18th-century Spanish Jesuits

The 18th century lasted from 1 January 1701 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCI) to 31 December 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the Atlantic Revolutions. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures. The Industrial Revolution began mid-century, leading to radical changes in human society and the environment. The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail. During the century, slave trading expanded across the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, while declining in Russia and China.

Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later. France was the sole world superpower from 1659, after it defeated Spain, until 1815, when it was defeated by Britain and its coalitions following the Napoleonic Wars.

In Europe, philosophers ushered in the Age of Enlightenment. This period coincided with the French Revolution of 1789, and was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French First Republic, French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars. Various conflicts throughout the century, including the War of the Spanish Succession and the Seven Years' War, saw Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain triumph over its rivals to become the preeminent power in Europe. However, Britain's attempts to exert its authority over the Thirteen Colonies became a catalyst for the American Revolution. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to prevent Partitions of Poland, partition by the neighboring states of Habsburg monarchy, Austria, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia, and Russia.

In West Asia, Nader Shah led Afsharid Iran, Persia in successful Campaigns of Nader Shah, military campaigns. The Ottoman Empire experienced a period of peace, taking no part in European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a result, the empire was not exposed to Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman military consequently lagged behind and suffered several defeats against Russia in the second half of the century.

In South Asia, the death of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was followed by the expansion of the Maratha Confederacy and an increasing level of European influence and control in the region. In 1739, Persian emperor Nader Shah invaded and plundered Delhi, the capital of the Mughal Empire. Later, his general Ahmad Shah Durrani scored another victory against the Marathas, the then dominant power in India, in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. By the middle of the century, the East India Company, British East India Company began to conquer eastern India, and by the end of the century, the Anglo-Mysore Wars against Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali, led to Company rule in India, Company rule over the south.

In East Asia, the century was marked by the High Qing era, a period characterized by significant cultural and territorial expansion. This period also experienced relative peace and prosperity, allowing for societal growth, increasing literacy rates, flourishing trade, and consolidating imperial power across the vast Qing dynasty's territories. Conversely, the continual Sakoku, seclusion policy of the Tokugawa shogunate also brought a peaceful era called Pax Tokugawa and experienced a flourishment of the Japanese Art, arts as well as Rangaku, scientific knowledge and advancements, which were introduced to Japan through the Dutch port of Nagasaki. In Southeast Asia, the Burmese–Siamese wars#Konbaung (Burma)–Ayutthaya (Siam), Konbaung–Ayutthaya Wars and the Tây Sơn wars, Tây Sơn Wars broke out while the Dutch East India Company established Company rule in the Dutch East Indies, increasing levels of control over the Mataram Sultanate.

In Africa, the Ethiopian Empire underwent the Zemene Mesafint, a period when the country was ruled by a class of regional noblemen and the emperor was merely a figurehead. The Atlantic slave trade also saw the continued involvement of states such as the Oyo Empire. In Oceania, the European colonization of History of Australia (1788–1850), Australia and History of New Zealand, New Zealand began during the late half of the century. In the Americas, the United States declared its independence from Great Britain. In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the United States Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence. In 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the first president. Benjamin Franklin traveled to Europe where he was hailed as an inventor. Examples of his inventions include the lightning rod and bifocal glasses. Túpac Amaru II led an Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, uprising that sought to end Viceroyalty of Peru, Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

Events

1701–1750

* 1700–1721: Great Northern War between the Russian Empire, Russian and Swedish Empires.
* 1701: Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I of Prussia, Frederick I.
* 1701: The Battle of Feyiase marks the rise of the Ashanti Empire.
* 1701–1714: The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Louis XIV of France#War of the Spanish Succession, Europe.
* 1702–1715: Camisards, Camisard rebellion in France.
* 1703: Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian Capital (political), capital until 1918.
* 1703–1711: The Rákóczi's War of Independence, Rákóczi uprising against the Habsburg monarchy.
* 1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
* 1704: First Javanese War of Succession.Ricklefs (1991), page 82
* 1706–1713: The War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the Battle of Ramillies and the Siege of Turin.
* 1707: Death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb leads to the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire.
* 1707: The Act of Union 1707, Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.
* 1708: The East India Company, Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
* 1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.
* 1709: Foundation of the Hotak dynasty, Hotak Empire.
* 1709: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years, contributing to the defeat of Swedish Empire, Sweden at Battle of Poltava, Poltava.
* 1710: The world's first Copyright law, copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, takes effect.
* 1710–1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711), Russo-Turkish War and regains Azov.
* 1711: Khanate of Bukhara, Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power.
* 1711–1715: Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina.
* 1713: The Kangxi Emperor acknowledges the full recovery of the Chinese economy since its apex during the Ming dynasty, Ming.
* 1714: In Amsterdam, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the electronic era.
* 1715: The Jacobite rising of 1715, first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston (1715), Battle of Preston.
* 1716: Establishment of the Misl, Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.
* 1714, 1716–1718: Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), Austro-Venetian-Turkish War.
* 1718: The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.
* 1718–1720: War of the Quadruple Alliance with Spain versus France, Britain, Austria, and the Netherlands.
* 1718–1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.
* 1719: Second Javanese War of Succession.Ricklefs (1991), page 84
* 1720: The South Sea Bubble.
* 1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille.
* 1720: Qing forces oust Dzungar Khanate, Dzungar invaders from Khoshut Khanate, Tibet.
* 1721: The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.
* 1721: Sack of Shamakhi, massacre of its Shia population by Sunni Islam, Sunni Lezgins.
* 1722: Siege of Isfahan results in the handover of Iran to the Hotak dynasty, Hotaki Afghans.
* 1722–1723: Russo-Persian War (1722–1723), Russo-Persian War.
* 1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood (Mintmaster), William Wood's halfpence leads to the ''Drapier's Letters'' and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.

* 1723: Slavery is abolished in Russia; Peter the Great converts household Slavery in medieval Europe#Slavery in Russia, slaves into house serfs.
* 1723–1730: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of Kazakhs, Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
* 1723–1732: The Qing and the Dzungars fight a series of wars across Qinghai, Dzungaria, and Outer Mongolia, with inconclusive results.
* 1724: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
* 1725: Peace of Vienna (1725), Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.
* 1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729), Anglo-Spanish War ends inconclusively.
* 1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.
* 1730–1760: The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
* 1732–1734: Crimean Khanate, Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.
*1733–1738: War of the Polish Succession.

* 1735–1739: Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739), Austro-Russo-Turkish War.
* 1735–1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
* 1738–1756: List of famines, Famine across the Sahel; half the population of Timbuktu dies.
* 1737–1738: Hotak Empire ends after the siege of Kandahar by Nader Shah.
* 1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.
* 1739: Nader Shah defeats a pan-Indian army of 300,000 at the Battle of Karnal. Taxation is stopped in Iran for three years.
* 1739–1740: Nader Shah's Sindh expedition.
* 1740: George Whitefield brings the First Great Awakening to New England
* 1740–1741: Great Irish Famine (1740–1741), Famine in Ireland kills 20 percent of the population.
* 1741–1743: Iran invades Khanate of Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Khanate of Khiva, Khwarazm, Dagestan, and Omani Empire, Oman.
* 1741–1751: Maratha invasions of Bengal.
* 1740–1748: War of the Austrian Succession.
* 1742: Marvel's Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill, begins operation in England.
* 1742: Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed Celsius in his honor.
* 1742: Premiere of George Frideric Handel's Messiah (Handel), ''Messiah''.
* 1743–1746: Another Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746), Ottoman-Persian War involves 375,000 men but ultimately ends in a stalemate.

* 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.
* 1744: Battle of Toulon (1744), Battle of Toulon is fought off the coast of France.
* 1744–1748: The Carnatic Wars, First Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
* 1745: Jacobite rising of 1745, Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
* 1747: The Durrani Empire is founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
* 1748: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
* 1748–1754: The Carnatic Wars, Second Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
* 1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age.

1751–1800

* 1752: The British Empire adopts the Gregorian Calendar, skipping 11 days from 3 September to 13 September. On the calendar, 2 September is followed directly by 14 September.
* 1754: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
* 1754: Columbia University, King's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain.
* 1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
* 1755: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, great Lisbon earthquake destroys most of Portugal's capital and kills up to 100,000.
* 1755: The Dzungar genocide depopulates much of northern Xinjiang, allowing for Han, Uyghur, Khalkha Mongol, and Manchu colonization.
* 1755–1763: The Expulsion of the Acadians, Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
* 1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
* 1756–1763: The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, and Mysore in India.
* 1757: Battle of Plassey, British conquest of Bengal.

* 1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
* 1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat (1761), Battle of Panipat.
* 1762–1796: Reign of Catherine II of Russia, Catherine the Great of Russia.
* 1763: The Treaty of Paris (1763), Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
* 1764: Dahomey and the Oyo Empire defeat the Military of the Ashanti Empire, Ashanti army at the Battle of Atakpamé.
* 1764: The Mughals are defeated at the Battle of Buxar.
* 1765: The Stamp Act 1765, Stamp Act is introduced into the Thirteen Colonies, American colonies by the British Parliament.
* 1767, 1765–1767: The Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767), Burmese invade Thailand and utterly destroy Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city), Attuthaya.
* 1765–1769: Konbaung dynasty, Burma under Hsinbyushin repels Sino-Burmese War, four invasions from Qing China, securing hegemony over the Shan States, Shan states.
* 1766: Christian VII of Denmark, Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was Danish Realm, king of Denmark to 1808.
* 1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars.
* 1767: Taksin expels Burmese invaders and reunites Thailand under an authoritarian regime.
* 1768–1772: War of the Bar Confederation.
* 1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), Russo-Turkish War.
* 1769: Spanish Missionary, missionaries establish the first of 21 Spanish Missions of California, missions in California.
* 1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
* 1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population.
* 1769: The French Indies Company, French East India Company dissolves, only to be revived in 1785.
* 1769: French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon Island, Ambon, ending the Dutch East India Company's (VOC) monopoly of the plant.Ricklefs (1991), page 102
* 1770–1771: Famines in the Czech lands, Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands.
* 1771: The Moscow plague riot of 1771, Plague Riot in Moscow.
* 1771: The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Xinjiang under Qing rule, Qing Dzungaria.
* 1772: Gustav III, Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.

* 1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
* 1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
* 1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.
* 1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle First Opium War, opium into China.
* 1775: Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporozhian Sich, Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine.
* 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War.
* 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War.
* 1776: Several kongsi republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.
* 1776–1777: Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777), A Spanish-Portuguese War occurs over land in the South American frontiers.
* 1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt.
* 1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
* 1776: Adam Smith publishes ''The Wealth of Nations''.
* 1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.
* 1778: Franco-American alliance signed.
* 1778: Spain acquires its Spanish Guinea, first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administered by the newly-established Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, La Plata Viceroyalty.
* 1778: Đại Việt, Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tây Sơn dynasty, Tay Son brothers. The Tây Sơn dynasty has been established, terminating the Lê dynasty.
* 1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosa people, Xhosas in the South African Republic.
* 1779–1783: Spain and the American Revolutionary War, Britain loses several islands and colonial outposts all over the world to the combined Franco-Spanish navy.
* 1779: Iran enters yet another period of conflict and civil war after the prosperous reign of Karim Khan Zand.
* 1780: Outbreak of the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
* 1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers.
* 1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Habsburg monarchy, Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848).
* 1782: The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.
* 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783), Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.
* 1783: Russian annexation of Crimean Khanate, Crimea.
* 1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen people, Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Peoples of the Caucasus, Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a Jihad, holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.
* 1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans.
* 1785–1787: The Maratha–Mysore wars, Maratha–Mysore Wars concludes with an exchange of territories in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan.
* 1786–1787: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart premieres ''The Marriage of Figaro'' and ''Don Giovanni''.
* 1787: The Tuareg people, Tuareg occupy Timbuktu until the 19th century.
* 1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), Russo-Turkish War.
* 1788: First Fleet arrives in Australia
* 1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790).
* 1788: Dutch Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) would become the first generally accepted validated case of a supercentenarian on record.Photo Gallery for Supercentenarians born before 1850, as of May 17, 2019
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* 1788–1789: A Qing attempt to reinstall an exiled Lê Chiêu Thống, Vietnamese king in northern Vietnam Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa, ends in disaster.
* 1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.
* 1789: Quang Trung defeats the Qing dynasty, Qing army.
* 1789–1799: French Revolution.
* 1789: The Liège Revolution.
* 1789: The Brabant Revolution.
* 1789: The , an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes
* 1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Holy Roman Empire, Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
* 1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
* 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution.
* 1791: Mozart premieres ''The Magic Flute''.
* 1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803–1815.
* 1792: The New York Stock Exchange, New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded.
* 1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792.
* 1792: Margaret Ann Neve (1792–1903) would become the first recorded female supercentenarian to reach the age of 110.
* 1793: Upper Canada Act Against Slavery, bans slavery.
* 1793: The largest 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population.
* 1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the French Revolution, Revolution.
* 1794–1816: The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury River, Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia.
* 1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem.
* 1795: The Battle of Nuuanu in the final days of King Kamehameha I's wars to Unification of Hawaii, unify the Hawaiian Islands.
* 1795–1796: Battle of Krtsanisi, Iran invades and devastates Georgia, prompting Persian expedition of 1796, Russia to intervene and march on Tehran.
* 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs.
* 1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
* 1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon and Dutch Cape Colony, South Africa.
* 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China.
* 1797: John Adams is elected the second President of the United States; he serves until 1801.
* 1798: The Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
* 1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France.
* 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
* 1799: Austro-Russian Alliance (1781), Austro-Russian forces under Alexander Suvorov Italian and Swiss expedition, liberates much of Italy and Switzerland from French occupation.
* 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.
* 1799: Death of the Qianlong Emperor after High Qing era, 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide.
* 1800: On 1 January, the bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved and the nationalized Dutch East Indies are established.Ricklefs (1991), page 106

Inventions, discoveries, and introductions

* 1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori
* 1711: Tuning fork was invented by John Shore (trumpeter), John Shore
* 1712: Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen
* 1714: Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
* 1717: Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft
* c. 1730: Octant (instrument), Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey (inventor), Thomas Godfrey in America
* 1733: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay (flying shuttle), John Kay
* 1736: Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley
* c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
* 1741: Vitus Bering discovers Alaska
* 1745: Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor
* 1751: Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe
* 1752: Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin
* 1753: The first clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker.
* 1755: The tallest ''wooden'' Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple (Hebei), Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
* 1764: Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution
* 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
* 1761: The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth marine chronometer, chronometer of John Harrison
* 1763: Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability
* 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands
* 1774: Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen

* 1775: Joseph Priestley's first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"
* 1776: First improved steam engines installed by James Watt
* 1776: Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy
* 1777: Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller
* 1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz
* 1781: William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus
* 1784: Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin
* 1784: Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand
* 1785: Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright
* 1785: Production line, Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans
* 1786: Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle
* 1787: Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law
* 1789: Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass, the basis for chemistry, and begins modern chemistry
* 1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination
* 1798: The Lithography, Lithographic printing process invented by Alois SenefelderMeggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146
* 1799: Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops

Literary and philosophical achievements

* 1703: ''The Love Suicides at Sonezaki'' by Chikamatsu first performed
* 1704–1717: ''One Thousand and One Nights'' translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.
* 1704: ''A Tale of a Tub'' by Jonathan Swift first published
* 1712: ''The Rape of the Lock'' by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
* 1719: ''Robinson Crusoe'' by Daniel Defoe
* 1725: ''The New Science'' by Giambattista Vico
* 1726: ''Gulliver's Travels'' by Jonathan Swift
* 1728: ''The Dunciad'' by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)
* 1744: ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'' becomes one of the first Children's literature#History, books marketed for children
* 1748: ''Chushingura'' (''The Treasury of Loyal Retainers''), popular Japanese bunraku, puppet play, composed
* 1748: ''Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady'' by Samuel Richardson
* 1749: ''The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling'' by Henry Fielding
* 1751: ''Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard'' by Thomas Gray published
* 1751–1785: The French Encyclopédie
* 1755: ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' by Samuel Johnson
* 1758: ''Arithmetika Horvatzka'' by Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić
* 1759: ''Candide'' by Voltaire
* 1759: ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments'' by Adam Smith
* 1759–1767: ''Tristram Shandy'' by Laurence Sterne
* 1762: ''Emile: or, On Education'' by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* 1762: ''Social Contract (Rousseau), The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right'' by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* 1774: ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'' by Goethe first published
* 1776: (''Tales of Moonlight and Rain'') by Ueda Akinari
* 1776: ''The Wealth of Nations'', foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
* 1776–1789: ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' was published by Edward Gibbon
* 1779: ''Amazing Grace'' published by John Newton
* 1779–1782: ''Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets'' by Samuel Johnson
* 1781: ''Critique of Pure Reason'' by Immanuel Kant (publication of first edition)
* 1781: ''The Robbers'' by Friedrich Schiller first published
* 1782: ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'' by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* 1786: ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect'' by Robert Burns
* 1787–1788: ''The Federalist Papers'' by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
* 1788: ''Critique of Practical Reason'' by Immanuel Kant
* 1789: ''Songs of Innocence'' by William Blake
* 1789: ''The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano'' by Olaudah Equiano
* 1790: ''Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow'' by Alexander Radishchev
* 1790: ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' by Edmund Burke
* 1791: ''Rights of Man'' by Thomas Paine
* 1792: ''A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' by Mary Wollstonecraft
* 1794: ''Songs of Experience'' by William Blake
* 1798: ''Lyrical Ballads'' by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
* 1798: ''An Essay on the Principle of Population'' published by Thomas Malthus
* (mid–18th century): ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' (authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin), one of the most famous Chinese novels

Musical works

* 1711: ''Rinaldo (opera), Rinaldo'', Handel's first opera for the London stage, premiered
* 1721: ''Brandenburg Concertos'' by Johann Sebastian Bach, J.S. Bach
* 1723: ''The Four Seasons (Vivaldi), The Four Seasons'', violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, composed
* 1724: ''St John Passion'' by Johann Sebastian Bach, J.S. Bach
* 1727: ''St Matthew Passion'' composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, J.S. Bach
* 1727: ''Zadok the Priest'' is composed by George Frideric Handel, Handel for the coronation of George II of Great Britain. It has been performed at every subsequent British coronation.
* 1733: ''Hippolyte et Aricie'', first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau
* 1741: ''Goldberg Variations'' for harpsichord published by Johann Sebastian Bach, Bach
* 1742: ''Messiah (Handel), Messiah'', oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin
* 1749: ''Mass in B minor'' by Johann Sebastian Bach, J.S. Bach assembled in current form
* 1751: ''The Art of Fugue'' by Johann Sebastian Bach, J.S. Bach
* 1762: ''Orfeo ed Euridice'', first "reform opera" by Christoph Willibald von Gluck, Gluck, performed in Vienna
* 1786: ''The Marriage of Figaro'', opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart
* 1787: ''Don Giovanni'', opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart
* 1788: ''Symphony No. 41 (Mozart), Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No. 41)'' composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart
* 1791: ''The Magic Flute'', opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart
* 1791–1795: London symphonies by Joseph Haydn, Haydn
* 1798: The Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven), Pathétique, piano sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven, Beethoven
* 1798: ''The Creation (Haydn), The Creation'', oratorio by Joseph Haydn, Haydn first performed

References

Further reading

* Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. ''A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History'' (1994) 890pp
* Klekar, Cynthia. "Fictions of the Gift: Generosity and Obligation in Eighteenth-Century English Literature." Innovative Course Design Winner. ''American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies'': Wake Forest University, 2004.
Home , American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)
. Refereed.
* Langer, William. ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of event
online free
* Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. ''Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present'' (1970
online
* Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. ''The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 '' (1973)
online
note there are two different books with identical authors and slightly different titles. Their coverfage does not overlap.
** Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. ''The development of the economies of continental Europe, 1850–1914'' (1977
online
* Wallace Collection, The Wallace Collection, London, houses one of the finest collections of 18th-century decorative arts from France, England and Italy, including paintings, furniture, porcelain and gold boxes.

External links

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:18th Century
18th century,
2nd millennium
Centuries
Early modern period