Events

January–March

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– The ''

Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms The ''Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'', or ''Haiguo Tuzhi'', is a 19th-century Chinese gazetteer compiled by scholar-official Wei Yuan and others, based on initial translations ordered by Special Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu. T ...

'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by

Wei Yuan Wei Yuan (; April23, 1794March26, 1857), born Wei Yuanda (), courtesy names Moshen () and Hanshi (), was a Chinese scholar from Shaoyang, Hunan. He moved to Yangzhou, Jiangsu in 1831, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wei obtained the ...

and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

–

Antarctic The Antarctic (, ; commonly ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the South Pole, lying within the Antarctic Circle. It is antipodes, diametrically opposite of the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antar ...

explorer

James Clark Ross Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer of both the northern and southern polar regions. In the Arctic, he participated in two expeditions led by his uncle, Sir John Ross, John ...

discovers

Snow Hill Island Snow Hill Island is an almost completely snowcapped island, long and wide, lying off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is separated from James Ross Island to the north-east by Admiralty Sound and from Seymour Island to the north by ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

–

Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (11 January 1801 – 3 September 1856) was a Brazilian politician, diplomat, judge and monarchist. Paraná was born to a noble family in Jacuí, São Carlos do Jacuí, in what was then the ...

is appointed by the Emperor, Dom Pedro, as the leader of the Brazilian Council of Ministers, although the office of

Prime Minister of Brazil A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways ...

will not be officially created until 1847. *

January January is the first month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the No ...

** Serial publication of

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and Social criticism, social critic. He created some of literature's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by ...

's novel ''

Martin Chuzzlewit ''The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit'' (commonly known as ''Martin Chuzzlewit'') is a novel by English author Charles Dickens, considered the last of his picaresque novels. It was originally serialised between January 1843 and July 1 ...

'' begins in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States. **

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the macabre. He is widely re ...

's short story "

The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is told by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator's sanity while simultaneously describing a murder the nar ...

" is published in ''The Pioneer'', a

Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...

magazine. ** The

Quaker Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations. Members refer to each other as Friends after in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers ...

magazine '' The Friend'' is first published in London. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

–

Uruguayan Civil War The Uruguayan Civil War, also known in Spanish as the ''Guerra Grande'' ("Great War"), was a series of armed conflicts between the leaders of Uruguayan independence. While officially the war lasted from 1839 until 1851, it was a part of armed ...

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

supports Oribe of

Uruguay Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...

, and begins a siege of Montevideo. *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

– The

Virginia Minstrels The Virginia Minstrels or Virginia Serenaders was a group of 19th-century American entertainers who helped invent the entertainment form known as the minstrel show. Led by Dan Emmett, the original lineup consisted of Emmett, Billy Whitlock, ...

perform the first

minstrel show The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of theater developed in the early 19th century. The shows were performed by mostly white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of portraying racial stereotypes of Afr ...

, at the

Bowery Amphitheatre The Bowery Amphitheatre was a building in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. It was located at 37 and 39 Bowery, across the street from the Bowery Theatre. Under a number of different names and managers, the structure served as a circus, ...

in New York City. *

February 8 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. * 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of ...

– The 1843 Guadeloupe Earthquake hits the Caribbean island of

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe is an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre Island, Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galant ...

, killing 1,500–5,000 people. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

–

Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( ; ; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi, his operas. He was born near Busseto, a small town in the province of Parma ...

's opera ''

I Lombardi alla prima crociata ''I Lombardi alla Prima Crociata'' (''The Lombards on the First Crusade'') is an operatic ''dramma lirico'' in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on an epic poem by Tommaso Grossi, which was "very much ...

'' premieres at

La Scala La Scala (, , ; officially , ) is a historic opera house in Milan, Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as (, which previously was Santa Maria della Scala, Milan, a church). The premiere performa ...

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

. *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

– The event that will inspire The Beatles' 1967 song "

Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Beatles for their 1967 album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. It was written and composed primarily by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. ...

" is held in England. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. * ...

– Paulet Affair:

Lord George Paulet Lord George Paulet CB (12 August 1803 – 22 November 1879) was a British officer of the Royal Navy. He entered the navy shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and after some years obtained his own command. He served off the Iberian Peni ...

occupies the

Kingdom of Hawaii The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian:

ɛ ɐwˈpuni həˈvɐjʔi Latin epsilon or open E (majuscule: Ɛ, minuscule: ɛ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter epsilon (ε). It was introduced in the 16th century by Gian Giorgio Trissino to represent the pronunc ...

, was an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaii ...

in the name of Great Britain. *

February February is the second month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 in leap years, with the February 29, 29th day being called the ''leap day''. February is the third a ...

– Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa captures the fort and town of

Riffa Riffa () is the second-largest city in the Kingdom of Bahrain in terms of area. The city is divided into three parts: , and . All three parts are located in the Southern Governorate. The city is growing fast: during the 2001 census, the p ...

after the rival branch of the family fails to gain control of the Riffa Fort and flees to Manama. Shaikh Mohamed bin Ahmed is killed at the battle, called the Battle of Hunayniya. *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem '' Shahnameh''. * 1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between ...

– The Danish government re-establishes the

Althing The (; ), anglicised as Althingi or Althing, is the Parliamentary sovereignty, supreme Parliament, national parliament of Iceland. It is the oldest surviving parliament in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at ('Thing (assembly), thing ...

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

as an advisory body, by royal decree. *

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. * 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 13 ...

– 14 – ''

Eta Carinae η Carinae (Eta Carinae, abbreviated to η Car), formerly known as η Argus, is a stellar system containing at least two stars with a combined luminosity greater than five million times that of the Sun, located around ...

'' flares, to become the second-brightest star. *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

–

Catawba County, North Carolina Catawba County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 160,610. Its county seat is Newton, and its largest community is Hickory. The county is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC ...

is created, and its first court is held in Mathias Barringer Jr.'s house. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

–

Victoria, British Columbia Victoria is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of British Columbia, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific Ocean, Pacific coast. The city has a population of 91,867, and the Gre ...

, is founded by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post and fort. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

– The city of

Petrópolis Petrópolis (), also known as the Imperial City, is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil. It is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, northeast of the city of Rio de Janeiro. According to the 2022 Brazilian census, Petrópolis mun ...

is founded by the government of

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

. *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the '' Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas ...

– The world does not end, contrary to the first prediction by American preacher William Miller. *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 *1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. * 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian- Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...

–

Battle of Hyderabad The Battle of Hyderabad (), sometimes called the Battle of Dubbo, was one of the major campaigns of the British against Sindh, which was fought on 24 March 1843 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Talpur dynasty, Talpur ...

: The

Bombay Army The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency, one of the three presidencies of British India within the British Empire. It was established in 1668 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 transferr ...

, led by Major General Sir Charles Napier, defeats the Talpur Mirs, securing

Sindh Sindh ( ; ; , ; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind (caliphal province), Sind or Scinde) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, southeastern region of the country, Sindh is t ...

as a province of British India. *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

–

Marc Isambard Brunel Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (, ; 25 April 1769 – 12 December 1849) was a French-American engineer active in the United States and Britain, most famous for the civil engineering work he did in the latter. He is known for having overseen the pr ...

Thames Tunnel The Thames Tunnel is a tunnel beneath the River Thames in London, connecting Rotherhithe and Wapping. It measures wide by high and is long, running at a depth of below the river surface measured at high tide. It is the first tunnel known t ...

, the first tunnel under the

River Thames The River Thames ( ), known alternatively in parts as the The Isis, River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the Longest rivers of the United Kingdom, s ...

and the world's first bored underwater tunnel, is opened in London for pedestrians.

April–June

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First '' Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Em ...

– The

Indian Slavery Act, 1843 The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, also known as Act V of 1843, was an act passed in British India under East India Company rule, which outlawed many economic transactions associated with slavery. The act states how the sale of any person as a slav ...

removes legal support for slavery within the territories of the East India Company *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido – the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Roman emperor Otho commits suicide. * ...

or 17 – A group of 24

West Indian A West Indian is a native or inhabitant of the West Indies (the Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago). According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED''), the term ''West Indian'' in 1597 described the indigenous inhabitants of the West In ...

Moravians from

Jamaica Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At , it is the third-largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the is ...

and

Antigua Antigua ( ; ), also known as Waladli or Wadadli by the local population, is an island in the Lesser Antilles. It is one of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region and the most populous island of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua ...

, recruited by the Danish minister and Basel missionary,

Andreas Riis Andreas Riis (12 January 1804 – 13 January 1854) was a Danish minister and pioneer missionary who is widely regarded by historians as the founder of the Gold Coast branch of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. A resident of the Gold ...

, arrive in Christiansborg ( Osu), Gold Coast, now

Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

, to set up schools and Presbyterian churches in the country. *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformer John Wycliffe is condemned a ...

–

Natal NATAL or Natal may refer to: Places * Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a city in Brazil * Natal, South Africa (disambiguation), a region in South Africa ** Natalia Republic, a former country (1839–1843) ** Colony of Natal, a former British colony ( ...

is proclaimed a British colony. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47 ...

– In Edinburgh, the

Free Church of Scotland In contemporary usage, the Free Church of Scotland usually refers to: * Free Church of Scotland (since 1900), that portion of the original Free Church which remained outside the 1900 merger; extant It may also refer to: * Free Church of Scotland (1 ...

is disrupted from the

Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland (CoS; ; ) is a Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that holds the status of the national church in Scotland. It is one of the country's largest, having 245,000 members in 2024 and 259,200 members in 2023. While mem ...

. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. ...

– The first major

wagon train ''Wagon Train'' is an American Western television series that aired for eight seasons, first on the NBC television network (1957–1962) and then on ABC (1962–1965). ''Wagon Train'' debuted on September 18, 1957, and reached the top of the ...

headed for the American Northwest sets out with 1,000 pioneers from

Elm Grove, Missouri The Oregon Trail was a east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and Westward Expansion Trails, emigrant trail in North America that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon Territory. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail crossed what ...

, on the

Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail was a east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and Westward Expansion Trails, emigrant trail in North America that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon Territory. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail crossed what ...

. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. * 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. *1533 – The marriage of King Henry ...

–

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

takes possession of the

Strait of Magellan The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south. Considered the most important natura ...

. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointe ...

– In

Barbados Barbados, officially the Republic of Barbados, is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies and the easternmost island of the Caribbean region. It lies on the boundary of the South American ...

Samuel Jackman Prescod Samuel Jackman Prescod (c. 1806 – 26 September 1871) became the first person of African descent to be elected to the Parliament of Barbados, in 1843. He also helped found the Liberal Party, whose following included small landowners, busine ...

is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. *1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burn ...

– In

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, a posse of British settlers sent to arrest

Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...

chief

Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha ( – 27 November 1849) was a Māori rangatira, warlord, and chief of the Ngāti Toa iwi. One of the most powerful military leaders of the Musket Wars, Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa south ...

clash with members of his

Ngāti Toa Ngāti Toa, also called Ngāti Toarangatira or Ngāti Toa Rangatira, is a Māori people, Māori ''iwi'' (tribe) based in the southern North Island and the northern South Island of New Zealand. Ngāti Toa remains a small iwi with a population of ...

tribe, resulting in 26 deaths. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...

–

's short story "

The Gold-Bug "The Gold-Bug" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe published in 1843. The plot follows William Legrand, who becomes fixated on an unusual gold-colored bug he has discovered. His servant Jupiter fears that Legrand is going insan ...

" begins serialization in American newspapers.

July–September

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before the ...

–

Margaret Fuller Sarah Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810 – July 19, 1850), sometimes referred to as Margaret Fuller Ossoli, was an American journalist, editor, critic, translator, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movemen ...

's "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women" appears in ''The Dial'' magazine in the United States. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II o ...

– Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy:

Joseph Smith Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805June 27, 1844) was an American religious and political leader and the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. Publishing the Book of Mormon at the age of 24, Smith attracted tens of thou ...

, founder of the

Latter Day Saint movement The Latter Day Saint movement (also called the LDS movement, LDS restorationist movement, or Smith–Rigdon movement) is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by ...

in the United States, is purported to receive a revelation recommending

polygamy Polygamy (from Late Greek , "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marriage, marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more tha ...

. *

July 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...

–

Isambard Kingdom Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel ( ; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engi ...

's is launched from

Bristol Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...

; it will be the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. *

July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridg ...

– Père Antoine Désiré Mégret, a Capuchin missionary, purchases the land that will become

Abbeville, Louisiana Abbeville is a city in, and the parish seat of, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 12,257 at the 2010 United States Census, 2010 census. At the 2020 Population Estimates Program, populat ...

for $900, a town founded by descendants of

Acadians The Acadians (; , ) are an ethnic group descended from the French colonial empire, French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, most descendants of Acadians live in either the Northern Americ ...

from

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada, located on its east coast. It is one of the three Maritime Canada, Maritime provinces and Population of Canada by province and territory, most populous province in Atlan ...

. *

August 1 Events Pre-1600 * 30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt u ...

–

becomes the second country, after Great Britain, to issue nationally valid

postage stamp A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail). Then the stamp is affixed to the f ...

s, with the release of its '' Bull's Eye'' series. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 * 295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later kno ...

– Edgar Allan Poe's short story " The Black Cat" is first published in ''The Saturday Evening Post''. Kopenhaga tivoli jan2004 ubt

August 15 Events Pre-1600 * 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins. * 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Consta ...

–

Tivoli Gardens Tivoli Gardens, also known simply as Tivoli (), is an amusement park and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August 1843 and is the third-oldest operating amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Kla ...

, one of the oldest

amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, and events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central theme, often fea ...

s in the world still intact, opens in

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...

, Denmark. *

September September is the ninth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 30 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent. In the Northern hemisphere, the b ...

–

Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (''née'' Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), also known as Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-pur ...

translates and expands Menabrea's notes on

Charles Babbage Charles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage is considered ...

's Analytical Engine, including an

algorithm In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of Rigour#Mathematics, mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific Computational problem, problems or to perform a computation. Algo ...

for calculating a sequence of

Bernoulli numbers In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, ...

, regarded as the world's first

computer program A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to Execution (computing), execute. It is one component of software, which also includes software documentation, documentation and other intangibl ...

. *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British newspaper published weekly in printed magazine format and daily on Electronic publishing, digital platforms. It publishes stories on topics that include economics, business, geopolitics, technology and culture. M ...

'' newspaper is first published in London (preliminary issue dated ''August''). *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus Fall of the Western Roman Empire, ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, Posthumous name, posthumously known as ...

– Emperor Dom

Pedro II of Brazil ''Don (honorific), Dom'' PedroII (Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed the Magnanimous (), was the List o ...

marries Dona

Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies Dona Teresa Cristina (14 March 182228 December 1889), nicknamed "the Mother of the Brazilians", was Empress of Brazil as the consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II from their marriage on 30 May 1843 until 15 November 1889, when the monarc ...

, in a state ceremony in

Rio de Janeiro Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Sebastian (), better known as the ''Metropolitan Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro'' () or as the Cathedral of St. Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro (), is a cathedral of the Catholic Church and the Episcopal see, seat of ...

. *

September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. * 1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against hi ...

(Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in

Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...

, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal

Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

from the state, which has been governed since independence (

1830 It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy. Events January–March * January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) ...

) by various domestic and foreign business interests. *

September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Italy with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Anglo-Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusa ...

– The crew of schooner ''Ancud'', including

John Williams Wilson John Williams Wilson (1798–1857), also known as Juan Guillermos, was an English- Chilean sailor and politician. Born in Bristol, he entered the newly founded Chilean navy in 1824 and rose to the rank of commander. He was appointed governor of ...

, takes possession of the

on behalf of the Chilean government.

October–December

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius ...

–

Elling Eielsen Elling Eielsen (September 19, 1804 – January 10, 1883) was a Norwegian-American minister and Lutheran Church leader. He was the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. Background Eielsen was born and raised on the farm of Sundve ...

is ordained as the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

Søren Kierkegaard Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( , ; ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danes, Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical tex ...

's philosophical book ''

Fear and Trembling ''Fear and Trembling'' () is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym ''Johannes de silentio'' (Latin for ''John of the Silence''). The title is a reference to a line from Philippians 2:12, which says ...

'' is first published, in Denmark. ** Irish mathematician

William Rowan Hamilton Sir William Rowan Hamilton (4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish astronomer, mathematician, and physicist who made numerous major contributions to abstract algebra, classical mechanics, and optics. His theoretical works and mathema ...

discovers the calculus of

quaternion In mathematics, the quaternion number system extends the complex numbers. Quaternions were first described by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. The algebra of quater ...

s and deduces that they are

non-commutative In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a pr ...

. *

October 30 Events Pre-1600 * 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge. * 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates. * 1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...

–

Fuerte Bulnes Fuerte Bulnes is a Chilean fort located by the Strait of Magellan, 62 km south of Punta Arenas. It was founded in 1843 on a rocky hill at Punta Santa Ana, and named after President Manuel Bulnes Prieto. The fort was built to further th ...

, the first Chilean settlement in the

strait of Magellan The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south. Considered the most important natura ...

, is founded. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. * 1183 &nd ...

– The city of

Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...

opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom. *

November 25 Events Pre-1600 *571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Ancient Rome, Rome, celebrates the first of his three Roman triumph, triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans. *1034 – Máel Coluim II of Scotland, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Ki ...

–

Mount Etna Mount Etna, or simply Etna ( or ; , or ; ; or ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina, Italy, Messina and Catania. It is located above the Conve ...

erupts in

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte. *

November 28 Events Pre-1600 * 587 – Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir. * 936 – Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt ...

– Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as

La Ku'oko'a LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second most populous city in the United States of America. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music *La (musical note), or A, the sixth note *"L.A.", a song by Elliott Smit ...

(Independence Day). *

December 9 Events Pre-1600 * 536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. * 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, ...

–

Bishop's University Bishop's University () is a small English-language Liberal arts college, liberal arts university in Lennoxville, a borough of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. The founder of the institution was the Anglican Diocese of Quebec, Anglican Bishop of Quebec ...

is founded as Bishop's College by Bishop

George Jehoshaphat Mountain George Jehoshaphat Mountain (27 July 1789 – 6 January 1863) was a British-Canadian Anglican bishop (3rd Anglican Bishop of Quebec), the first Principal of McGill College from 1824 to 1835, and one of the founders of Bishop's University and B ...

Lennoxville, Quebec Lennoxville () is an ''arrondissement'', or borough, of the city of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Lennoxville is located at the confluence of the St. Francis and Massawippi Rivers approximately five kilometres south of downtown Sherbrooke. Lenn ...

, for the education of members of the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the State religion#State churches, established List of Christian denominations, Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies. It is the mother church of the Anglicanism, Anglican Christian tradition, ...

. *

December 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. * 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. * 1577 ...

–

Basutoland Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho, bordered with the Cape Colony, Natal Colony and Orange River Colony until 1910 and completely surrounded by South Africa from 1910. Though the Basot ...

becomes a British protectorate. *

December 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey. * 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected. * 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy. * 1562 &ndas ...

–

's novella ''

A Christmas Carol ''A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas'', commonly known as ''A Christmas Carol'', is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. It recounts the ...

'' is first published in London, England. Released on

, it sells out by Christmas Eve. *

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian Roman emperor, emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. *1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning ...

– The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia. *

December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. December's name derives from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in t ...

– The world's first

Christmas card A Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to Christmastide and the holiday season. Christmas cards are usually exchanged during ...

s, commissioned by Sir

Henry Cole Henry Cole may refer to: *Sir Henry Cole (inventor) Sir Henry Cole FRSA (15 July 1808 – 15 April 1882) was an English civil servant and inventor who facilitated many innovations in commerce, education and the arts in the 19th century in the ...

in London from the artist

John Callcott Horsley John Callcott Horsley (29 January 1817 – 18 October 1903) was a British academic Painting, painter of genre painting, genre and historical scenes, illustrator, and designer of the first Christmas card. He was a member of the artist's colony ...

, are sent.

Date unknown

* In Asia, the House of Jamalullail is established in the state of Perlis Darul Sunnah (formally as Perlis Indera Kayangan) after separation from the state of

Kedah Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman (Islam), Aman (دار الأمان; Arabic for 'The Safe Abode') and historically as Queda, is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of ...

. *

James Joule James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist. Joule studied the nature of heat and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the ...

experimentally finds the

mechanical equivalent of heat In the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally convert ...

. * The steam powered

rotary printing press A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on various substrates, including paper, cardboard, and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a contin ...

is invented, by

Richard March Hoe Richard March Hoe (middle name spelled in some 1920s records as "Marsh"; September 12, 1812 – June 7, 1886) was an American inventor from New York City who designed a rotary printing press identical to Josiah Warren's original invention, and re ...

in the United States. *

Saint Louis University School of Law The Saint Louis University School of Law (also known as SLU Law) is the law school affiliated with Saint Louis University, a private Jesuit research university in Saint Louis, Missouri. The school has been American Bar Association approved sin ...

becomes the first law school west of the

Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the main stem, primary river of the largest drainage basin in the United States. It is the second-longest river in the United States, behind only the Missouri River, Missouri. From its traditional source of Lake Ita ...

. *

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish language ** Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) **Central Kurdish (Sorani) **Southern Kurdish ** Laki Kurdish *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern ...

leader

Bedir Khan Beg Bedir Khan Beg (Kurmanji: ''Bedirxan Beg'', ; 1803–1869) was the last Kurds, Kurdish Mir (title), Mir and mütesellim of the Bohtan, Emirate of Botan. Hereditary head of the house of Rozhaki whose seat was the ancient Bitlis Castle and descen ...

launched an expedition against the Assyrians in the

Hakkari Hakkari or Hakkâri may refer to: *Hakkari (historical region), a historical region in modern-day Turkey and Iraq *Hakkâri (city), a city and the capital of Hakkâri Province, Turkey *Hakkâri Province Hakkâri Province (, ; ), is a province i ...

region.Thousands of Assyrians were massacred during the campaign.

Births

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

– Nikolai Lodyzhensky, Russian composer (d.

1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Empire, British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that has been stored ...

) *

–

Elzéar Abeille de Perrin Elzéar Emmanuel Arène Abeille de Perrin (3 January 1843, Marseille – 9 October 1910, Marseille) was a French entomologist. Abeille de Perrin was a lawyer in Marseille. He gave all his free time to entomology and was a member of the Sociét� ...

, French entomologist (d.

1910 Events January * January 6 – Abé people in the French West Africa colony of Côte d'Ivoire rise against the colonial administration; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the military. * January 8 – By the Treaty of Punakha, t ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

–

Victor Brooke Sir Victor Alexander Brooke, 3rd Baronet (5 January 1843 – 23 November 1891), was an Anglo-Irish sportsman-naturalist and baronet. He was the father of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, and grandfather of The 1st Viscount Brookeborou ...

Anglo-Irish Anglo-Irish people () denotes an ethnic, social and religious grouping who are mostly the descendants and successors of the English Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. They mostly belong to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the State rel ...

naturalist and baronet (d. 1891) * January 8 ** Frederick Abberline, Chief Inspector of the

Metropolitan Police, investigator in the Jack the Ripper murders (d. 1929) ** John H. Moffitt, American politician (d. 1926) ** Karl Eduard Heusner, Vice-Admiral of the German Imperial Navy (d. 1891) * January 9 – Darius D. Hare, U.S. representative from Ohio (d. 1897) * January 10 ** Frank James, American outlaw (d. 1915) ** Carroll S. Page, American lawyer, businessman and politician (d. 1925) * January 11 – Adolf Eberle, German painter (d. 1914) * January 13 – David Ferrier, Scottish neurologist (d. 1928) * January 17 – Anton Thraen, German astronomer (d. 1902) * January 18 – Fernand Pelez, French painter (d. 1913) *

– Paul Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1924) * January 21 – Émile Levassor, French engineer (d. 1897) * January 22 – Friedrich Blass, German scholar (d. 1907) * January 25 – Hermann Schwarz, German mathematician (d. 1921) * January 26 – Erdmann Encke, German sculptor (d. 1896) * January 28 – Mihkel Veske, Estonian poet (d. 1891) * January 29 ** William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901) ** Henry Carrington Bolton, American chemist and bibliographer (d. 1903)

February

* February 1 – John Isaac Thornycroft, English shipbuilder (d. 1928) *

– William Cornelius Van Horne, American entrepreneur (d. 1915) * February 9 ** William Taylor Thornton, governor of New Mexico (d.

) ** Nathan Goff Jr., U.S. representative from West Virginia (d. 1920) * February 10 – Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais, French entomologist and zoologist (d. 1918) * February 13 – Georg von Rosen, Swedish painter (d. 1923) *

– Louis Diémer, French pianist (d. 1919) * February 16 – Henry M. Leland, American machinist, inventor, engineer and automotive entrepreneur (d. 1932) * February 17 – Aaron Montgomery Ward, American department store founder (d. 1913) * February 19 – Adelina Patti, Spanish opera singer (d. 1919) * February 20 – Theodor Höijer, Finnish architect (d.

) * February 22 – Rudolf Montecuccoli, Austro-Hungarian admiral (d. 1922) * February 24 – Teófilo Braga, Portuguese writer, playwright and politician (d. 1924) *

– Karl Gussow, German painter (d. 1907) * February 28 – Đorđe Simić, Serbian politician (d. 1921)

March

* March 2 – Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, (d. 1911) * March 3 ** Aleksander Sochaczewski, Polish painter (d. 1923) ** William Chandler Roberts-Austen, English metallurgist (d. 1902) * March 4 – John Barr (Canadian politician), John Barr, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1909 * March 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Portuguese composer (d. 1925) * March 7 ** Joseph James Cheeseman, Liberian politician, 12th President of Liberia (d.1896) ** Tsuboi Kōzō, Japanese admiral (d. 1898) ** Edwin H. Conger, American lawyer, banker and diplomat (d. 1907) *

– Arthur Brown (U.S. senator), Arthur Brown, U.S. senator from Utah (d. 1906) * March 9 – Abraham Abraham, American businessman (d. 1911) * March 10 – James D. Richardson, American politician (d. 1914) *

– Harald Høffding, Danish philosopher and theologian (d. 1931) * March 12 – Ludwig Dahn, German actor (d. 1898) * March 14 – Léon Dehon, French Roman Catholic priest, founder of Priests of the Sacred Heart (d. 1925) *

– Arichi Shinanojō, Japanese admiral (d. 1919) *

– Louis Gregh, French composer (d. 1915) * March 17 – Henry Ware Lawton, American general (d. 1899) * March 18 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, Belgian politician (d. 1917) * March 22 – Hiram Y. Smith, American politician (d. 1894) * March 23 – Joseph F. Johnston, American politician (d. 1913) *

– James A. Mount, 24th governor of Indiana (d. 1901) * March 26 – Johann Sioly, Austrian composer (d. 1911) * March 27 – George Frederick Leycester Marshall, English naturalist (d. 1934) * March 28 – Hippolyte Berteaux, French painter (d. 1926) * March 31 – Bernhard Förster, German teacher (d. 1889)

April

* April 1 ** Étienne Blanchard, Canadian politician (d. 1918) ** Venancio Antonio Morin, Venezuelan military officer and politician (d. 1919). * April 2 – Karl Koester, German pathologist (d. 1904) * April 3 – Knut Ekwall, Swedish painter (d. 1912) * April 4 – William Henry Jackson, American explorer and photographer (d. 1942) *

** Ernest Munier-Chalmas, French geologist (d. 1903) ** John Mount Batten, British soldier and landowner (d.

) * April 8 – Asger Hamerik, Danish composer (d. 1923) * April 9 – Samuel W. Pennypacker, American politician and 23rd governor of Pennsylvania (d.

) * April 11 – Johannes Minckwitz, German chess player (d. 1901) * April 13 – Thomas Pennington Lucas, Scottish-born Australians, Australian medical practitioner, naturalist, author, philosopher and utopianist (d. 1917) * April 14 – Gustave Huberti, Flemish composer (d.

) * April 15 – Henry James, American novelist (d.

) * April 17 – Camillo Sitte, Austrian architect (d. 1903) * April 18 – Josiah Wood, Canadian lawyer, entrepreneur, mayor, parliamentarian, and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the province of New Brunswick (d. 1927) * April 21 – Walther Flemming, German biologist (d. 1905) * April 22 – George I. Alden, American mechanical engineer and academic innovator (d. 1926) * April 25 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria (d. 1878) * April 29 – Pedro Américo, Brazilian novelist, poet, scientist, art theorist, essayist, philosopher, politician and professor (d. 1905) * April 30 – Edward Colborne Baber, English orientalist (d. 1890)

May

* May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer (d. 1922) * May 3 – William Lyne Wilson, American politician (d. 1900) *

– Eugène Revillout, French Egyptologist (d. 1913) * May 5 – William George Beers, Canadian dentist (d. 1900) * May 6 – Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist (d. 1918) * May 7 – Léon Melchissédec, French baritone (d. 1925) * May 8 – Rudolf Mosse, German publisher (d. 1920) * May 9 – Anton von Werner, German painter (d. 1915) * May 10 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (d. 1920) * May 13 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Belgian politician (d. 1913) * May 15 – Georges Hartmann, French music publisher and dramatist (d. 1900) * May 16 – Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, English politician (d. 1928) * May 19 – Axel Gudbrand Blytt, Norwegian botanist and geologist (d. 1898) * May 20 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1914) * May 21 ** Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) ** Louis Renault (jurist), Louis Renault, French jurist, educator, and Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918) *

– Adolf Aron Baginsky, German professor of diseases (d. 1918) *

– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Russian admiral and politician (d. 1917) * May 25 – Paul Scheffer-Boichorst, German historian (d. 1902) * May 27 – Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis, son of Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1879) * May 28 – Joyce Emmerson Preston Muddock, British journalist (d. 1934) * May 29 ** Émile Pessard, French composer (d. 1917) ** Patrick Craigie, British agricultural statistician (d. 1930) * May 30 – Louis Boehmer, German-American agronomist (d. 1896) * May 31 – Fredrikke Marie Qvam, Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and liberal politician (d. 1938)

June

* June 1 ** Henry Faulds, Scottish physician, missionary and fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930) ** Saigō Jūdō, Japanese general, admiral, and politician (d. 1902) * June 3 – King Frederik VIII of Denmark (d. 1912) * June 4 – Charles Conrad Abbott, German archaeologist (d. 1919) * June 5 – Samuel Garman, American zoologist (d. 1927) * June 7 – Susan Blow, American educator (d.

) * June 8 – Kálmán Széll, 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1915) * June 9 ** Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) ** Wilhelm Dames, German paleontologist (d. 1898) * June 10 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1900) * June 11 – Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, Portuguese naval commander and politician (d. 1923) * June 12 – David Gill (astronomer), David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914) * June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German American composer (d. 1897) * June 14 – Richard Otto Zöpffel, Baltic German church historian and theologian (d. 1891) * June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (d. 1907) * June 16 – David Popper, Bohemian cellist and composer (d. 1913) * June 18 – René Pénicaud, French politician (d. 1899) * June 19 – Charles-Édouard Lefebvre, French composer (d. 1917) * June 23 – Otto Kuntze, German botanist (d. 1907) * June 24 – Andreas Ascharin, Baltic-German chessmaster (d. 1896) * June 25 – Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Member of the Hohenzollern Sigmaringen family (d. 1904) * June 28 – Julius Runge, German landscape artist (d. 1922) * June 30 – Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat, scholar (d. 1928)

July

* July 7 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1926) * July 17 – Penn Symons, Sir Penn Symons, British general (d. 1899) *

– Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (d. 1931) * July 26 – J. B. C. Drew, American lawyer and politician (d. 1924) * July 29 – Johannes Schmidt (linguist), Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)

August

* August – Joseph Abbott (New South Wales politician), Joseph Abbott, Australian wool-broker and politician (d. 1903) *

– Robert Todd Lincoln, American politician, businessman, first son of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (d. 1926) * August 4 – Florimond Van Duyse, Belgian lawyer, composer and musicologist (d.

) * August 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish violinist and composer (d. 1927) * August 7 – Charles Warren Stoddard, American author (d. 1909) * August 8 – Alfred Duclos DeCelles, Canadian journalist (d. 1925) * August 9 – Adolf Mayer, Germany, German Agricultural chemistry, agricultural chemist (d. 1942) * August 10 – Joseph McKenna, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1926) * August 11 – Louis Gathmann, German American inventor (d. 1917) * August 12 – Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Prussian field marshal (d.

) *

– Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major, Scottish-born Swiss physician (d. 1923) * August 17 – Mariano Rampolla, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) * August 18 – Moritz Brasch, German philosopher (d. 1895) *

– C. I. Scofield, American theologian (d. 1921) * August 20 – Christina Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (d. 1921) * August 21 – Marion McCarrell Scott, American educator (d. 1922) * August 22 – John M. Thome, American astronomer (d. 1908) * August 23 – William Southam, Canadian newspaper publisher (d. 1932) * August 24 – Ernst Wülcker, German archivist and lexicographer (d. 1895) * August 26 – Victor Gardthausen, German ancient historian (d. 1925) * August 27 – Wilhelm Wisser, German dialectologist (d. 1935) * August 28 – August Sedláček, Czech historian (d. 1926) * August 29 – Alfred Agache (painter), Alfred Agache, French painter (d. 1915) * August 30 – Carl Theodor Albrecht, German astronomer (d. 1915) * August 31 – Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany (d. 1919)

September

* September 1 – William Ziegler (industrialist), William Ziegler, American industrialist (d. 1905) *

– Richard Alsop Wise, American educator (d. 1900) *

** Charles Dilke, British statesman (d. 1911) ** Jabez Balfour, English businessman and fraudster (d.

) * September 5 – Friedrich Reusch, German sculptor (d. 1906) * September 6 – Alexander Fok, Russian general (d. 1926) * September 7 – Otto von Diederichs, German admiral (d. 1918) * September 9 – Oscar Montelius, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1921) * September 10 – William Gill (explorer), William Gill, English explorer (d. 1882) * September 11 – Adolf Wach, German jurist (d. 1926) * September 12 – Daniel F. Davis, American politician and 37th governor of Maine (d. 1897) * September 14 – Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, and women's rights activist (d. 1924) * September 16 – George Brettingham Sowerby III, British conchologist, publisher, illustrator (d. 1921) * September 17 – William Elliot Griffis, American Congregationalist minister (d. 1928) * September 18 – Charles Valentine Riley, British-born American entomologist and artist (d. 1895) * September 19 ** Homer D. Call, American politician (d. 1929) ** François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot, Quebec political figure (d. 1908) * September 20 – Julius Lessing, German art historian (d. 1908) *

– Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville, French politician (d. 1924) * September 22 – Pietro Respighi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) * September 23 – Emily Warren Roebling, American engineer (d. 1903) * September 24 – Carl Constantin Platen, German physician (d. 1899) * September 25 ** Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, American geologist (d. 1928) ** Melville Reuben Bissell, American entrepreneur (d. 1889) * September 26 – Joseph Furphy, Australian novelist (d. 1912) * September 27 – Gaston Tarry, French mathematician (d. 1913) * September 29 – Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (d. 1882) * September 30 – Hector Clare Cameron, Scottish surgeon (d. 1928)

October

* October 2 – James Whitney (politician), James Whitney, Canadian politician (d. 1914) * October 4 – Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas, Palestinian Catholic nun, canonized (d. 1927) * October 9 – Christian Christiansen (physicist), Christian Christiansen, Danish physicist (d. 1917) * October 10 – François C. Antoine Simon, 18th president of Haiti (d. 1923) * October 12 – Émile Louis Ragonot, French entomologist (d. 1895) * October 13 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) * October 14 – Marcus Beck, early proponent of the germ theory of disease (d. 1893) * October 15 – Herbert W. Ladd, American politician and governor of Rhode Island (d. 1913) *

– Johann Friedrich Ahlfeld, German obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 1929) * October 17 – Lot Thomas, American state court judge (d. 1905) * October 19 – Albert Viger, French politician (d. 1926) * October 20 – Victor de Stuers, Dutch artist (d.

) * October 22 – Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (d.

) * October 23 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) * October 24 – Caroline Brown Buell, American activist (d. 1927) * October 25 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (d. 1891) * October 26 – Henry Trimen, British botanist (d. 1896) * October 28 ** Dezső Bánffy, 12th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1911) ** Herman Bendell, Physician and last Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Arizona Territory (d. 1932) * October 29 – John Miller (North Dakota politician), John Miller 1st governor of North Dakota (d. 1908) * October 31 – Henri Regnault, French painter (d. 1871)

November

* November 3 – Isaac S. Struble, American politician (d. 1913) * November 4 – Theodor Gartner, Austrian linguist (d. 1925) * November 5 – Harry Rawson, English explorer and 21st governor of New South Wales (d. 1919) * November 6 – Job Adams Cooper, American politician (d. 1899) * November 7 – Heinrich Friedrich Weber, German physicist (d. 1912) * November 8 – Moritz Pasch, German mathematician (d. 1930) * November 11 – Cornelius Vanderbilt II, American railway magnate (d. 1899) * November 13 – Friedrich Albin Hoffmann, German internist (d. 1924) * November 14 – Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann, German botanist (d. 1909) * November 15 – Joseph König (chemist), German chemist (d. 1930) * November 16 – Louise Jopling, English painter (d. 1933) * November 19 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (d. 1914) * November 21 – Gaston Tissandier, French chemist, meteorologist, aviator and editor (d. 1899) * November 22 – Albert Huntington Chester, American geologist (d. 1903) * November 24 – Ekaterina Junge, Russian painter (d. 1913) *

– Henry Ware Eliot, American industrialist (d. 1919) * November 27 ** Edwin C. Burleigh, American politician, 42nd governor of Maine (d.

) ** Thomas Perrett, Sgt in the Confederate States Army and North Carolina State Senator (d. 1923) *

– Émile Bernard (composer), French composer (d. 1902) * November 29 ** Gertrude Jekyll, English garden designer, writer and artist (d. 1932) ** Peter Birch-Reichenwald, Norwegian politician (d. 1898) * November 30 – Martha Ripley, American physician (d. 1912)

December

* December 3 – William Forbes Gatacre, Sir William Gatacre, British general (d. 1906) * December 11 – Robert Koch, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * December 24 – Lydia Koidula, Estonian poet (d. 1886) * December 28 – Prentiss Ingraham, American author of dime fiction (d. 1904) * December 29 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (d.

)

Full date unknown

* Adelaida Lukanina, Russian chemist (d. 1908) * Giangiacomo Moretti, Italian painter (d. ?)

Deaths

January–June

* January 11 ** Antoine Bournonville, French ballet dancer, choreographer (b. 1760) ** Francis Scott Key, American songwriter of The Star-Spangled Banner (b. 1779) * February 13 – Nathaniel Chipman, United States federal judge (b. 1752) * February 26 – John Thomas Jones, Sir John Thomas Jones, British army general (b. 1783) * March 3 – David Porter (naval officer), David Porter, American naval officer (b. 1780) *

** Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (b. 1786) ** Robert Southey, English poet (b. 1774) *

– Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (b. 1813) * March 27 – Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist (b. 1769) * April 17 – Samuel Morey, American inventor (b. 1762) *

– Pierre Lorillard II, American businessman (b. 1764) * May 28 – Noah Webster, American lexicographer (b. 1758) * June 1 – William Abbot (actor), William Abbot, English actor (b. 1798) * June 7 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German writer (b. 1770)

July–December

* July 2 – Samuel Hahnemann, German physician (b. 1755) * July 7 – John Holmes (Maine), John Holmes, American politician (b. 1773) * July 14 – Miguel de Álava, Spanish soldier, statesman (b. 1770) * August – Sequoyah, Native American silversmith, creator of the Cherokee syllabary (b. c. 1767) * July 22 – Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, Haitian de facto politician (b. 1778) *

– Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor of a waterproof fabric (b. 1766) *

– Howqua, Chinese merchant, "richest man in the world" (b. 1769) * September 11 – Joseph Nicollet, French geographer (b. 1786) * September 16 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian entrepreneur, politician (b. 1767 or 1770) * October 6 – Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet, British army general (b. 1769) * October 18 – Ebenezer Elmer, American politician (b. 1752) * November – Esther Leach, English-Indian actress and director (b. 1809) * November 10 – John Trumbull, American painter (b. 1756) * December 12 – King William I of the Netherlands (b. 1772) * December 18 – Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch, British Governor-General of India (b. 1748)

Date unknown

* Emma Jane Greenland, English painter (b. 1760)

References

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