The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1,

1201 Year 1201 ( MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * July 31 – John Komnenos the Fat, a Byzantine aristocrat, attempts to usurp the imperial throne; he is proclaim ...

(represented by the

Roman numerals Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, eac ...

MCCI) through December 31,

1300 The year 1300 ( MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar. It was the last year of the 13th century, and the first year of the 14th century. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. January ...

(MCCC) in accordance with the

Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts ...

. The

Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in human history, history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Euro ...

was founded by

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...

, which stretched from

Eastern Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan ...

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

. The conquests of

Hulagu Khan Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu; ; ; ; ( 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. As a son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of ...

and other

Mongol invasions The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...

changed the course of the

Muslim world The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is ...

, most notably the

Siege of Baghdad (1258) The siege of Baghdad took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu Khan, Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked Baghdad, the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after a series of provocations from its ruler, caliph ...

and the destruction of the

House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom ( ), also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, was believed to be a major Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid-era public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad. In popular reference, it acted as one of the world's largest publ ...

. Other Muslim powers such as the

Mali Empire The Mali Empire (Manding languages, Manding: ''Mandé''Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: ''UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'', p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. or ''Manden ...

and

Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a Medieval India, late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

conquered large parts of

West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...

and the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

, while

Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

witnessed a decline through the conquest led by

Bakhtiyar Khilji Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bi ...

. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably

Samudera Pasai The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Little evidence has been left to allow for historical ...

. The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories. Europe entered the apex of the

High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history between and ; it was preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended according to historiographical convention ...

, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the

Reconquista The ''Reconquista'' (Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese for ) or the fall of al-Andalus was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian Reconquista#Northern Christian realms, kingdoms waged ag ...

and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the

Teutonic Order The Teutonic Order is a religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious institution founded as a military order (religious society), military society in Acre, Israel, Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Sa ...

Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and

Livonia Livonia, known in earlier records as Livland, is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia. By the end of the 13th century, the name was extende ...

. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years,

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas ( ; ; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican Order, Dominican friar and Catholic priest, priest, the foremost Scholasticism, Scholastic thinker, as well as one of the most influential philosophers and theologians in the W ...

developed

Scholasticism Scholasticism was a medieval European philosophical movement or methodology that was the predominant education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It is known for employing logically precise analyses and reconciling classical philosophy and Ca ...

, which dominated the curricula of the new universities. In England, King John signed the

Magna Carta (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter"), sometimes spelled Magna Charta, is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardin ...

, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence. The

Southern Song The Song dynasty ( ) was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending ...

dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...

of the Mongols. The

Kamakura Shogunate The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yori ...

of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty. In

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, according to some population estimates, the population of

Cahokia Cahokia Mounds ( 11 MS 2) is the site of a Native American city (which existed 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from present-day St. Louis. The state archaeology park lies in south-western Illinois between East St. L ...

grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

. In

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

, the

Kingdom of Cuzco The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled ''Cuzco'' and in Quechua ''Qosqo'' or ''Qusqu''), also called the Cusco confederation, the Cusco chiefdom, or the Inca Kingdom, was a small polity based in the Andean city of Cusco that began as a small ...

began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In

Mayan civilization The Maya civilization () was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from Ancient history, antiquity to the early modern period. It is known by Maya architecture#Pyramids and temples, its ancient temples and glyphs (script). The Maya script ...

, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The

Kanem Empire Kanem may refer to: * Kanem–Bornu Empire, existed in modern Chad and Nigeria known to Arabian geographers from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900 * Kanem Prefecture, of former prefectures of Chad * ...

in what is now

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.

Events

1201–1209

1202 Year 1202 ( MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Fourth Crusade * April–May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expecte ...

: Introduction of by

Fibonacci Leonardo Bonacci ( – ), commonly known as Fibonacci, was an Italians, Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages". The name he is commonly called, ''Fibonacci ...

. *

Battle of Basian The Battle of Basiani was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljukid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani Valley, 60 km north-east of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Turkey. The date of the battle has been d ...

occurs on July 27, between

Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia (), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a Middle Ages, medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in Anno Domini, AD. It reached Georgian Golden Age, its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign ...

and

Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...

. *

Battle of Mirebeau The Battle of Mirebeau was a battle in 1202 between the House of Lusignan-Breton alliance and the Kingdom of England. King John of England successfully smashed the Lusignan army by surprise. Background After Richard I's death on 6 April 119 ...

occurs on August 1, between

Arthur I of Brittany Arthur I (; ) (29 March 1187 – presumably 1203) was 4th Earl of Richmond and Duke of Brittany between 1196 and 1203. He was the posthumous son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. Through Geoffrey, Arthur was t ...

and

John of England John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empi ...

. *

1204 Year 1204 ( MCCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events * January 27– 28 – Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos is overthrown in a revolution. * February 5 – Alexios V Doukas is crowned Byzant ...

Islamization The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted ...

Bengal Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...

Bakhtiyar Khalji Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bi ...

and oppression of Buddhism in East India. *

Fourth Crusade The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first defeating the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid S ...

–

captures

Zadar Zadar ( , ), historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian, ; see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Croatia. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ...

for

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

and sacks

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

, creating the

Latin Empire The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantin ...

. *

: Fall of

Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...

from Angevin hands to the

French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

King,

Philip Augustus Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), also known as Philip Augustus (), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks (Latin: ''rex Francorum''), but from 1190 onward, Philip became the firs ...

, end of

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 9th and 10th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norma ...

domination of France. *

1205 Year 1205 ( MCCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Spring – Theodore I Laskaris is proclaimed Byzantine emperor (or ''basileus''), formally founding the Empire of ...

: The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and

Crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding ...

under Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. *

1206 Year 1206 ( MCCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * January 31 – Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), under Tsar Kaloyan, defeat the remnants o ...

is declared

Great Khan Khagan or Qaghan ( Middle Mongol:; or ''Khagan''; ) or zh, c=大汗, p=Dàhán; ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan, Khaqan, Xagahn, Qaghan, Chagan, Қан, or Kha'an is a title of imperial ...

the Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mon ...

. * 1206: The

is established in Northern India under the Mamluk Dynasty. *

1209 Year 1209 ( MCCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in ...

Francis of Assisi Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone ( 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi, was an Italians, Italian Mysticism, mystic, poet and Friar, Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans. Inspired to lead a Chris ...

founds the

Franciscan Order The Franciscans are a group of related organizations in the Catholic Church, founded or inspired by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi. They include three independent Religious institute, religious orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor bei ...

. *

: The

Albigensian Crusade The Albigensian Crusade (), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted pri ...

is declared by

Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III (; born Lotario dei Conti di Segni; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216. Pope Innocent was one of the most power ...

1210s The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1210s ...

1210 Year 1210 ( MCCX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – The Second Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika (in mod ...

Qutb-ud-Din Aibak Qutb ud-Din Aibak (; 1150 – 4 November 1210) was a Turkic general of the Ghurid emperor Muhammad Ghori. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's assassination in 1206, he established his own ...

, the first ruler of the

, fell down from a horse while playing

chovgan Chovgan, Chowgan or Chogan () is a team sport with horses that originated in ancient History of Iran, Iran (Name of Iran, Persia). It was considered an aristocratic game and held in a separate field, on specially trained horses. The game was wi ...

(a form of

polo Polo is a stick and ball game that is played on horseback as a traditional field sport. It is one of the world's oldest known team sports, having been adopted in the Western world from the game of Chovgan (), which originated in ancient ...

on horseback) in

Lahore Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...

and died instantly when the pommel of the saddle pierced his ribs. *

1212 Year 1212 ( MCCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place England * July 10 – The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over ...

: The

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the ''Reconquista'' and the Spain in the Middle Ages, medieval history of Spain. The Christian ...

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, compri ...

marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

, mainly from

1230 Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komnenos (Doukas) invade Bulgaria, breaking ...

–

1248 Year 1248 (Roman numerals, MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Seventh Crusade * August 12 – King Louis IX of France, Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his wif ...

, with the defeat of

Moorish The term Moor is an exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defi ...

forces. *

: Frederick of Sicily is crowned

King of the Romans King of the Romans (; ) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward. The title originally referred to any German king between his election and coronatio ...

at Mainz. *

1213 Year 1213 ( MCCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events * May 15 – King John of England submits to Pope Innocent III, who in turn lifts the interdict of 1208 the following year. * May 30 – Bat ...

: The Kingdom of France defeats the

Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon (, ) ;, ; ; . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Sp ...

at the

Battle of Muret The Battle of Muret (Occitan: Batalha de Murèth), fought on 12 September 1213 near Muret, 25 km south of Toulouse, was the last major battle of the Albigensian Crusade and one of the most notable pitched battles of the Middle Ages. Althoug ...

. *

1214 Year 1214 ( MCCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1214th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 214th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 13th century, and the ...

: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the

Battle of Bouvines The Battle of Bouvines took place on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War (1213–14), Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troo ...

. *

1215 Year 1215 ( MCCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By continent Europe * January 8 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier (Sou ...

: King John signs

Runnymede Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, bordering Berkshire and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with ...

. *

1216 Year 1261 ( MCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By continent Europe * Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by John, King of England ("Lackland"), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed ...

Battle of Lipitsa The Battle of Lipitsa () was the decisive battle in the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216), the struggle over the grand princely throne following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In the battle, fought on 22 April 1216, the for ...

between Russian principalities. *

: Maravarman Sundara I reestablishes the

Pandya Dynasty The Pandya dynasty (), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras. Existing sinc ...

in Southern India *

1217 Year 1217 ( MCCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events Fifth Crusade * Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in Split, i ...

–

1221 Year 1221 ( MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * November – Emperor Theodore I Laskaris dies after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by his son-in-law John III Do ...

Fifth Crusade The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 - August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al- ...

captures Egyptian

Ayyubid The Ayyubid dynasty (), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultan of Egypt, Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate of Egyp ...

port city of

Damietta Damietta ( ' ) is a harbor, port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt. It is located at the Damietta branch, an eastern distributary of the Nile Delta, from the Mediterranean Sea, and about north of Cairo. It was a Cath ...

; ultimately the

withdraw.

1220s The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229. Significant people * Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, Almohad Caliph of Morocco * Abu Zakariya, first Sultan of the Hafsid Dynasty of Ifriqiya ...

* c.

1220 Year 1220 ( MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Fifth Crusade * July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The town is ...

: The

Kingdom of Mapungubwe The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (pronounced ) was an ancient state located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers in South Africa, south of Great Zimbabwe. The capital's population was 5,000 by 1250, and the state likely covered 30,000 k ...

was established *

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (, , , ; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of Emperor Henry VI, Holy Roman ...

is crowned in Rome *

Merv Merv (, ', ; ), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian peoples, Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan. Human settlements on the site of Merv existed from the 3rd millennium& ...

Herat Herāt (; Dari/Pashto: هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Se ...

Bamyan Bamyan (), also spelled Bamian or Bamiyan, is the capital of Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan. Its population of approximately 100,000 people makes it the largest city in Hazarajat. Bamyan is at an altitude of about above sea level. The ...

and

Nishapur Nishapur or Neyshabur (, also ) is a city in the Central District (Nishapur County), Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Ni ...

are destroyed in the

Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol Empire, Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The campaign, which followed Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai, the annexation of the Qara Khitai Khanate ...

. *

1222 Year 1222 ( MCCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Asia * The Ghurid dynasty capital of Firozkoh (in modern-day Afghanistan) is destroyed, by Mongol Emperor Ögedei Khan. * After the in ...

Andrew II of Hungary Andrew II (, , , ; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and King of Croatia, Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and ...

signs the

Golden Bull A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine emperors and monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Description A golden bull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors. It was later used by monarchs in Europe ...

which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility. *

1223 Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March * January 4 – Germanus II of Constantinople, Germanus II takes office as Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern O ...

: The

Signoria A ''signoria'' () was the governing authority in many of the Italian city-states during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. The word ''signoria'' comes from ''signore'' (), or "lord", an abstract noun meaning (roughly) "government", "governi ...

of the

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...

is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia. *

: The

defeats various Russian principalities at the

Battle of the Kalka River The Battle of the Kalka River was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kievan Rus', Kiev and Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia, Galicia-Volhynia, and t ...

. *

Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now Europea ...

defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the

Battle of Samara Bend The Battle of Samara Bend (), also known as the Battle of Kernek, was the first battle between the Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol Empire, which took place during the autumn of 1223 at the southern border of Volga Bulgaria. It is famous for being ...

. *

1225 Year 1225 ( MCCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Mongol Empire * Autumn – Subutai is assigned a new campaign by Genghis Khan against the Tanguts. He crosses the Gobi Desert wit ...

Trần dynasty The Trần dynasty (Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳; Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: triều Trần, chữ Hán: ikt:朝ikt:陳, 朝wikt:陳, 陳), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was a List ...

of Vietnam was established by Emperor

Trần Thái Tông Trần Thái Tông (17 July 1218 – 5 May 1277), Vietnamese name, personal name Trần Cảnh or Trần Nhật Cảnh, temple name Thái Tông, was the first emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigned Đại Việt for 33 years (1226–58), being R ...

ascended to the throne after his uncle

Trần Thủ Độ Prince Trung Vũ Trần Thủ Độ ( vi-hantu, 陳守度, 1194–1264) was a general and leader of the Trần clan during the reign of Lý Huệ Tông and Lý Chiêu Hoàng of Vietnam. He was the chief mastermind between the overthrowal the L� ...

orchestrated the overthrow of the

Lý dynasty The Lý dynasty (, , chữ Nôm: 茹李, chữ Hán: 朝李, Vietnamese language, Vietnamese: ''triều Lý''), officially Đại Cồ Việt (chữ Hán: 大瞿越) from 1009 to 1054 and Đại Việt (chữ Hán: 大越) from 1054 to 1225, was ...

. *

1226 Year 1226 ( MCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * June – King Louis VIII (the Lion) leads a Crusade against the Cathars (Albigensians) and Raymond VII, count of Toulou ...

–

1250 Year 1250 ( MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place World * The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals. * World climate transitions from the Medieval Warm Pe ...

: Dispute between the so-called second

Lombard League The Lombard League (; ) was an alliance of cities formed in 1167, and supported by the popes, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperors to establish direct royal administrative control over the cities of the Kingdom of It ...

and

Emperor Frederick II Frederick II (, , , ; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of Emperor Henry VI of the Ho ...

. *

1227 Year 1227 ( MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ...

Estonians Estonians or Estonian people () are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia. Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finni ...

are finally subjugated to German crusader rule during the

Livonian Crusade The Livonian crusade consists of the various military Crusade, Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Pope, Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century. Overview Historic ...

. *

dies. *

1228 Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Sixth Crusade * Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary force and arrives in Acre in the Middl ...

–

1229 Year 1229 ( MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Sixth Crusade * February 18 – Treaty of Jaffa: Emperor Frederick II signs a 10-year truce together with Sultan Al-Kamil and his ...

Sixth Crusade The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actua ...

under the excommunicated

, who returns

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

to the

Crusader States The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities established in the Levant region and southeastern Anatolia from 1098 to 1291. Following the principles of feudalism, the foundation for these polities was laid by the First Crusade ...

in a negotiated settlement with the Sultan of Egypt,

Al-Kamil Al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir ad-Din Muhammad (; – 6 March 1238), titled Abu al-Maali (), was an Egyptian ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Franki ...

–

: First clash between

Gregory IX Pope Gregory IX (; born Ugolino di Conti; 1145 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the '' Decretales'' and instituting the P ...

and

1230s The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1230s ...

1231 Year 1231 ( MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for Sicily, as we ...

promulgates the

Constitutions of Melfi The Constitutions of Melfi, or ''Liber Augustalis'',Also called the ''Liber Constitutionum Regni Siciliae'' or ''Constitutiones Melphitanae'', from which its informal name, Constitutions of Melfi, derives. The name Liber Augustalis was invented by ...

, a far-reaching legal code influential in the development of continental European statehood. *

1232 Year 1232 ( MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * June 15 – Battle of Agridi: The Cypriot army under King Henry I ("the Fat") defeats the Lombard forces of Emperor Fre ...

: The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the

Jin dynasty Jin may refer to: States Jìn 晉 * Jin (Chinese state) (晉國), major state of the Zhou dynasty, existing from the 11th century BC to 376 BC * Jin dynasty (266–420) (晉朝), also known as Liang Jin and Sima Jin * Jin (Later Tang precursor) ...

, capturing it in the following year. *

1233 Year 1233 ( MCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * War of the Lombards: Lombard forces at Kyrenia surrender to John of Beirut, after a 10-month siege. The defenders, with ...

: Battle of Ganter,

Ken Arok Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok), Rajasa (died c. 1227), was the founder and first ruler of Singhasari (also spelled Singosari), a medieval Indianized Hindu–Buddhist kingdom in the East Java area of Indonesia. He is considered the founder of the Raja ...

defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established

Singhasari Singhasari ( or , ), also known as Tumapel, was a Javanese people, Javanese Hindu-Buddist empires, Hindu-Buddhist Monarchy, kingdom located in east Java (island), Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as th ...

kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of

Isyana Dynasty The Ishana dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of Mataram, was a dynasty of the Hindu Mataram Kingdom on the island of Java. Ishana (Sanskrit: ईशान, IAST: Īśāna, ) refers to a Hindu god who is often considered to be one of the forms of the Hi ...

and started his own

Rajasa dynasty The Rajasa dynasty ( Javanese: ꦫꦴꦗꦱ, IAST: ''Rājasa'') was the ruling dynasty of Singhasari and later Majapahit during the 13th to 15th centuries in eastern Java. The rulers of the Rajasa dynasty trace their origins back to Śrī Ranggah R ...

. *

1235 Year 1235 ( MCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events * Connacht in Ireland is finally conquered by the Hiberno-Norman Richard Mór de Burgh; Felim Ua Conchobair is expelled. * A general inquisition begins ...

: The

Mandinka Mandinka, Mandika, Mandinkha, Mandinko, or Mandingo may refer to: Media * Mandingo (novel), ''Mandingo'' (novel), a bestselling novel published in 1957 * Mandingo (film), ''Mandingo'' (film), a 1975 film based on the eponymous 1957 novel * ''Man ...

kingdoms unite to form the

which leads to the downfall of

Sosso The Sosso Empire, also written as Soso or Susu, or alternatively Kaniaga, was kingdom of West Africa that originated as a vassal of the Ghana Empire before breaking away and conquering their former overlords. Inhabited by the Soninke ancestors ...

in the 1230s. *

1237 Year 1237 ( MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) to crush the rebellious Lombard L ...

virtually annihilates the forces of the second

at the

Battle of Cortenuova The Battle of Cortenuova (sometimes spelled Cortenova) was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars: in it, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Second Lombard League. Background In 1235 Emperor Fr ...

. *

1239 Year 1239 ( MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – A German expeditionary force under Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, invades the Romagna and Tuscany, hoping ...

–

: Third conflict between the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

and the

Papacy The pope is the bishop of Rome and the Head of the Church#Catholic Church, visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the po ...

. *

–

1240 Year 1240 ( MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May 24 – Duke Skule Bårdsson, claimant to the Norwegian throne, is defeated by King Haakon IV (the Old) and his supporters. ...

conquers

Kievan Rus Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,. * was the first East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of Russ ...

. *

1238 Year 1238 ( MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Mongol Empire * January 15– 20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern ...

: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of

Sukhothai Kingdom The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (Mandala (political model), ''maṇḍala'') in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai Historical Park, Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thaila ...

1240s The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249. Significant people Fibonacci. Fibonacci sequence and Liber Abbaci References {{DEFAULTSORT:1240s ...

: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the

Battle of the Neva The Battle of the Neva (; ; ) was fought between the Novgorod Republic, along with Karelians, and the Kingdom of Sweden (Middle Ages), Kingdom of Sweden, including Kingdom of Norway (872–1397), Norwegian, Finns proper, Finnish and Tavastians, ...

. *

1241 Year 1241 ( MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events * March 18 – Battle of Chmielnik ( Mongol invasion of Poland): The Mongols overwhelm the feudal Polish armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces ...

defeats Hungary at the

Battle of Mohi The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) was a pivotal conflict between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The battle took place at Muhi (then Mohi), a town located in present-day Hungary, southwest of ...

and defeats Poland at the

Battle of Legnica The Battle of Legnica (), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz () or Battle of Wahlstatt (), was fought between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces at the village of Legnickie Pole (''Wahlstatt''), approximately southeast of the ci ...

. Hungary and Poland ravaged. *

1242 Year 1242 ( MCCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Prince Alexander Nevsky is joined by his brother Andrey II (Yaroslavich) at Novgorod, supported with his el ...

: Russians defeat the

Teutonic Knights The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to t ...

at the

Battle of Lake Peipus The Battle on the Ice, also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus, took place on 5 April 1242. It was fought on the frozen Lake Peipus when the united forces of the Novgorod Republic, Republic of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, led by Prince Alexande ...

. *

1243 Year 1243 ( MCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * March – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) turns the independent Taifa of Murcia into a protectorate, and initiates the ...

–

: Second

–

War. *

1244 Year 1244 (Roman numerals, MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * March 16 – Siege of Montségur: French forces capture and destroy Château de Montségur in Languedoc, after ...

Ayyubids The Ayyubid dynasty (), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish ori ...

and Khwarezmians defeat the

and their Muslim allies at the

Battle of La Forbie A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force co ...

. *

1249 Year 1249 (Roman numerals, MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Seventh Crusade * May 13 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") assembles a Crusader fleet of 120 transports and ...

: End of the Portuguese

against the

Moors The term Moor is an Endonym and exonym, exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslims, Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a s ...

, when King

Afonso III of Portugal Afonso IIIrare English alternatives: ''Alphonzo'' or ''Alphonse'', or ''Affonso'' (Archaic Portuguese), ''Alfonso'' or ''Alphonso'' (Portuguese-Galician languages, Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonsus'' (Latin). (; 5 May 121016 February 1279), ca ...

reconquers the

Algarve The Algarve (, , ) is the southernmost NUTS statistical regions of Portugal, NUTS II region of continental Portugal. It has an area of with 467,495 permanent inhabitants and incorporates 16 municipalities (concelho, ''concelhos'' or ''município ...

. *

–1254: Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian

port city of

, crusaders ultimately withdraw, after the capture of French king Louis IX of France, Louis IX. Mamelukes overthrow

Dynasty.

1250s

By 1250, Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture. *

: The Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt. *

: Death of

on December 13th. *1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku. * 1258: Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. * 1258: Pandya dynasty, Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka. * 1259: Treaty of Paris (1259), Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX of France, Louis IX and Henry III of England, Henry III

1260s

* 1260: Mongols first major war defeat in the Battle of Ain Jalut against the Mamluk Sultanate, Egyptians. * 1260: Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of

. * 1261: Byzantine Greeks, Byzantines under Michael VIII retake

from the

and

. * 1262: Iceland brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant (Iceland), Old Covenant. * 1265: Dominican theologian

begins to write his Summa Theologica, ''Summa Theologiae''. * 1268: Fall of the Crusader states, Crusader State of Antioch to the Egyptians.

1270s

* 1270:

dynasty swears allegiance to the

. * 1270: The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the Solomonic dynasty. * 1271: Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Akko, Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars. * 1272–1274: Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire with the State church of the Roman Empire, Church of Rome. * 1274: The Mongols launch their first Mongol invasions of Japan#First invasion (1274), invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze (typhoon), Kamikaze winds. * 1274: The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds) * 1275: Dnyaneshwar, Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote ''Dnyaneshwari'' (a commentary on the ''Bhagavad Gita'') and ''Amrutanubhav'' was born. * 1275: King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292). * 1277: Passage of the last and most important of the Condemnations of 1210–1277, Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelianism, Aristotelian propositions * 1279: The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols. *1279: The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.

1280s

* 1281: The Mongols launch their second Mongol invasions of Japan#Second invasion (1281), invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds. * 1282: Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers. * 1284: Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely. * 1284: King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to Bali, integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory. * 1285: Second Tatar invasions, Mongol raid against Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, led by Nogai Khan. * 1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun. * 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.

1290–1300

* The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty. * 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England. * 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Canton of Uri, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms. * 1291: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Siege of Acre (1291), Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades). * 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara of Singhasari, Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom. * 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Perlak, Aceh, Ferlec, Samudra Pasai, Samudera and Lambri. * 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lan Na, Lanna kingdom. * 1293: Mongol invasion of Java. Kublai Khan of

China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces. * 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Raden Wijaya, Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java. * 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins. * 1297: Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein. * 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I. *

: Islam is likely The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600), established in the Aceh region. *

: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, Kutai Lama. *

: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku. *

: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Greater India, Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

* Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints ''Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut'', during the Southern Song dynasty (now in Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri). * The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Classical music, Western European music. * Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books. * Manuscript culture#Pecia system, ''Pecia'' system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century. * Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official), Wang Zhen in 1298. * The earliest known rockets, landmines, and History of firearms, handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare. * The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world. * Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London. *1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apexBerlo and Phillips, 275 * 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy. * Late 13th century – ''Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace'' is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. * Late 13th century – ''Descent of the Amida Trinity'', raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago. * The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century 13th century, 2nd millennium Centuries

Events

1201–1209

1210s The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1210s ...

1220s The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229. Significant people * Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, Almohad Caliph of Morocco * Abu Zakariya, first Sultan of the Hafsid Dynasty of Ifriqiya ...

1230s The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1230s ...

1240s The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249. Significant people Fibonacci. Fibonacci sequence and Liber Abbaci References {{DEFAULTSORT:1240s ...

1250s

1260s

1270s

1280s

1290–1300

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

See also

References

External links