1919 Ontario General Election

The 1919 Ontario general election, held on October 20, 1919, elected 111 Members of the 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario ("MLAs"). The United Farmers of Ontario captured the most seats but won only a minority of the legislature. They joined with 11 Labour MPPs and three others to form a coalition government, ending the 14-year rule of Ontario's Conservatives. This is one of the few examples of coalition government in Canadian history.

Premier William Howard Hearst had aimed to win a fifth consecutive term for the Conservatives, but instead the party became the first in Ontario history to fall from first to third place. As newspaperman John Willison later remarked, "There could not have been a worse time for a general election."

Campaign

The parties tended to have a targeted approach in fielding their candidates:

Toronto was divided into four districts, each with two seats and two separate contests.

Toronto Northeast A saw a Conservative elected by acclamation. Toronto Northeast B saw a four-way fight. Toronto Northwest saw two two-candidate fights. Toronto Southeast had two two-candidate fights. The Toronto Southwest A contest was a two-candidate fight. Toronto Southeast B saw a three-way fight.

Acclamation victories occurred in the Toronto Northeast A contest, as well as in the Addington, Hasting North and Kingston contests.

It was the first election in which women could vote and run for office. Election day was also held on the same day as the scheduled referendum on prohibition.

Conservatives

Hearst alienated the business community with his progressive policies; he had a rift with Adam Beck (London) over the direction of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission; and his promotion of prohibition alienated the urban "wets".

Only the Conservatives attempted to field a full slateand were helped by having four candidates being declared elected by acclamationbut about two dozen incumbents decided to step aside in favour of the local farmer candidates.

Seventeen Conservative MLAs either retired from the Legislature, or had failed to be renominated. Arthur Pratt ( Norfolk South) opted to campaign as an Independent-Conservative, claiming earlier in the year that at least 27 MLAs privately opposed Hearst's prohibition policy.

Beck also decided to stand as an Independent, saying, "I do not object to the Government having a control of the Hydro enterprise, but I object to its becoming a Government department; only as an Independent can I look after the interests of Hydro-Electric Power for the people of the Province in the most efficient manner."

Liberals

The Liberals split between those still loyal to former leader Newton Rowell and his successor William Proudfoot (Huron Centre), and those who supported the new leader, Hartley Dewart. John Campbell Elliott (Middlesex West) (who had come in 3rd in the 1919 leadership contest), joined by five others, decided to drop out of the race.

They tried to avoid direct contests with UFO candidates, fielding candidates in only 66 ridings as opposed to the 90 named in the 1914 election. In many respects, however, they underestimated the discontent that was simmering among rural Ontarians, and Dewart focused his attention unnecessarily against the Conservative campaign manager George Howard Ferguson.

Proudfoot opted to campaign as an Independent.

United Farmers

The UFO focused on rural areas. Its leader, R.H. Halbert, did not campaign, as he had been elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an earlier by-election. It had only two incumbent MPPs, Beniah Bowman and John Wesley Widdifield, who had entered the legislature by winning by-elections in Manitoulin and Ontario North.

Labour

The labour political movement was fragmented between the Independent Labour Party, the Ontario section of the Canadian Labour Party, and the Ontario Labour Educational Association and its newspaper '' The Industrial Banner''. The ILP was the effective organization on the campaign trail that year, and it promoted joint action with the UFO.

Media in the campaign

Media support in the campaign was mixed. '' The Globe'' and ''The Toronto Star'', at that time both Liberal in outlook, were hostile against Dewart because of his stand on temperance issues. ''The Toronto World'', generally a Conservative backer, pursued a simmering scandal from 1916 concerning International Nickel and alleged provincial support of wartime shipments of the metal to Germany via the cargo submarine ''Deutschland''. '' The Farmer's Sun'', recently acquired by the UFO, was an enthusiastic promoter of farmer policies.

Electoral system

Of the 111 seats, 103 were from single-member constituencies elected through first-past-the-post voting. The remaining eight came from four dual-member ridings in Toronto, each of which had parallel contests voting separately for seat A and seat B, each under FPTP.

Synopsis of results

Post-election pendulum

The robustness of the margins of victory for each party can be summarized in electoral pendulums. These are not necessarily a measure of the volatility of the respective riding results. The following tables show the margins over the various 2nd-place contenders, for which one-half of the value represents the swing needed to overturn the result. Actual seat turnovers to the opposition parties in the 1919 election are noted for reference.

: = seats that opposition parties gained in the election

Impact

The result was highly skewed as a result of the way the ridings were drawn up. The ''Ottawa Journal'' noted, "The arrangement of electoral districts in Ontario (and throughout Canada) is such that a farmer’s vote has practically twice the effect of the vote of any person resident in cities or large towns. Ottawa, for instance, with 110,000 population elects two members to the Ontario Legislature; Carleton County on one side with 20,000 people elects one member; Russell County on the other side has a population of 40,000 and elects one member."

The UFO emerged from the vote with the largest bloc of seats, joining the eleven Labour MLAs to form a coalition government. Liberal-UFO MLA David James Taylor of Grey North, "Soldier" MLA Joseph McNamara of Riverdale and Labour-UFO MLA Karl Homuth of Waterloo South were also members of the governing caucus giving Drury's coalition 58 seats in total, a slight majority.

The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Hartley Dewart, increased the size of its caucus by a small number, despite turning over more than half the seats held. The Conservative Party lost ground to all other parties, despite receiving the most votes.

The election had several sweeping results:

:* only about two dozen MPPs from the previous Legislative Assembly were re-elected;
:* notably, Conservative William Hearst was defeated by a Labour candidate;
:* Beck and Proudfoot were also defeated by Labour candidates, despite the decision of the Conservatives and Liberals not to contest the seats;
:* three clergymen were elected;
:* eighteen returned soldiers were elected; and
:* all anti-Prohibition candidates were defeated.

Upon hearing the news of the Conservative defeat, Hearst noted:

Three days after the election, James J. Morrison, Secretary of the UFO, reported on the way he had addressed the need to form a working majority in the chamber. He released the following statement:

Ernest C. Drury agreed to lead the new government as Premier of Ontario, and a UFO-Labour coalition cabinet was formed. Although he was vice-president of the UFO, Drury had not been a candidate in the election and had to run in a by-election to enter the legislature following his appointment to the office of Premier.

Results overview

, -
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 , Political party
! rowspan=2 , Party leader
! colspan=5 , MPPs
! colspan=3 , Votes
, -
! Candidates
!1914
! Dissol.
!1919
!±
!#
!%
! ± (pp)
, -
, rowspan="7" ,  
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="10", UFO-Labour Coalition
, -
, style="text-align:left;" ,
, style="text-align:left;", –
, 66
, –
, 2
, 44
, 44
, 248,274
, 20.97%
,
, -
, style="text-align:left;" ,
, style="text-align:left;", Walter Rollo
, 21
, 1
, 1
, 11
, 10
, 107,588
, 9.09%
, 7.75
, -
, style="text-align:left;" ,
, style="text-align:left;",
, 5
, –
, –
, 1
, 1
, 27,841
, 2.35%
,
, -
, style="text-align:left;" ,
, style="text-align:left;",
, 2
, –
, –
, 1
, 1
, 7,448
, 0.63%
,
, -
, style="text-align:left;" ,
, style="text-align:left;",
, 2
, –
, –
, 1
, 1
, 9,618
, 0.81%
,
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="5", Coalition Total
, 58
,
, 400,679
, 33.85%
,

, style="text-align:left;", Hartley Dewart
, 66
, 24
, 27
, 27
, 3
, 301,995
, 25.51%
, 12.41

, style="text-align:left;", William Hearst
, 103
, 84
, 79
, 25
, 59
, 403,655
, 34.09%
, 19.78

, style="text-align:left;",
, 1
, 1
, 1
, 1
,
, 5,354
, 0.45%
, 0.01

, style="text-align:left;", Liberal-Temperance
, style="text-align:left;",
, –
, 1
, 1
, –
, 1
, colspan="3", ''Did not campaign''

, style="text-align:left;",
, 14
, –
, –
, –
, –
, 48,244
, 4.07%
, 3.08

, style="text-align:left;",
, 3
, –
, –
, –
, –
, 14,213
, 1.20%
, 0.81

, style="text-align:left;",
, 2
, –
, –
, –
, –
, 9,088
, 0.77%
,

, style="text-align:left;",
, 3
, –
, –
, –
, –
, 637
, 0.05%
, 0.87
, -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
, colspan="3" style="text-align:left;", Total
, 288
, 111
, 111
, 111
,
, 1,183,955
, 100.00%
,
, -
, colspan="8" style="text-align:left;", Blank and invalid ballots
, align="right", 50,810
, style="background:#E9E9E9;" colspan="2",
, -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
, colspan="8" style="text-align:left;", Registered voters / turnout
, 1,443,746
, 85.53%
, 21.10

Results by riding

Italicized names indicate members returned by acclamation. Two-tone colour boxes indicate ridings that turned over from the 1914 election, e.g.,

Central Ontario

Eastern Ontario

Hamilton/Halton/Niagara

Midwestern Ontario

Northeastern Ontario

Northwest Ontario

Southwestern Ontario

Toronto

York/Peel/Ontario

Analysis

Seats that changed hands

There were 77 seats that changed allegiance in the election:

''(* - open seats, # - byelection gains held, ^ - change of affiliation)''

''(Riding names in italics did not have Liberal candidates. Riding names in bold did not have Conservative candidates.)''

Conservative to UFO
*'' Carleton''*
*'' Dufferin''*
*'' Dundas''
*''Durham East''
*'' Elgin East''*
*''Elgin West''
*'' Grey Centre''
*''Grey South''
*'' Haldimand''
* Halton
*''Hastings East''
*Huron South*
* Lambton East
*'' Lambton West''*
*Lanark North
*'' Lanark South''*
*'' Manitoulin''#
* Middlesex East*
*'' Norfolk South''
*'' Northumberland East''*
*''Ontario North''#
* Oxford South
*'' Perth South''*
*''Peterborough East''
* Renfrew North
*''Renfrew South''
*''Simcoe Centre''*
*'' Simcoe East''
*'' Simcoe South''
*''Victoria North''
*'' Victoria South''*
*'' Wellington West''
*'' Wentworth North''*
*Wentworth South

Conservative to Labour
* Fort William
* Hamilton West*
*Kenora
*''London''
*Niagara Falls
*''Sault Ste. Marie''
*St. Catharines

Conservative to Farmer-Labour
* Waterloo South

Conservative to Farmer-Liberal
*''Grey North''*

Conservative to Soldier
*'' Riverdale''*

Conservative to Liberal
* Algoma
*Brockville
*Bruce South
* Durham West
* Kent West*
* Nipissing
*Ontario South
*Parry Sound
* Perth North#
* Stormont*
*Toronto Northwest - B
* Toronto Southeast - A*
* Toronto Southeast - B*
* Toronto Southwest - A#
* Toronto Southwest - B*
*Welland

Conservative to Independent-Liberal
*Waterloo North

Liberal to UFO
* Brant*
* Bruce North
*'' Essex North''*
* Essex South
*Glengarry*
*'' Kent East''*
*Middlesex North
*''Middlesex West''*
*''Norfolk North''*
* Wellington East

Liberal to Labour
*Brant South*
*''Huron Centre''
*Peterborough West

Liberal to Conservative
*Ottawa West

Independent-Liberal to Liberal
*Prescott^

Liberal-Temperance to Conservative
*Wellington South

Notable groups of candidates

(* - incumbent; † - chaplain; ‡ - Anti-Prohibition)

Cooke was the only acclaimed candidate who had not previously been an incumbent.

See also

*Politics of Ontario
* List of Ontario political parties
*Premier of Ontario
*Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)

Notes and references

Notes

References

Further reading

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*
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{{Ontario elections

Ontario general election
General elections in Ontario
General election
Ontario general election