The 16th Division was one of the
divisions
Division may refer to:
Mathematics
*Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication
* Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division Military
*Division (military), a formation typically consisting of 10,000 t ...
of the
Spanish Republican Army
The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939.
It became known as People's Army of the Republic (''Ejército Popular de la República'' ...
that were organized during the
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
on the basis of the
Mixed Brigades. It had an outstanding participation in the
Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro (, ) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly ...
.
History
The division was created on March 13, 1937, formed by the
23rd,
66th and
77th mixed brigades; its first commander was
Ernesto Güemes Ramos. Initially assigned to the
IV Army Corps, in
May 1937 it became part of the
III Army Corps, on the
Madrid front
The siege of Madrid was a two-and-a-half-year siege of the Republican-controlled Spanish capital city of Madrid by the Nationalist armies, under General Francisco Franco, during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The city, besieged from Oct ...
. For several months the division was stationed there, limiting itself to garrison work and not intervening in relevant military operations.
In the spring of 1938, when the
Aragon Offensive
The Aragon Offensive was an important military campaign during the Spanish Civil War, which began after the Battle of Teruel. The offensive, which ran from March 7, 1938, to April 19, 1938, smashed the Republican forces, overran Aragon, and con ...
took place, the division was sent to try to reinforce the republican defenses. Meanwhile its
24th Mixed Brigade took part in the
Battle of Lleida, in support of the
46th Division. Months later, the
23rd Mixed Brigade participated in the
Balaguer Offensive.
Battle of the Ebro
Subsequently, the division was assigned to the
XII Army Corps, in the
Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro (, ) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly ...
. The anarchist
Manuel Mora Torres assumed command of the unit. On
July 28
Events Pre-1600
*1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
*1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.
*1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known t ...
, the 16th Division crossed the river, heading towards
Gandesa
Gandesa () is the capital of the ''comarca'' of Terra Alta, in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
History
In the place known as ''Coll del Moro'' there is an ancient Iberian archaeological site belonging to the Ilercavones tribe that ...
in support of the republican units that were already deployed there. The division was later located in the central sector of the Republican zone, under the command of
Pedro Mateo Merino. Along with the
35th Division and members of the 46th Division - reinforced with armored forces - it participated in the Republican assaults against Gandesa, which resulted in failure. At the beginning of August it was assigned to the
XV Army Corps of
Manuel Tagüeña
Manuel Tagüeña Lacorte (1913–1971) was a Spanish military officer of the Spanish Republican Army.
Biography
Before the Spanish Civil War, he was a member of the socialist youth and studied mathematics and physics at Madrid University. In Ju ...
. On
August 22
Events Pre-1600
* 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
* 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.
* 1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scot ...
, a
nationalist
Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...
attack against the 16th Division's positions caused their disbandment, including the commander of the unit, who was promptly fired. A day before, the largest of the Mora militias signed an order that read: "Whoever leaves their post, they will suffer and the just punishment to which they are creditors will be applied, in whose application this Command will be inflexible."
Front of the Segre
Later the division returned to the rear. In November, it participated in the failed
Serós offensive together with troops from the
34th Division. At the beginning of the
Catalonia Offensive
The Catalonia Offensive (, ) was part of the Spanish Civil War. The Nationalist Army started the offensive on 23 December 1938 and rapidly conquered Republican-held Catalonia with Barcelona (the Republic's capital city from October 1937). Ba ...
the division had a poor performance, giving up its positions in the
Battle of the Segre. According to
Jorge Martínez Reverte, at that time the unit was very demoralized. During the rest of the battle for Catalonia, the 16th Division played an irrelevant role.
Command
;Commanders
*
Ernesto Güemes Ramos;
*
Domingo Benages Sacristán;
* Manuel Fresno Urzáiz;
*
Manuel Mora Torres;
*
Sebastián Zamora Medina;
;Commissars
*
Ernesto Antuña García, of the
PSOE
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( , PSOE ) is a Social democracy, social democratic Updated as required.The PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources:
*
*
*
* List of political parties in Spain, political party ...
;
;Chiefs of Staff
*Manuel Pérez Cabello;
Order of battle
Notes
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{Divisions of the Spanish Republic, state=expanded
Military units and formations established in 1937
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939
Divisions of Spain
Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Military history of Spain
Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic
1937 establishments in Spain
1939 disestablishments in Spain