguese general, politician and 10th President of Portugal (b. 1863) **Arthur G. Jones-Williams, British aviator (b. 1898) * December 20 – Émile Loubet, French politician, 8th President of France (b. 1838) * December 21 – I. L. Patterson, American politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (b. 1859) *
December 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. * ...
– Wilhelm Maybach, German automobile designer (b. 1846)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Louis de Broglie * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Thomas Mann * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Frank Billings Kellogg


References


Sources


The 1930s Timeline: 1929
– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia {{DEFAULTSORT:1929 1929,