Some have suggested that 1610 may mark the beginning of the

Anthropocene ''Anthropocene'' is a term that has been used to refer to the period of time during which human impact on the environment, humanity has become a planetary force of change. It appears in scientific and social discourse, especially with respect to ...

, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system, but earlier starting dates (ca. 1000 C.E.) have received broader consensus, based on high resolution pollution records that show the massive impact of human activity on the atmosphere.

Events

January–March

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

– ''Nossa Senhora da Graça'' incident: A Portuguese

carrack A carrack (; ; ) is a three- or four- masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain. Evolving from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for Europea ...

sinks near Nagasaki, after fighting Japanese samurai for four nights. *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

–

Galileo Galilei Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( , , ) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a poly ...

first observes the four

Galilean moons The Galilean moons (), or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter. They are, in descending-size order, Ganymede (moon), Ganymede, Callisto (moon), Callisto, Io (moon), Io, and Europa (moon), Europa. They are the most apparent m ...

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the List of Solar System objects by size, largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a Jupiter mass, mass more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined a ...

: Ganymede,

Callisto CALLISTO (''Cooperative Action Leading to Launcher Innovation in Stage Toss-back Operations'') is a reusable VTVL Prototype, demonstrator propelled by a small 40 kN Japanese LOX-LH2 rocket engine. It is being developed jointly by the CNES, French ...

, Europa and Io, but is unable to distinguish the latter two until the following day. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

– English courtier

Thomas Roe Sir Thomas Roe ( 1581 – 6 November 1644) was an English diplomat of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. Roe's voyages ranged from Central America to India; as ambassador, he represented England in the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empir ...

sets out on an expedition to

The Guianas The Guianas, also spelled Guyanas or Guayanas, are a geographical region in north-eastern South America. Strictly, the term refers to the three Guianas: Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, formerly British, Dutch, and French Guiana respectiv ...

and Amazon River. *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

–

's treatise on astronomy, ''

Sidereus Nuncius ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (usually ''Sidereal Messenger'', also ''Starry Messenger'' or ''Sidereal Message'') is a short astronomical treatise (or ''pamphlet'') published in Neo-Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610. It was the first published ...

'', the first printed scientific record of observations through a telescope, is first published. *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...

(March 12 O.S.) –

Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky (; – ) was a Russian statesman and military figure during the Time of Troubles. He was the last representative of a cadet branch of the Shuysky family. Life Having lost his father, Vasili Feodorovich S ...

, nephew of the Tsar Vasili, liberates Moscow from rebels.

April–June

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

– The

Treaty of Brussol The Treaty of Brussol (also known as the Treaty of Bruzolo) was signed on 10 April 1610 in Bruzolo between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and Henry IV of France, inside the , (in Susa Valley, near Turin). Based on the terms of the accord, both ...

is signed between

Charles Emmanuel I Charles Emmanuel I (; 12 January 1562 – 26 July 1630), known as the Great, was the Duke of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 30 August 1580 until his death almost 50 years later in 1630, he was the longest-reigning Savoyard monarch ...

Duke of Savoy The titles of the count of Savoy, and then duke of Savoy, are titles of nobility attached to the historical territory of Savoy. Since its creation, in the 11th century, the House of Savoy held the county. Several of these rulers ruled as kings at ...

, and a representative of

King Henry IV of France Henry IV (; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry (''le Bon Roi Henri'') or Henry the Great (''Henri le Grand''), was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 16 ...

, at a meeting at

Bruzolo Bruzolo (pop. 1,525 as of 1 January 2017)) is a ''comune'' of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. Located some west of Turin, in the lower Susa Valley, it is a member of the Comunità Montana Bassa Valle di Susa e V ...

near

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

. The agreement for France and Savoy to remove Spanish occupiers from Italy, is never carried out because King Henry is assassinated one month later. *

April 20 Events Pre-1600 * 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII. 1601–1900 * 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament. * 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...

–

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

's play, '' The Tragedie of Macbeth'', is given its first performance, staged at the

Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre was a Theater (structure), theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 at Southwark, close to the south bank of the Thames, by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. It was ...

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

. *

May 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1344 – A Latin Christian fleet defeats a Turkish fleet in the battle of Pallene during the Smyrniote crusades. *1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, v ...

– A formal coronation is held for

Marie de' Medici Marie de' Medici (; ; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Henry IV. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. Her mandate as rege ...

, wife of King Henry IV, as Queen Consort of France. King Henry is preparing to depart to Germany to participate in the

War of the Jülich Succession The War of the Jülich Succession, also known as the Jülich War or the Jülich-Cleves Succession Crises (German language, German: ''Jülich-Klevischer Erbfolgestreit''), was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The fi ...

. *

May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France Robert II ( 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious () or the Wise (), was List of French monarchs, King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Juni ...

– King Henry IV of

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

is assassinated in

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

François Ravaillac François Ravaillac (; 1578 – 27 May 1610) was a French Catholic who assassinated King Henry IV of France in 1610. Biography Early life and education Ravaillac was born in 1578 at Angoulême to an educated family; his grandfather François ...

, a French Catholic activist who resents the Protestant monarch's decision to launch a war against the Catholic Spanish Netherlands. Ravaillac rushes up to a horse-drawn carriage and stabs King Henry in the chest. Henry's 8-year-old son becomes King

Louis XIII Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown. ...

, with Henry's widow,

, governing France as queen regent. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. * 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. *1533 – The marriage of King Henry ...

–

Jamestown, Virginia The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent British colonization of the Americas, English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the James River, about southwest of present-day Willia ...

: Acting as temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, along with

John Rolfe John Rolfe ( – March 1622) was an English explorer, farmer and merchant. He is best known for being the husband of Pocahontas and the first settler in the colony of Virginia to successfully cultivate a tobacco crop for export. He played a ...

, Captain

Ralph Hamor Ralph Hamor, Jr. ( - ) was one of the original colonists to settle in Virginia, and author of ''A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia'', which he wrote upon returning to London in 1615. Spellings of his first and last name vary; alter ...

, Sir George Somers, and other survivors from the ''Sea Venture'' (wrecked at

Bermuda Bermuda is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. The closest land outside the territory is in the American state of North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. Bermuda is an ...

) arrive at Jamestown; they find that 60 have survived the "starving time" (winter), the fort palisades and gates have been torn down, and empty houses have been used for firewood, in fear of attacks by natives outside the fort area. *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus ...

–

: The temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, issues ''The Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws''. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &nda ...

– Regicide

is executed by being pulled apart by horses in the

Place de Grève Place may refer to: Geography * Place (United States Census Bureau), defined as any concentration of population ** Census-designated place, a populated area lacking its own municipal government * "Place", a type of street or road name ** Of ...

, Paris. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

– The masque Tethys' Festival is performed at

Whitehall Palace The Palace of Whitehall – also spelled White Hall – at Westminster was the main residence of the English monarchs from 1530 until 1698, when most of its structures, with the notable exception of Inigo Jones's Banqueting House of 1622, ...

to celebrate the investiture of

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612), was the eldest son and heir apparent of King James VI and I and Anne of Denmark, Queen Anne. His name derives from his grandfathers: Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; and Fr ...

. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...

– Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates decides to abandon Jamestown. *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...

– Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates' convoy meets the ships of Governor

Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr ( ; 9 July 1576 – 7 June 1618), was an English nobleman, for whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, a Native American people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named. A member of the Ho ...

(''

Delaware Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states, South Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey ...

'') at Mulberry Island. *

June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. * 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederic ...

– Jamestown: The convoy of temporary Governor Gates, and the ships of Governor Lord De La Warr, land at Jamestown. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

– Henri Membertou, Grand Chief of Mi'kmaq nation, becomes the first North American aboriginal person to accept baptism into the Christian faith and signs the Concordat of 1610, an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church recognizing the Mi'kmaq as an independent nation.

July–September

July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and procla ...

– (June 24 O.S.); Polish–Russian War –

Battle of Klushino The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn, was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Russian War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles. The battle occu ...

: The outnumbered forces of the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (), was a federation, federative real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ...

defeat the combined

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

and Swedish armies; Polish troops go on to occupy

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

. *

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava ( Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * 1316 – The Burgundian ...

– John Guy sets sail from

Bristol Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...

, with 39 other colonists, for

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador, having a total size of . As of 2025 the population ...

. *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 * 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodo ...

– Lady Arbella Stuart, a claimant to the throne of England, is imprisoned for clandestinely marrying

William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, (158824 October 1660) was an English nobleman and Royalist commander in the English Civil War. Origins Seymour was the son of Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp (who predeceased his own father) by his wife ...

, another claimant, without royal permission on

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...

. * July 27 (July 17 O.S.) – Vasili Ivanovich Shuisky, who proclaimed himself Tsar of Russia on May 19, 1606, is deposed as the Seven Boyars remove him from office to select a new ruler. *

July 28 Events Pre-1600 *1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina. *1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard. *1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known t ...

–

: The Siege of Jülich, a walled city within the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

(now in Germany), is started by a combined force of troops from the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

, the Kingdom of France and the

Margraviate of Brandenburg The Margraviate of Brandenburg () was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that, having electoral status although being quite poor, grew rapidly in importance after inheriting the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 and then came ...

. *

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Ancient Macedonian army, Macedonian army led by Philip II of Macedon, Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, Greece, Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Battle of Chaeronea, secu ...

–

Henry Hudson Henry Hudson ( 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the Northeastern United States. In 1607 and 16 ...

sails into what is now known as

Hudson Bay Hudson Bay, sometimes called Hudson's Bay (usually historically), is a large body of Saline water, saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of . It is located north of Ontario, west of Quebec, northeast of Manitoba, and southeast o ...

, thinking he has made it through the

Northwest Passage The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the sea lane between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, near the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Arctic Archipelago of Canada. The eastern route along the Arctic ...

and reached the Pacific Ocean. *

August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Vale ...

–

Anglo-Powhatan Wars The AngloPowhatan Wars were three wars fought between settlers of the Colony of Virginia and the Powhatan People of Tsenacommacah in the early 17th century. The first war started in 1609 and ended in a peace settlement in 1614. The second war l ...

: The English launch a major attack on the

Paspahegh The Paspahegh tribe was a Native American tributary to the Powhatan paramount chiefdom, incorporated into the chiefdom around 1596 or 1597. The Paspahegh Indian tribe lived in present-day Charles City and James City counties, Virginia. The Po ...

village, capturing and executing the native queen and her children, burning houses and chopping down the corn fields; the subsequent use of the term "Paspahegh" in documents refers to their former territory. *

September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. *1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of A ...

–

Claudio Monteverdi Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string instrument, string player. A composer of both Secular music, secular and Church music, sacred music, and a pioneer ...

's musical work ''

Vespro della Beata Vergine ''Vespro della Beata Vergine'' (''Vespers for the Blessed Virgin''), Stattkus-Verzeichnis, SV 206, is a musical setting by Claudio Monteverdi of the evening vespers on Marian feasts, scored for soloists, choirs, and orchestra. It is an ambitio ...

'' (''

Vespers Vespers /ˈvɛspərz/ () is a Christian liturgy, liturgy of evening prayer, one of the canonical hours in Catholic (both Latin liturgical rites, Latin and Eastern Catholic liturgy, Eastern Catholic liturgical rites), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental O ...

for the Blessed Virgin'') is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to

Pope Paul V Pope Paul V (; ) (17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May 1605 to his death, in January 1621. In 1611, he honored Galileo Galilei as a mem ...

. *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– The Siege of Jülich ends as the Holy Roman Imperial city surrenders to

Maurice of Nassau Maurice of Orange (; 14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625) was ''stadtholder'' of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Friesland from 1585 at the earliest until his death on 23 April 1625. Before he became Prince of Orange upo ...

, commander of the

troops. *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus Fall of the Western Roman Empire, ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, Posthumous name, posthumously known as ...

– The Kingdom of Toungoo (now

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

) is retaken by King Anaukpetlun of Burma, as rebel leader

Natshinnaung Natshinnaung (, ; 1579–1613) was a Toungoo prince who was a noted poet and an accomplished musician, as well as an able military commander. He later became a rebellious ruler of Toungoo, and went over to ally himself with Portuguese at Tha ...

surrenders the city of

Taungoo Taungoo (, ''Tauñngu myoú''; ), also spelled Toungoo and formerly Toung-ngú, is a district-level city in the Bago Region of Myanmar, 220 km from Yangon, towards the north-eastern end of the division, with mountain ranges to the east a ...

. *

September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Co ...

– (August 27 O.S.); The Seven Boyars, the group of seven Russian nobles seeking stability in the troubled nation, vote to have King Wladyslaw IV of Poland as Tsar Vladislav of Russia, and invite the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to take over the city. *

September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: The ...

– Frederick V, age 14, becomes the new

Prince-Elector The prince-electors ( pl. , , ) were the members of the Electoral College of the Holy Roman Empire, which elected the Holy Roman Emperor. Usually, half of the electors were archbishops. From the 13th century onwards, a small group of prince- ...

of the

Rhineland Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; ; ; ) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city. Other cities are ...

, two days after the death of his father, Frederick IV. *

September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Italy with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Anglo-Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusa ...

(September 11 O.S.) – Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth capture

and begin occupation of the Kremlin for the next two years.

October–December

* October 9 – Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Poland, under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, takes control of the Kremlin during the Polish–Russian War. * October 17 – The coronation of Louis XIII of France takes place. * October 24 – The

ends as the Protestant Union (including

Brandenburg and Electoral Palatinate) and the Catholic League (German), Catholic League (led by the Duchy of Bavaria) agree to withdraw their forces from Germany and to disband them by year's end. * November 6 – After the Addled Parliament, Parliament of England gives King James only £ 100,000 of an agreed to £ 600,000 of debt relief promised in February under the Great Contract, the King demands the rest of the funds. Parliament is outraged and declares the Contract abandoned on November 9. * November 8 – The Basque witch trials come to an end after almost two years. Out of about 7,000 persons accused of witchcraft, only six are condemned to be executed by the Spanish Inquisition as two men (Domingo de Subildegui and Petri de Joangorena) and four women (María de Echachute, Graciana Xarra, Maria Baztan de Borda, and Maria de Arburu) are burned at the stake at Logroño . * November 20 – The cession of Larache, a port in Morocco, takes place as Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun, Sultan of Morocco, transfers control of the city to Spain in return for. The Juan de Mendoza, Marquis de la Hinojosa, Marquis de la Hinojosa accepts on behalf of Philip III of Spain, King Felipe III of Spain in return for Spain's aid to the Sultan's fight against the Sultan's brother, Zidan Abu Maali. Larache remains under Spanish control for the next 79 years until another sultan retakes it. * November 26 – French astronomers Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc and Joseph Gaultier make the first detailed observations of the Orion Nebula. * December 18 – (December 8 O.S.) English astronomer Thomas Harriot becomes the first person on Earth to observe sunspots through a telescope. * December 19 – Pieter Both becomes the first Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (now the Republic of Indonesia), serving until 1614. * December 20 – (December 10 O.S.), John Roberts (martyr), John Roberts, a Benedictine monk in Wales, is executed five days after being convicted of high treason for violating a law against Catholic ministry. He is hanged, drawn and quartered. Roberts will be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint almost 360 years later, on October 25, 1970. * December 21 – (December 11 O.S.) The False Dmitry II, second False Dmitry is assassinated by a Qasim Khanate, Kasim Tatars, Tatar prince, Peter Arslanovich Urusov, Peter Urusov. After both Dmitry and Urosov have been drinking, Urusov shoots the Tsar Dmitry, then decapitates him.

Date unknown

* Dr. Bonham's Case, a landmark decision, is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament of England, Parliament as well as the king. * The Manchu people, Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662. * Publication is completed of the Douay–Rheims Bible (''The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English''), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church. * Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision, in which he believes that he further understands the unity of the cosmos, and that he has received a special vocation from God. * Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct, in History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Malta. * Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of New Mexico, is founded as capital of Kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, Nuevo México.

Births

January–March

* January 9 – George Wilde (bishop), George Wilde, Irish bishop (d. 1665) * January 10 – Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit historian (d. 1686) * January 12 – Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (d. 1667) * January 13 – Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1610–1665), Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665) * January 21 – Elizabeth Fones, American settler (d. 1673) * January 26 – Henry Hildyard (MP), Henry Hildyard, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674) * February 2 ** Francisco Ignacio Alcina, Jesuit missionary and historian (d. 1674) ** Pierre Bourdelot, French physician (d. 1685) ** Edmund Weaver (MP), Edmund Weaver, English politician (d. 1672) * February 11 – Salomon Idler, German inventor (d. 1669) * February 13 – Jean de Labadie, French pietist (d. 1674) * February 14 – Solomon Swale, English politician (d. 1678) * March 3 – Pierre Dupuis, French painter (d. 1682) * March 4 (bapt.) – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646) * March 14 ** Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, English politician (d. 1662) ** Simon Louis, Count of Lippe-Detmolt (1627–1636) (d. 1636)

April–June

* April 22 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) * May 12 – Arent Berntsen, Norwegian statistician (d. 1680) * May 17 – Joseph Poncet, French missionary (d. 1675) * May 18 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664) * June 1 – Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter (d. 1670) * June 17 – Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b. 1662) *

– Thomas Hales (settler), Thomas Hales, Connecticut settler (d. 1679)

July–September

* July 2 – Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu in the Peerage of England (d. 1682) * July 6 – Hugh Forth, English politician (d. 1676) * July 8 ''(bapt.)'' – Richard Deane (regicide), Richard Deane, English military commander and regicide (d. 1653) * July 11 – William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington, English landowner, politician (d. 1651) * July 14 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670) * July 18 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist and historian (d. 1686) *

''(bapt.)'' – Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (d. c.1643) * July 30 – Lorens von der Linde, Swedish field marshal (d. 1670) *

– Edward Master, English politician (d. 1691) * August 4 – Cornelis Evertsen the Elder, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) * August 23 – Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1663) *

– Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1670) *

** Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, Italian noble (d. 1658) ** Luke Robinson (died 1669), Luke Robinson, English politician (d. 1669) ** David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss, Scottish earl (d. 1679) * September 10 – Sir Edward Seymour, 3rd Baronet, Member of Parliament (d. 1688) * September 24 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, naturalist, writer and soldier (d. 1695) * September 28 – Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, English Royalist army commander in the English Civil War (d. 1666) * September 29 – Gabriel Druillettes, French missionary (d. 1681)

October–December

* October 3 – Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646 (d. 1649) * October 6 – Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier, the governor of the Louis (d. 1690) * October 19 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1688) * October 28 – Jacob Kettler, German noble (d. 1682) * November 8 – Pietro Vidoni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1681) * November 20 – Henry Heyman, English politician (d. 1658) * November 22 – Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (d. 1684) * November 28 – Augustine Warner, Virginia planter, politician (d. 1674) * December 9 – Baldassare Ferri, Italian ''castrato'' singer (d. 1680) * December 10 – Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1685) * December 15 – David Teniers the Younger, Flemish artist born in Antwerp (d. 1690) * December 18 – Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, French philologist and historian (d. 1688) * December 25 ** David Christiani, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1688) ** Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham, son of Charles Howard (d. 1681) * December 28 – Basil of Ostrog, Serbian Orthodox bishop venerated as Saint Vasilije (d. 1671)

Date unknown

* Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop, Dutch astronomer and cartographer (d. 1682) * Maria Cunitz, Silesian astronomer (d. 1664) * Li Yu (author), Li Yu, Chinese writer (d. 1680) * François Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (d. 1683) * Karin Thomasdotter, Finnish official (d. 1697) * Emmanuel Tzanes, Greek painter (d. 1690) * Marie Meurdrac, French chemist and alchemist (d. 1680) * Leonora Duarte, Flemish composer and musician (d. 1678)

Probable

* George Carteret, Jersey-born English Royalist statesman (d. 1680) * Jeremias de Dekker, Dutch poet (d. 1666) * Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (d. 1688) * Jin Shengtan, Chinese editor (d. 1661)

Deaths

Anna of the Veldenz Palatinate 1580 by unknown

January–March

* January 1 ** Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1551) ** François Feuardent, French theologian (b. 1539) * January 9 – Herman van der Mast, Dutch Renaissance painter from the Northern Netherlands (b. c. 1550) * January 10 – Mateo de Oviedo, Archbishop of Dublin (b. 1547) * February 4 – Hannibal Vyvyan, English politician (b. 1545) * February 5 – Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (b. 1539) * February 22 – Polykarp Leyser the Elder, German theologian (b. 1552) * February 27 – Philippe Canaye, French diplomat (b. 1551) * March 6 – Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (b. 1535) * March 7 – Maria, Abbess of Quedlinburg, German abbess (b. 1571) * March 19 ** Valeriano Muti, Italian Catholic prelate (year of birth unknown) ** Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (b. 1539) * March 20 – Anna of Sweden (1545–1610), Princess Anna Maria of Sweden, Swedish royal (b. 1545) * March 24 – Henry Cocke, English politician (b. 1538) * March 28 – Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, German count (b. 1546) * March 30 – Thomas Gorges, English knight (b. 1536)

April–June

* April 7 – Hirata Masumune, Japanese samurai (b. 1566) * April 15 – Robert Persons, Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (b. 1546) * April 24 – Anna of Holstein-Gottorp, German noblewoman (b. 1575) * May 11 ** Ikoma Kazumasa, Japanese samurai (b. 1555) ** Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest and servant of God (b. 1552) *

– King Henry IV of France, (assassinated) (b. 1553) * May 17 – Gervase Babington, English churchman (b. 1549) * May 19 – Thomas Sanchez, Spanish theologian (b. 1550) *

–

, French assassin of Henry IV of France (executed) (b. 1578) * June 4 – David Hilchen, Baltic German humanist and politician (b. 1561) * June 13 – Thomas Tesdale, English maltster (b. 1547)

July–September

* July – Richard Knolles, English historian (b. 1545) * July 14 – Francis Solanus, Spanish friar and missionary in South America (b. 1549) * July 17 – Amandus Polanus, German writer (b. 1561) * July 18 – Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian painter active in Rome (b. 1571) * July 22 – Charles I, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1540) * July 27 – Jacob van Langren, Dutch cartographer and globe-maker (b. 1525) * August 20 – Stanisław Stadnicki, Polish nobleman (b. 1551) * August 25 – Mabel Browne, Countess of Kildare, Irish noble (b. 1536) * September 13 – Tomás de Borja y Castro, Spanish Catholic archbishop (b. 1551) *

– Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (b. 1574) * September 22 – Jan Moretus, Belgian printer (b. 1543)

October–December

* October 14 – Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1540) * November 2 – Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1544) * November 24 – Duchess Sophie of Prussia, duchess consort of Courland (1609–1610) (b. 1582) * December 3 – Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese soldier (b. 1548) * December 10 – John Roberts (martyr), John Roberts, Welsh Benedictine monk and priest (b. 1577) * December 11 ** Adam Elsheimer, German artist working in Rome who died at only thirty-two (b. 1578) ** False Dmitry II, pretender to the Russian throne * December 21 – Catherine Vasa, Swedish princess (b. 1539) * December 31 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (b. 1540)

References

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