Events
January–March
*
January 1
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__
Events ...
– The first edition of
Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris.
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...
–
William Symington demonstrates his ''
Charlotte Dundas'', the "first practical steamboat", in Scotland.
*
January 30
Events Pre-1600
* 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
* 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
1601–1900
* 1607 – An es ...
–
Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy,
New Orleans
New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...
; they end up completing the
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
.
*
February 19
Events Pre-1600
* 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Roman usurper, usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
* 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the w ...
** An
Act of Mediation
The Act of Mediation () was issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, French Consulate, First Consul of the French Republic on 19 February 1803 to abolish the Helvetic Republic, which had existed since the invasion of Old Swiss Confederacy, Switzerland by F ...
, issued by
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
, establishes the
Swiss Confederation
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerlan ...
to replace the
Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act,
Graubünden,
St. Gallen,
Thurgau
Thurgau (; ; ; ), anglicized as Thurgovia, and formally as the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts. Its capital is Frauenfeld.
Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland. I ...
, the
Ticino
Ticino ( ), sometimes Tessin (), officially the Republic and Canton of Ticino or less formally the Canton of Ticino, is one of the Canton of Switzerland, 26 cantons forming the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eight districts ...
and
Vaud
Vaud ( ; , ), more formally Canton of Vaud, is one of the Cantons of Switzerland, 26 cantons forming the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of Subdivisions of the canton of Vaud, ten districts; its capital city is Lausanne. Its coat ...
become Swiss cantons.
**
Ohio
Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...
is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
*1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...
–
Kandyan Wars
The Kandyan Wars (or the Kandian Wars) refers generally to the period of warfare between the British colonial forces and the Kingdom of Kandy, on the island of what is now Sri Lanka, between 1796 and 1818. More specifically it is used to descri ...
:
Kandy
Kandy (, ; , ) is a major city located in the Central Province, Sri Lanka, Central Province of Sri Lanka. It was the last capital of the Sinhalese monarchy from 1469 to 1818, under the Kingdom of Kandy. The city is situated in the midst of ...
, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The ...
–
Edward Despard
Edward Marcus Despard (175121 February 1803), an Irish officer in the service of the British Crown, gained notoriety as a colonial administrator for refusing to recognise race as a distinction in English law and, following his recall to London, ...
and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King
George III of the United Kingdom
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great ...
, and to destroy the
Bank of England
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the Kingdom of England, English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one ...
.
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
...
– ''
Marbury v. Madison
''Marbury v. Madison'', 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that established the principle of judicial review, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes they find ...
'': The
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all Federal tribunals in the United States, U.S. federal court cases, and over Stat ...
establishes the principle of
judicial review
Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. In a judicial review, a court may invalidate laws, acts, or governmental actions that are in ...
.
*
February 25
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
* 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
* ...
– A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...
is enacted, via an act known as the ''
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
The ' (formally the ', or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation"), sometimes referred to in English as the Final Recess or the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the ' (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Em ...
''.
*
March 9
Events Pre-1600
*141 BC – Liu Che, Posthumous name, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
*1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the Annals of Quedlinburg, annals of the mo ...
–
Aargau
Aargau ( ; ), more formally the Canton of Aargau (; ; ; ), is one of the Canton of Switzerland, 26 cantons forming the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven districts and its capital is Aarau.
Aargau is one of the most nort ...
becomes a Swiss canton.
April–June
*
March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 2 ...
–
April
April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Its length is 30 days.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the ...
– The ''
franc germinal'' is introduced in France.
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921), second Fatimid invasion of Medieval Egypt, Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, Al-Qa'im (Fa ...
—
Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire ...
puts on a big Akademie concert at the
Theater an der Wien, in Vienna consisting of the premieres of his
second symphony,
third piano concerto, and his oratorio
Christ on the Mount of Olives.
*
April 26 – The
L'Aigle meteorite falls in Normandy, causing a shift in scientific opinion on the origin of meteorites.
*
April 30
Events Pre-1600
* 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
* 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois.
*1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus ...
– The
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
is made from France by the United States.
*
May
May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days.
May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the ...
–
First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making
preparations to invade England.
*
May 18
Events Pre-1600
* 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
* 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47 ...
– The
Napoleonic Wars
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Napoleonic Wars
, partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
, image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg
, caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...
begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.
*
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
* 934 – The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under ...
–
Master Malati, a
Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a
Muslim
Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...
mob in
Cairo
Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
, Egypt.
*
June 5 –
Convention of Artlenburg agrees a ceasefire following the
French Invasion of Hanover. Large numbers of the former
Hanoverian Army go into exile to join the
King's German Legion
The King's German Legion (KGL; ) was a formation of the British Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Consisting primarily of expatriate Germans, it existed from 1803 to 1816 and achieved the distinction of being the on ...
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
* 1002 – He ...
–
Indiana Territory
The Indiana Territory, officially the Territory of Indiana, was created by an organic act that President of the United States, President John Adams signed into law on May 7, 1800, to form an Historic regions of the United States, organized incor ...
governor (and future U.S. president)
William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773April 4, 1841) was the ninth president of the United States, serving from March 4 to April 4, 1841, the shortest presidency in U.S. history. He was also the first U.S. president to die in office, causin ...
signs
treaties
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention ...
at
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne is a city in Allen County, Indiana, United States, and its county seat. Located in northeastern Indiana, the city is west of the Ohio border and south of the Michigan border. The city's population was 263,886 at the 2020 United S ...
, with representatives of the
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states, South Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey ...
,
Shawnee
The Shawnee ( ) are a Native American people of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their language, Shawnee, is an Algonquian language.
Their precontact homeland was likely centered in southern Ohio. In the 17th century, they dispersed through Ohi ...
,
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi (), also spelled Pottawatomi and Pottawatomie (among many variations), are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, ...
,
Miami
Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...
,
Kickapoo,
Eel River,
Wea,
Piankeshaw
The Piankeshaw, Piankashaw or Pianguichia were members of the Miami tribe who lived apart from the rest of the Miami nation, therefore they were known as Peeyankihšiaki ("splitting off" from the others, Sing.: ''Peeyankihšia'' - "Piankeshaw Pers ...
and
Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25.
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
* 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...
–
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at
Bayonne
Bayonne () is a city in southwestern France near the France–Spain border, Spanish border. It is a communes of France, commune and one of two subprefectures in France, subprefectures in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques departments of France, departm ...
,
Ghent
Ghent ( ; ; historically known as ''Gaunt'' in English) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the Provinces of Belgium, province ...
,
Saint-Omer
Saint-Omer (; ; Picard: ''Saint-Onmé'') is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in France.
It is west-northwest of Lille on the railway to Calais, and is located in the Artois province. The town is named after Sa ...
,
Compiègne
Compiègne (; ) is a Communes of France, commune in the Oise Departments of France, department of northern France. It is located on the river Oise (river), Oise, and its inhabitants are called ''Compiégnois'' ().
Administration
Compiègne is t ...
,
Saint-Malo
Saint-Malo (, , ; Gallo language, Gallo: ; ) is a historic French port in Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany (administrative region), Brittany.
The Fortification, walled city on the English Channel coast had a long history of piracy, earning much wealth ...
, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at
Utrecht
Utrecht ( ; ; ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht (province), Utrecht. The ...
. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.
July–September
*
July 4
Events Pre-1600
* 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and procla ...
– The
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
is announced to the American people.
*
July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava ( Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
* 1316 – The Burgundian ...
– The
convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of
Hanover
Hanover ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Lower Saxony. Its population of 535,932 (2021) makes it the List of cities in Germany by population, 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-l ...
(which had been ruled by the British king).
*
July 23
Events Pre-1600
* 811 – Byzantine Empire, Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
*1319 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a Battle of Chi ...
–
Robert Emmet
Robert Emmet (4 March 177820 September 1803) was an Irish Republican, orator and rebel leader. Following the suppression of the United Irish uprising in 1798, he sought to organise a renewed attempt to overthrow the British Crown and Prote ...
's uprising in Ireland begins.
*
July 26 – The
wagonway
A wagonway (or waggonway; also known as a horse-drawn railway, or horse-drawn railroad) was a method of rail transport, railway transportation that preceded the steam locomotive and used horses to haul wagons. The terms plateway and tramway (indu ...
between
Wandsworth
Wandsworth Town () is a district of south London, within the London Borough of Wandsworth southwest of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Toponymy
Wandsworth takes its name ...
and
Croydon
Croydon is a large town in South London, England, south of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Croydon, a Districts of England, local government district of Greater London; it is one of the largest commercial districts in Greater Lond ...
is opened, being the first public railway line in England.
*
August 3 – The British begin the
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805) was a large conflict within the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire involving the British East India Company. It resulted in major loss of territory for the Marathas, including regions around Delhi a ...
, against the
Scindia Dynasty of
Gwalior
Gwalior (Hindi: , ) is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; It is known as the Music City of India having oldest Gwalior gharana, musical gharana in existence. It is a major sports, cultural, industrial, and political c ...
.
*
August 31
Events Pre-1600
* 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.
* 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...
– The
Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery was a select gro ...
begins as Lewis and a crew of 11 depart on the Ohio River.
*
September 6 –
John Dalton
John Dalton (; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. He introduced the atomic theory into chemistry. He also researched Color blindness, colour blindness; as a result, the umbrella term ...
, British scientist, begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
*
September 11 –
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805) was a large conflict within the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire involving the British East India Company. It resulted in major loss of territory for the Marathas, including regions around Delhi a ...
:
Battle of Delhi – British troops under
General Lake defeat the
Marathas
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...
of
Scindia
House of Scindia or earlier known as the Sendrak was a Hindu Maratha Royal House that ruled the erstwhile Gwalior State in central India. Ranoji Scindia rose as a prominent military commander under Peshwa Bajirao I. Ranoji and his descendants ...
's army, under General Louis Bourquin.
*
September 20 – Irish rebel
Robert Emmet
Robert Emmet (4 March 177820 September 1803) was an Irish Republican, orator and rebel leader. Following the suppression of the United Irish uprising in 1798, he sought to organise a renewed attempt to overthrow the British Crown and Prote ...
is executed.
*
September 23 –
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War (from 1803 –1805) was a large conflict within the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire involving the British East India Company. It resulted in major loss of territory for the Marathas, including regions around Delhi a ...
:
Battle of Assaye – British-led troops defeat
Maratha
The Marathi people (; Marathi: , ''Marāṭhī lōk'') or Marathis (Marathi: मराठी, ''Marāṭhī'') are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are native to Maharashtra in western India. They natively speak Marathi, an Indo-A ...
forces.
October–December
*
October 14
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
*1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's in ...
–
Orissa
Odisha (), formerly Orissa ( the official name until 2011), is a state located in Eastern India. It is the eighth-largest state by area, and the eleventh-largest by population, with over 41 million inhabitants. The state also has the thir ...
, an area of
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
along the
Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Geographically it is positioned between the Indian subcontinent and the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese peninsula, located below the Bengal region.
Many South Asian and Southe ...
that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.
* October 20 – The Senate ratifies the
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
* November 18 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Vertières – The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the French army sent by Napoleon.
* November 30
** The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines.
** At the Cabildo in
New Orleans
New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...
, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.
* December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 United States presidential election, 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804.
* December 20 – The
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.
Undated
* Major breakthroughs in chemistry occur, with the identification of the elements rhodium and palladium (by William Hyde Wollaston); osmium and iridium (by Smithson Tennant); and cerium (by Wilhelm Hisinger, Jons Jakob Berzelius and Martin Heinrich Klaproth)
Births
January–June

* February 2 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)
* February 4 – Antonija Höffern, Slovene noblewoman and educator (d. 1871)
* February 15
** Karl Friedrich Schimper, German botanist, naturalist and poet (d. 1867)
** John Sutter, German-American pioneer (d. 1880)
* February 26 – Arnold Adolph Berthold, German physiologist, zoologist (d. 1861)
* March 12 – Guillaume de Felice, Savoy nobleman, abolitionist (d. 1871)
* March 13 – John Boyle (MP), John Boyle, British politician (d. 1874)
* March 16 – Nikolay Yazykov, Russian poet, Slavophile (d. 1846)
* March 27 – Charles Lafontaine, Swiss mesmerist (d. 1892)
* April 7 – Flora Tristan, French feminist (d. 1844)
*
April 30
Events Pre-1600
* 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
* 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois.
*1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus ...
** Jeremiah E. Cary, American politician (d. 1888)
** Albrecht von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879)
* May 12 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (d. 1873)
* May 20 – Ann Walker (landowner), Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (d. 1854)
* May 24 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte, French naturalist, ornithologist (d. 1857)
* May 25
** Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, playwright and politician (d. 1873)
** Ralph Waldo Emerson, American writer (d. 1882)
* June 8 – Amalia Assur, Swedish dentist (d. 1889)
* June 24 – George James Webb, English-born composer (d. 1887)
July–December

* July 10 – William Todd (1803–1873), American businessman, Canadian senate nominee
* July 20 – John Hymers, English mathematician (d. 1887)
* July 24 – Adolphe Adam, French composer (d. 1856)
* July 31 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor, engineer (d. 1889)
* August – Francesca Anna Canfield, American linguist, poet and translator (d. 1833)
*
August 3
** Mary Dominis, Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (d. 1889)
** Sir Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament (d. 1865)
* August 10 – Joseph Vinoy, French general (d. 1880)
* August 13 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher, writer, music critic (d. 1869)
* August 18 – Nathan Clifford, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1881)
* August 23
** Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (d. 1871)
** Gustaf Wappers, Belgian painter (d. 1874)
* August 27 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (d. 1895)
* September 4
** Anna Nielsen (1803–1856), Anna Nielsen, Danish mezzo-soprano (d. 1856)
** Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (d. 1891)
*
September 11 – Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales, first lady of Peru, controversial socialite (d. 1835)
* September 27 – Samuel Francis Du Pont, American admiral (d. 1865)
* September 28 – Prosper Mérimée, French writer (d. 1870)
* September 29 – Mercator Cooper, American sea captain (d. 1872)
* September 30 – Gustav von Alvensleben, Prussian general (d. 1881)
* October 5 – Friedrich Bernhard Westphal, Danish-German painter (d. 1844)
* October 16 – Robert Stephenson, English civil engineer (d. 1859)
* November 11 – Adolf von Bonin, Prussian general (d. 1872)
* November 14 – Jacob Abbott, American writer (d. 1879)
* November 29
** Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician (d. 1853)
** Gottfried Semper, German architect (d. 1879)
* December 5 – Fyodor Tyutchev, great Russian Romantic poet (d. 1873)
* December 6 – Susanna Moodie, English writer (d. 1885)
* December 11 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (d. 1869)
Date unknown
*Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, West African Islamic and political leader (d. 1865)
*Barbarita Nieves, Venezuelan mistress of José Antonio Páez (d. 1847)
Deaths
January–June

*
January 1
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__
Events ...
– James Woodforde, English clergyman, diarist (b. 1740)
* January 18 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (b. 1743)
* January 23 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (b. 1725)
* February 1 – Anders Chydenius, Finnish priest, politician (b. 1729)
* February 3 – María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda, Spanish scholar (b. 1768)
* February 9 – Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet (b. 1716)
* February 11 – Jean-François de La Harpe, French critic (b. 1739)
* February 18 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (b. 1719)
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
*1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...
– Marie Dumesnil, French actress (b. 1713)
* February 22 – Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, French ''Father of the American Revolution'' (b. 1726)
* February 23 – Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova, Russian serf actress, opera soprano (b. 1768)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The ...
–
Edward Despard
Edward Marcus Despard (175121 February 1803), an Irish officer in the service of the British Crown, gained notoriety as a colonial administrator for refusing to recognise race as a distinction in English law and, following his recall to London, ...
, British revolutionary (b. 1751)
* March 14 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (b. 1724)
* March 28 – Peter Du Cane, Sr., British businessman (b. 1713)
* April 2 – Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish politician, judge (b. 1721)
* April 6 – William Hamilton (diplomat), William Hamilton, British diplomat, antiquary (b. 1730)
* April 7
** Antoine de Bosc de la Calmette, Danish statesman, landscape architect (b. 1752)
** Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary (b. 1743)
* April 14 – Christoph Anton Migazzi, Austrian Catholic bishop (b. 1714)
* April 24 – Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, French portrait painter (b. 1749)
* May 8 – John Joseph Merlin, Belgian-born British clock- and musical-instrument-maker and inventor (b. 1735)
* May 29 – Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, French writer (b. 1719)
* June 24 – Matthew Thornton, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1714)
* June 26 – Fermín Lasuén, Spanish missionary (b. 1736)
July–December
* August 24 – James Napper Tandy, Irish republican
* September 5 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (b. 1741)
* September 13 – John Barry (naval officer), John Barry, officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War, later in the United States Navy (b. 1745)
* September 15
** Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719)
** François Devienne, French composer (b. 1759)
* September 16 – Nicolas Baudin, French explorer (b. 1754)
* September 17 – Franz Xaver Süssmayr, Austrian composer (b. 1766)
*
September 23 – Joseph Ritson, English antiquary (b. 1752)
* September 27 – Frances Brett Hodgkinson, English-born American actress (b. 1771)
* October 2 – Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (b. 1722)
* October 8 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian dramatist, poet (b. 1749)
*
October 14
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
*1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's in ...
– Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, French philosopher (b. 1743)
* October 26 – Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (b. 1721)
* October 31 – Pandara Vanniyan, last Vannimai, King of Vanni (defeated by Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg, Lt. von Driberg)
* November 11 – Raphael Cohen, German rabbi (b. 1722)
* November 17 – John Willett Payne, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1752)
* November 18 – Ditlevine Feddersen, Norwegian culture figure (b. 1727)
* November 25 – Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (b. 1722)
* December 7 – Gerrit Paape, Dutch politician, writer (b. 1752)
* December 15 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (b. 1725)
* December 18 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, writer (b. 1744)
* December 26 – Gian Carlo Passeroni, Italian writer (b. 1713)
* December 30 – Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)
Date unknown
* Moscho Tzavela, Greek-Souliote heroine (b. 1760)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1803
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