Events

For dates within Great Britain and the

British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...

, as well as in the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

, the "old style"

Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts ...

was used in 1715, and can be converted to the "new style"

Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian cale ...

(adopted in the British Empire in 1752 and in Russia in 1923) by adding 11 days.

January–March

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– A fire in London, described by some as the worst since the

Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Wednesday 5 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old London Wall, Roman city wall, while also extendi ...

(1666) almost 50 years earlier, starts on Thames Street when fireworks prematurely explode "in the house of Mr. Walker, an oil man"; more than 100 houses are consumed in the blaze, which continues over to Tower Street before it is controlled. *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

– Voting begins for the British House of Commons and continues for the next 46 days in different constituencies on different days. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

– Tuscarora War: The Tuscarora and their allies sign a peace treaty with the Province of North Carolina, and agree to move to a reservation near Lake Mattamuskeet, effectively ending the Tuscarora War. Large numbers of Tuscarora subsequently move to New York. *

March 9 Events Pre-1600 *141 BC – Liu Che, Posthumous name, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. *1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the Annals of Quedlinburg, annals of the mo ...

– Voting for the British House of Commons concludes, with the liberal Whig Party winning 341 of the 558 seats, and reducing the conservative Tory Party share to 217 seats. Spencer Compton, the Earl of Wilmington, becomes the Speaker of the House of Commons. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

– James Stuart, the "Old Pretender" attempting to restore the House of Stuart to control of Great Britain as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland, meets with Pope Clement XI for the assistance of the Roman Catholic Church in the Jacobite rising. *

March 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...

–

Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (; 16 September 1678 – 12 December 1751) was an English politician, government official and political philosopher. He was a leader of the Tory (British political party), Tories, and supported the ...

, flees from Great Britain to France. His part in secret negotiations with France, leading to the

Treaty of Utrecht The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaty, peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715. The war involved three contenders for the vac ...

, has cast suspicion on him in the eyes of the Whig government of Britain. He becomes secretary of state to the

Pretender A pretender is someone who claims to be the rightful ruler of a country although not recognized as such by the current government. The term may often be used to either refer to a descendant of a deposed monarchy or a claim that is not legitimat ...

, James Edward Stuart.

April–June

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and, after his tro ...

– The

Battle of Gurdas Nangal The Battle of Gurdas Nangal took place in April 1715 between the Sikhs, led by Banda Singh Bahadur, and the Mughal Army, led by Abd al-Samad Khan. Background Reports about the Sikhs reappearing and winning battles in Panjab kept arriving a ...

begins during the Mughal-Sikh Wars in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, as the Mughal Army begins an eight-month siege of a fortress near

Gurdaspur Gurdaspur is a city in the Majha region of the Indian state of Punjab, between the rivers Beas and Ravi. It houses the administrative headquarters of Gurdaspur District and is in the geographical centre of the district, which shares a bord ...

(in what is now the Punjab state), where Sikh General Banda Singh Bahadur and 1,250 of his men have fled. The siege ends on December 7 when the 750 survivors, including Banda Singh, are captured. By June 1716, most of the Sikh prisoners have been tortured, killed and executed, with Banda Singh dying on June 9. *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guisca ...

– In the British colonial Province of South Carolina, the Yamasee Confederation launches an attack on English settlements in disputed territory on

Good Friday Good Friday, also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Great and Holy Friday, or Friday of the Passion of the Lord, is a solemn Christian holy day commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary (Golgotha). It is observed during ...

, launching the two-year long

Yamasee War The Yamasee War (also spelled Yamassee or Yemassee) was a conflict fought in South Carolina from 1715 to 1717 between British settlers from the Province of Carolina and the Yamasee, who were supported by a number of allied Native Americans in ...

. The day before, agents Thomas Nairne, William Bray and Samuel Warner had participated in peace negotiations with the Yamasee at Pocotaligo. Bray and Warner are killed that day, while Nairne is tortured to death and dies on April 17. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

– The Battle of Fehmarn takes place in the

Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...

as part of the

Great Northern War In the Great Northern War (1700–1721) a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe, Northern, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the ant ...

. Ten warships of Denmark, under the command of Christian Gabel, overwhelm a force of Swedish Navy ships led by Carl Wachtmeister. By the time the battle ends the next day, five Swedish ships and 1,626 crewmen have been captured, and another 353 killed. The Danish navy suffers 65 deaths. *

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

– A total

solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season i ...

is seen across southern England,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

and Finland (the last total eclipse visible in London for almost 900 years). English astronomer

Edmond Halley Edmond (or Edmund) Halley (; – ) was an English astronomer, mathematician and physicist. He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720. From an observatory he constructed on Saint Helena in 1676–77, Hal ...

(who is using the old style Julian calendar date of April 22) records the first observation noted of the phenomenon of " Baily's beads", in which higher elevations on the moon can be observed obscuring portions of the light moments before and after totality. *

May 28 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...

– Rioting begins in England on the birthday of King George I as supporters of the Old Pretender, James of the House of Stuart, begin mass protesting against the rule of the House of Hanover, near

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

in the towns of Smithfield and

Highgate Highgate is a suburban area of N postcode area, north London in the London Borough of Camden, London Boroughs of Camden, London Borough of Islington, Islington and London Borough of Haringey, Haringey. The area is at the north-eastern corner ...

, and the

Cheapside Cheapside is a street in the City of London, the historic and modern financial centre of London, England, which forms part of the A40 road, A40 London to Fishguard road. It links St Martin's Le Grand with Poultry, London, Poultry. Near its eas ...

financial district in London. *

June 9 Events Pre-1600 * 411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy. * 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia. * 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the J ...

– King Philip, ruler of the

Kingdom of Castile The Kingdom of Castile (; : ) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (, ), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Ca ...

and the

Kingdom of Aragon The Kingdom of Aragon (; ; ; ) was a medieval and early modern Monarchy, kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It became a part of the larger ...

unifies the two governments into a single state, centralizing rule of a unified

Kingdom of Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

. *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...

– Tsar

Peter I of Russia Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V until 1696. From this year, ...

witnesses the attempt of 45 Dutch and English ships to enter the small harbor at

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

and decides that additional harbors are necessary for Russia to be able import Western goods. *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of Wei. * 1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1170 – A major earthquake hits Syria, badly damagi ...

– Britain's Treason Act 1714 takes effect, providing for forfeiture to the British Crown of property owned by any person convicted of treason in the Kingdom. The Act remains in effect until June 24, 1718.

July–September

* July 20 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18): The fall of Nauplion, the capital of the Venetian " Kingdom of the Morea", seals the fate of the

Peloponnese The Peloponnese ( ), Peloponnesus ( ; , ) or Morea (; ) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridg ...

Peninsula, which is soon completely retaken by the Ottomans. * July 24 – 1715 Treasure Fleet: A

Spanish treasure fleet The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet (, also called silver fleet or plate fleet; from the meaning "silver"), was a convoy system of sea routes organized by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, which linked Spain with its Spanish Empi ...

of 12 ships, under General Don Juan Ubilla, leaves

Havana Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

for Spain. Seven days later, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

(some centuries later, treasure salvage is found from these wrecks). *

August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...

– Old Dock,

Liverpool Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...

, England, the world's first enclosed commercial wet dock (

Thomas Steers Thomas Steers was thought to have been born in 1672 in Kent and died in 1750. He was England's first major civil engineer and built many canals, the world's first commercial wet dock (the Old Dock at Liverpool), St. George's Church at the site o ...

, engineer), opens. * September 1 – King

Louis XIV of France LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...

dies after a reign of 72 years, leaving his throne to his 5 year old great-grandson

Louis XV Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity (then defi ...

. Philippe d'Orléans, the nephew of Louis XIV, serves as

Regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

. * September 6 – The first major Jacobite rising in Scotland against the rule of King

George I of Great Britain George I (George Louis; ; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Electorate of Hanover within the Holy Roman Empire from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. ...

breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart, and marches on

Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ...

. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France. *

September 14 Events Pre-1600 *AD 81 – Domitian became Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. * 786 – "Night of the three Caliphs": Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph upon the death of his brother al-Hadi. Bir ...

– Less than two weeks after King Louis XIV's death, Daniel Voysin de la Noiraye,

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

's Secretary of State for War since 1709, steps down at the request of the new regent, the Duke of Orleans.

October–December

October 2 Events Pre-1600 * 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor. * 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia an ...

– During the rebellion in Great Britain by supporters of the Pretender to the Throne, James Stuart, the Jacobites raid the Scottish parish of

Burntisland Burntisland ( , ) is a former Royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland, on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. It was previously known as Wester Kinghorn or Little Kinghorn. The town has a population of 6,269 (2011). Burntisland is known ...

, capture an arsenal of weapons, and begin an occupation of the area on October 9 in the name of Stuart as King James VIII of Scotland. * October 11 – William Aislabie resigns as the

British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

's administrator of

Bombay Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial centre, financial capital and the list of cities i ...

and the company's territories and is replaced at year's end by Charles Boone. * October 12 ** William Mackintosh of Borlum, leader of the Jacobite rising against Great Britain, lands with 1,500 men in

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

after crossing the

Firth of Forth The Firth of Forth () is a firth in Scotland, an inlet of the North Sea that separates Fife to its north and Lothian to its south. Further inland, it becomes the estuary of the River Forth and several other rivers. Name ''Firth'' is a cognate ...

from France. ** Baron Onslow resigns as Great Britain's

Chancellor of the Exchequer The chancellor of the exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and the head of HM Treasury, His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, t ...

and is replaced by future Prime Minister

Robert Walpole Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (; 26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known between 1725 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British Whigs (British political party), Whig statesman who is generally regarded as the ''de facto'' first Prim ...

. * October 28 – The Treaty of Greifswald is signed between Russia and the Electorate of Hanover, with George I of Great Britain and Hanover agreeing to Russia's annexation of

Swedish Ingria Swedish Ingria (, ‘land of Ingrians’) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1583 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1721 in what is now the territory of Russia. At the latter date, it was ceded to the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Ny ...

and

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

, and Hanover claiming the

Bremen-Verden Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (; ), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of th ...

Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden. * November 13 – Jacobite rising in Scotland –

Battle of Sheriffmuir The Battle of Sheriffmuir (, ) was an engagement in 1715 at the height of the Jacobite rising of 1715, Jacobite rising in Scotland. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Histor ...

: The forces of the

Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...

, led by John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, halt the Jacobite advance, although the action is inconclusive. * November 14 – Battle of Preston: Government forces defeat the Jacobite incursion, at the conclusion of a five-day siege and action. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. * 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle ...

– The Third Barrier Treaty is signed by Britain, the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

and the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

. * November 28 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees, in

Mallorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest of the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain, and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, seventh largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of the island, Palma, Majorca, Palma, i ...

and the other

Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The archipelago forms a Provinces of Spain, province and Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain, ...

(formerly under the

Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon (, ) ;, ; ; . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Sp ...

), bring them under the laws of the

Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Kingdom of Castile, Castile and Kingd ...

. * December 22 – James Edward Stuart rejoins Jacobite rebels in Scotland, but fails to rouse his army.

Date unknown

* Karlsruhe Palace is built, resulting in the town of

Karlsruhe Karlsruhe ( ; ; ; South Franconian German, South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, third-largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, after its capital Stuttgart a ...

growing up around it. * The ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly, before they are given the force of law by the Parlement of Paris, is restored. * Filippo Juvarra starts working on the previously postponed construction of the church of Santa Christina in

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

. * Filippo Juvarra starts rebuilding the church of San Filippo Neri, Turin, in which the roof had collapsed, during the siege of Turin, during the

War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714. The immediate cause was the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700, which led to a struggle for control of the Spanish E ...

. * Coffee is first grown in the French colony of

Saint-Domingue Saint-Domingue () was a French colonization of the Americas, French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1659 to 1803. The name derives from the Spanish main city on the isl ...

. * Around this year, a breech loading firearm is made for

Philip V of Spain Philip V (; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was List of Spanish monarchs, King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the ...

Births

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Robert-François Damiens, French domestic servant, executed for the attempted assassination of Louis XV of France (d. 1757) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

** Christian August Crusius, German philosopher, Protestant theologian (d. 1775) ** Johan Sparre af Söfdeborg, Swedish general, nobleman (d. 1791) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

– Jacques Duphly, French composer (d.

1789 Events January–March * January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet '' What Is the Third Estate?'' ('), influential on the French Revolution. * January 7 – The 1788-89 United States presidential election ...

) *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. * 1229 ...

– Jean-Olivier Briand, French-born Catholic bishop of Quebec (d.

1794 Events January–March * January 1 – The Stibo Group is founded by Niels Lund as a printing company in Aarhus (Denmark). * January 13 – The U.S. Congress enacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United St ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

– Ōkubo Tadaoki, Japanese daimyō (d.

1764 Events January–June * January 7 – The Siculicidium is carried out as hundreds of the Székely minority in Transylvania are massacred by the Austrian Army at Madéfalva. * January 19 – John Wilkes is expelled from th ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

** George Hay, British politician (d.

1778 Events January–March * January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Sea captain, Captain James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution (1771), HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS Discovery (1774), HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu, Oʻahu th ...

) ** Thomas Walker, distinguished Virginia physician, explorer (d.

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

– Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (d.

1777 Events January–March * January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second ...

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

– Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois, French botanist (d.

1804 Events January–March * January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic. * February 4 – The Sokoto Caliphate is founded in West Africa. * February 14 – The First Serbian uprising begins th ...

) * January 31 ** Giovanni Fagnano, Italian mathematician (d. 1797) ** John Wayles, American lawyer and planter (d. 1773) * February 4 – John Hamilton (1715–1796), John Hamilton, British politician (d. 1796) * February 5 – Baltazar Adam Krčelić, Croatian historian and theologian (d.

) *

– Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, British duchess (d. 1785) * February 12 – James Grenville, British Member of Parliament (d. 1783)

* February 22 ** Charles-Nicolas Cochin, French artist (d. 1790) ** Jean Georges Lefranc de Pompignan, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1790) * February 26 – Claude Adrien Helvétius, French philosopher (d. 1771) * February 27 – Mateo Aimerich, Spanish philologist (d. 1799) * March 4 – James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave of Great Britain (d. 1763) * March 7 ** Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet and officer (d. 1759) ** Ephraim Williams, English benefactor of Williams College, soldier in the French and Indian War (d. 1755) *

– Johan Martin Preisler, German artist (d.

) * March 18 – John Bushell, first (Massachusetts-born) Canadian printer (d. 1761) * March 24 – William Strahan (publisher), William Strahan, British politician (d. 1785) * March 25 – Mary Frances of the Five Wounds, Italian Franciscan saint (d. 1791) * March 28 – Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1714–1744), Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Prussian major general and titular Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d. 1744) * March 31 – Johan Samuel Augustin, German-Danish astronomical writer, civil servant (d. 1785) * April 3 – William Watson (scientist), William Watson, English scientist (d. 1787) * April 9 – Giovanni Carlo Boschi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1788) * April 11 ** John Alcock (organist), John Alcock, English composer and organist (d. 1806) ** Jacob Rodrigues Pereira, academic, first teacher of deaf-mutes in France (d. 1780) * April 13 – John Martin Mack, American missionary (d. 1784) * April 19 – James Nares (composer), James Nares, English composer of mostly sacred vocal works (d. 1783) * April 20 ** James Brudenell, 5th Earl of Cardigan, English noble and politician (d. 1811) ** Saliha Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Saliha Sultan, daughter of Ottoman Sultan (d.

) * April 23 ** Johann Friedrich Doles, German composer (d. 1797) ** John Hicks (politician), John Hicks, Canadian politician (d. 1790) ** Auguste de Keralio, French nobleman (d. 1805) ** Carl Tersmeden, Swedish admiral (d. 1797) * April 28 ** Carl Fredrik Scheffer, Swedish politician (d. 1786) ** Franz Sparry, Austrian composer (d. 1767) * May 4 ** Richard Graves, English minister (d.

) ** Hieronim Florian Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1760) * May 7 – Charles Roe, English businessman (d. 1781) * May 11 ** Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach, fourth child of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach to reach adulthood (d. 1739) ** Ignazio Fiorillo, Italian composer (d. 1787) * May 12 – Otto William Schwartz, Canadian politician (d. 1785) * May 20 – William Whitfield II, American Army officer (d. 1795) * May 22 – François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and statesman (d.

) * June 7 – Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1785) * June 12 ** Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont, French abbot (d. 1786) ** Charles-René Dejordy de Villebon, French-Canadian explorer (d. 1761) * June 13 – Anna Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Dessau, German noblewoman (d. 1780) * June 15 – John Blennerhassett (1715–1763), John Blennerhassett, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1763) * June 18 – Harry Grey, 4th Earl of Stamford, British earl, politician (d. 1768) * June 25 – Joseph Foullon de Doué, French politician and a Controller-General of Finances under Louis XVI (d.

) *

– Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires between 1757 and 1766 (d.

) * July 2 – Samuel Finley, American clergyman and educator (d. 1766) * July 4 ** Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German author (d. 1769) ** Charles François Hutin, French painter (d. 1776) * July 11 – Jean-Joseph Balechou, French artist (d. 1765) * July 14 – Caterina Sagredo Barbarigo, Venetian aristocrat and salon holder (d. 1772) * July 16 – Charles, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France (d. 1787) * July 17 – Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, German noblewoman member of the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1775) * July 26 – Jakob van der Schley, Dutch engraver (d. 1779) * August 5 – Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg, German sovereign (d. 1800) * August 6 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (d. 1747) * August 18 – Cyrus Trapaud, British Army general (d. 1801) * August 25 – Luis González Velázquez, Spanish painter (d. 1763) * September 5 – Ignác Raab, Czech artist (d. 1787) * September 15 – Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery officer and engineer who revolutionized French cannon (d.

) * September 19 ** Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort de Duras, Marshal of France, politician (d.

) ** Ferenc Esterházy (1715–1785), Ferenc Esterházy, Hungarian politician (d. 1785) * September 22 – Jean-Étienne Guettard, French scientist (d. 1786) * September 25 – Princess Victoria Charlotte of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (d. 1772) * September 26 – Lord George Graham, Royal Navy officer and MP (d. 1747) * October 1 – Richard Jago, English clergyman poet and minor landscape gardener from Warwickshire (d. 1781) *

– Domenico Caracciolo, Italian politician (d.

) * October 5 ** John Hustler, English Quaker industrialist (d. 1790) ** Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist of the Physiocratic school (d.

) * October 6 – Antoine-Gabriel-François Benoist, soldier in the French army, served in North America (d. 1776) * October 16 – Joseph Allegranza, Historian, archaeologist, antiquary (d. 1785) * October 23 – Peter II of Russia, Emperor of Russia (d. 1730) * October 29 – Aaron Cleveland, American clergyman (d. 1757) * November 5 ** John Brown (essayist), John Brown, English divine and author (d. 1766) ** Felix of Nicosia, Cypriot Catholic saint (d. 1787) ** Johann Georg Wille, German engraver (d. 1808) * November 6 – Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (d.

)

* November 8 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, Crown Princess of Prussia (d. 1797) * November 9 – Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley, British noble (d. 1747) * November 12 – Kajetan Sołtyk, Polish Catholic priest (d. 1788) * November 13 – Dorothea Erxleben, first German female physician (d. 1762) * November 16 – Girolamo Abos, Maltese-Italian composer (d. 1760) * November 17 – Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet, British politician and colonial governor (d. 1753) * November 19 – Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld, Dutch diplomat (d. 1772) * November 20 – Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (d. 1799) * November 24 – Anna Nitschmann, German poet (d. 1760) * November 26 – Jean-Charles Gervaise de Latouche, French writer (d. 1782) * November 27 – Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, German physician (d.

) * November 30 ** Johann Philipp Bethmann, German merchant and banker (d. 1793) ** Johan Jacob Bruun, Danish artist (d.

) * December 4 – Abraham Drake, New Hampshire politician (d. 1781) * December 9 – Joseph Marie Terray, Controller-General of Finances during the reign of Louis XV of France (d.

) * December 11 – Johann Valentin Tischbein, German painter (d. 1768) * December 12 – Gennaro Manna, Italian composer (d. 1779) * December 18 – Johan Heinrich Becker, German physician and chemist who settled in Norway (d. 1761) * December 21 ** Tommaso Gherardini, Italian painter (d. 1797) ** Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben, German noble (d. 1773) ** François-Vincent Toussaint, French writer most famous for ''Les Mœurs'' (The Manners) (d. 1772) * December 27 – Philippe de Noailles, Marshal of France (d.

) * December 30 – Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, British politician (d. 1746) * December 31 – Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier, French Catholic theologian (d. 1790)

Deaths

* January 7 ** François Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai (b. 1651) ** Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, British botanist (b. 1630) *

– Bernard Lamy, French Oratorian mathematician and theologian (b. 1640) * January 27 – Caspar Neumann, German professor and clergyman (b. 1648) * February 3 – Gottfried Vopelius, German academic (b. 1645) * February 4 – Martín de Ursúa, Spanish conquistador (b. 1653) * February 17 – Antoine Galland, French archaeologist (b. 1646) * February 19 – Domenico Egidio Rossi, Italian architect (b. 1659) * February 21 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, List of colonial governors of Maryland, Colonial governor of Maryland (b. 1637) * February 25 – Pu Songling, Qing Dynasty Chinese writer (b. 1640) * March 2 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1643) * March 17 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish Bishop of Salisbury (b. 1643) * March 18 – William Fraser, 12th Lord Saltoun, (b.1654) *

– August, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig, German prince (b. 1655) Jakob Perizonius - Imagines philologorum

* April 6 – Perizonius, Dutch linguist (b. 1651) * April 16 – Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, List of colonial governors of Maryland, Colonial governor of Maryland (b. 1679) * May 8 – Marie Mancini, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters (b. 1639) * May 19 – Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, Charles Montagu, English Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1661) * May 21 – Pierre Magnol, French botanist (b. 1638) * May 30 – Roeloff Swartwout, American city founder in New York (b. 1634) * June 19 – Nicolas Lemery, French chemist (b. 1645) * June 25 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (b. 1646) * July 5 – Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659) * July 28 – Jakub Kresa, Czech mathematician (b. 1648) * July 30 – Nahum Tate, Irish poet (b. 1652) * August 21 – Countess Johanna Magdalene of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German countess (b. 1660) * September 1 ** François Girardon, French sculptor (b. 1628) ** King

(b. 1638)

* September 24 – Wilhelm Homberg, Dutch alchemist (b. 1652) * October 13 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (b. 1638) * October 14 – Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1636) * October 15 – Humphry Ditton, English mathematician (b. 1675) * October 17 – Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (b. 1655) * October 30 – Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia (b. 1657) * October 31 – Elisha Cooke, Sr., Massachusetts colonial politician and judge (b. 1637) * November – Mirwais Hotak, Pashtun emir, and founder of the Hotaki dynasty, Hotaki Dynasty (b. 1673) * November 24 – Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of King Charles X of Sweden (b. 1636) * December 9 – Benedetto Gennari II, Italian painter (b. 1633) * December 15 – George Hickes (divine), George Hickes, English minister and scholar (b. 1642) * December 28 ** William Carstares, Scottish clergyman (b. 1649) ** Joanna Koerten, Dutch painter (b. 1650) * ''date unknown'' – Elizabeth Boutell, British stage actor (b. 1650)

References

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