1118 Papal Election
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The 1118 papal election was held to choose the successor for
Pope Paschal II Pope Paschal II (; 1050  1055 – 21 January 1118), born Raniero Raineri di Bleda, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was creat ...
, who died in
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate.
Pope Gelasius II Pope Gelasius II (c. 1060/1064 – 29 January 1119), born Giovanni Caetani or Giovanni da Gaeta (also called ''Coniulo''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1118 to his death in 1119. A monk of Monte C ...
was elected as his successor. The election happened during the
Investiture Controversy The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (, , ) was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe, the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture), abbots of monasteri ...
, a conflict between supporters of the papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, Santa Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by the Frangipani faction, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival with his army, he fled Rome and never returned.


Cardinal-electors

The
Papal bull A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by the pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden Seal (emblem), seal (''bulla (seal), bulla'') traditionally appended to authenticate it. History Papal ...
entitled, '' In Nomine Domini,'' issued by
Pope Nicholas II Pope Nicholas II (; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), otherwise known as Gerard of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1059 until his death in 27 July 1061. At the time of his election, he was bish ...
in 1059, declared that, to choose the successor upon the death of the incumbent pope, the cardinal-bishops would discuss and present the name of a suitable candidate, and the cardinals would subsequently ratify the nomination. Information regarding the Cardinals during the election was compiled over 12 years later by Pandulf of Pisa, cardinal-priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano. The account is not complete. Indeed, some historians have pointed out the inaccuracy of Pandulf's account, including his list of electors, given his support for
Antipope Anacletus II Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinals ...
(1130–1138), who made him a cardinal. Pandulf states that the election was attended by 49 cardinals: four bishops, 27 priests, and 18 deacons. Still, the account mentions the names of only 35 cardinals (four bishops, 20 priests, and 11 deacons), including the elected Gelasius. However, the status of the cardinals, priests, and deacons was unclear from the Pandulf account. In addition, several cardinals mentioned by Pandulf only obtained that position when elevated after the papal election by a later pope. Other chroniclers also made incomplete accounts. According to the work of Rudolf Huls, the College of Cardinals had only 41 members as of January 1118: 6 bishops, 20 priests, and 15 deacons, of which the following 36 participated in the election:


Cardinal Bishops

* Crescenzio (nominated cardinal in 1100) -
Cardinal-bishop of Sabina A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. As titular members of the clergy of the Diocese of Rome, they serve as advisors to the pope, who is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. ...
* Pietro Senex (1102) - Cardinal-bishop of Porto * Lamberto Scannabecchi -
Cardinal-bishop of Ostia The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia is an ecclesiastical territory located within the Metropolitan City of Rome in Italy. It is one of the seven suburbicarian dioceses. The incumbent bishop is Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re. For cen ...
* Vitalis (1111) -
Cardinal-bishop of Albano The Diocese of Albano () is a Latin suburbicarian see of the Diocese of Rome in Italy, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome. Albano Laziale is situated on the Appian Way some from Rome. Since 1966, it has both a titular bishop and ...


Cardinal Priests

*
Boniface Boniface, OSB (born Wynfreth; 675 –5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century. He organised significant foundations of the church i ...
(1100) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Marco; ''prior cardinalium'' *
Benedict Benedict may refer to: People Names *Benedict (given name), including a list of people with the given name *Benedict (surname), including a list of people with the surname Religious figures * Pope Benedict I (died 579) *Pope Benedict II (635– ...
(1102) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli * Anastasius (1102) - Cardinal-Priest of
S. Clemente The Basilica of Saint Clement () is a Latin Catholic minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) the present basilica built just befor ...
* Divizo (1103) - Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino *
Joannes Joannes or John (; died 425) was Western Roman emperor from 423 to 425. On the death of the Western emperor Honorius, Theodosius II, the last remaining ruler of the Theodosian dynasty, did not immediately announce a successor. In the ''inter ...
(1106) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Cecilia * Theobaldus (1111) - Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo *
Rainerius Rainerius (''c''. 1115/1117 – 1160) is the patron saint of Pisa and patron saint of travellers. André Vauchez (1993) ''The Laity in the Middle Ages: Religious Beliefs and Devotional Practices'', Daniel E. Bornstein, ed., and Margery J. Sch ...
(1111) - Cardinal-Priest of
Ss. Marcellino e Pietro Saints Marcellinus and Peter (sometimes called ''Petrus Exorcista'' - Peter the Exorcist;Alban Butler, Kathleen Jones, Paul Burns, ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997), 14. ) are venerated within the Cat ...
* Corrado della Suburra (1114) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Pudenziana * Gregory (1115) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Prisca *
Desiderius Desiderius, also known as Daufer or Dauferius (born – died ), was king of the Lombards in northern Italy, ruling from 756 to 774. The Frankish king of renown, Charlemagne, married Desiderius's daughter and subsequently conquered his realm. De ...
(c. 1115) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede * Deusdedit (1116) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso *
Gregorius Gregorius or ''The Good Sinner'' is a Middle High German narrative poem by Hartmann von Aue. Written around 1190 in rhyming couplets, it tells the story of a child born of the incestuous union of a brother and sister, who is brought up in a mon ...
(1116) - Cardinal-Priest of
San Lorenzo in Lucina The Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence in Lucina ( or simply ; ) is a Roman Catholic parish, titular church, and minor basilica in central Rome, Italy. The basilica is located in Piazza di San Lorenzo in Lucina in the Rione Colonna, about two blocks ...
* Giovanni, O.S.B. Cas. (1116) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio * Guido, O.S.B. (1116) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Balbina * Giovanni da Crema (1116) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono * Saxo de Anagnia (1116) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio * Petrus Pisanus (1113) - Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna * Amico, O.S.B. Cas. (1117) - Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo; Abbot of S. Vincenzo al Volturno


Cardinal Deacons

* Giovanni Gaetani, O.S.B. Cas. (1088) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin; Cardinal-protodeacon. * Gregorio, OSB (c. 1108) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio * Romoaldo (1109) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata * Gregorio Gaetano (1109) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio * Aldo da Ferentino (1109) - Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco * Teobaldo Boccapecora (1109) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Nuova * Roscemanno, O.S.B.Cas. (1112) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro * Pietro Pierleoni, OSBCluny (1113) - Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano *
Oderisio di Sangro Oderisio di Sangro (died on 30 August of an uncertain year, probably 1137) was an Italian Benedictine monk and cardinal, the son of Count Rinaldo of the family of the conti di Sangro in the Marsi. He joined the order of St. Benedict at the abbey of ...
, O.S.B.Cas. (1112) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Agata * Comes (1113) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro * Gregorio Papareschi (1116) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria * Crisogono (1117) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere * Enrico da Mazara (1117) - Cardinal-Deacon of S. Teodoro; Dean of the collegiate church of
Mazara del Vallo Mazara del Vallo (; is a city and in the province of Trapani, northwestern Sicily, Italy. It lies mainly on the left bank at the mouth of the Mazaro river. It is an agricultural and fishing centre and its port gives shelter to the largest fi ...
, Sicily * Crescenzio di Anagni (1117) - Cardinal-Deacon Two subdeacons were in attendance, Nicholas, Provost of the Choir School, and Amico O.S.B. (Cluny), Abbot of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.


Absent

It can be established that at least two cardinal-priests, two cardinal-bishops, and a cardinal-deacon were absent: * Giovanni Marsicano, O.S.B. (1100) -
Cardinal-bishop of Tusculum The Diocese of Frascati (Lat.: ''Tusculana'') is a Latin Church, Latin suburbicarian see of the Diocese of Rome and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy, based at Frascati, near Rome. The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop; from the Lat ...
* Kuno von Urach (1107) -
Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina The Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina () is a Latin suburbicarian diocese centered on the comune of Palestrina in Italy. The current bishop of Palestrina is Mauro Parmeggiani, who was appointed by Pope Francis on 19 February 2019. Prior to hi ...
; papal legate in France * Boso (1109) - Cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia; papal legate in Spain * Ugone d'Alatri (1116) - Cardinal-priest of Santi Dodici Apostoli; Governor Monte Circeo * Giovanni, O.S.B. (1073) - Cardinal-deacon of
Santa Maria in Domnica The Minor Basilica of St. Mary in Domnica alla Navicella (Basilica Minore di Santa Maria in Domnica alla Navicella), or simply Santa Maria in Domnica or Santa Maria alla Navicella, is a Roman Catholic basilica in Rome, Italy, dedicated to the Bless ...
; Abbot of Subiaco


The choice of Gelasius II

During his papacy, Paschal II waged the
investiture controversy The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (, , ) was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe, the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture), abbots of monasteri ...
with
Emperor Henry V Henry V (; probably 11 August 1081 or 1086 – 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1099 to 1125) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1111 to 1125), as the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. He was made co-ruler by his father, Henry IV, in ...
, who had a considerable following among the aristocracy of Rome. From 6 to 11 March 1116, Paschal II presided over a general council at the Lateran Basilica, The leader of the anti-imperial opposition to Paschal's concessions to Henry was Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta, the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. In the council, Pope Paschal was forced to condemn his own ''privilegium.'' This was a concession that Paschal had granted to the emperor, allowing the emperor to invest bishops with his staff and ring of office. Paschal agreed to again anathematize any person who gave or received ecclesiastical titles from the hands of a layman, though he resisted the council's wish to anathematize the emperor. This action in the council by Paschal was a repudiation of the agreement he had previously reached with the emperor. It caused great offense and anger. After many representations to the pope, Henry marched on Rome. On 5 April 1117, supporters of the emperor forced Paschal to flee the Lateran palace. He spent his time at Montecassino, and then Benevento. There he held a synod, where he excommunicated the emperor's friend, Maurice Burdinus, the
archbishop of Braga The Archdiocese of Braga () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Portugal. It is known for its use of the Rite of Braga, a use of the liturgy distinct from the Roman Rite and other Latin liturgical ...
, who had been the go-between in recent negotiations. He returned to Rome to the
Castel Sant'Angelo Castel Sant'Angelo ( ), also known as Mausoleum of Hadrian (), is a towering rotunda (cylindrical building) in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. ...
on 14 January 1118, where he died on 21 January. After his death, the Cardinals took refuge in the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara), a Benedictine monastery on the
Palatine Hill The Palatine Hill (; Classical Latin: ''Palatium''; Neo-Latin: ''Collis/Mons Palatinus''; ), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city; it has been called "the first nucleus of the ...
, fearing the violence of supporters of the emperor. The meetings were presided over by Cardinal Petrus of Porto. He waited the three canonical days before beginning the election, having also sent a swift messenger summoning Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani, who was at Montecassino. On 24 January 1118, three days after the customary prayers and devotions, the electors unanimously chose Cardinal Giovanni Coniulo from Gaeta for the papacy, the cardinal-deacon of
Santa Maria in Cosmedin The Basilica of Saint Mary in Cosmedin (; Latin: Santa Maria ''de Schola Graeca'') is a minor basilica, minor basilican churches of Rome, church in Rome, Italy, dedicated to the Mary, mother of Jesus, Virgin Mary. It is located in the rione (neig ...
and Chancellor of the Holy See. On election, he adopted the
papal name A papal name or pontifical name is the regnal name taken by a pope. Both the head of the Catholic Church, usually known as the pope, and the pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (Coptic pope) choose papal names. , Leo XIV is the C ...
Gelasius II.


Aftermath

Shortly after his election, as the clergy and people were celebrating Gelasius' enthronement, Cenzio Frangipani, a supporter of the emperor, whose house and headquarters were next door to S. Maria in Pallara, broke into the church with his followers and assaulted the pope. The pope was seized and carried off to Frangipani's house, where he was chained and imprisoned. Pope Gelasius II was freed by a popular uprising led by Peter, the Prefect of Rome. However, as the emperor Henry and his army approached the city, Gelasius fled from Rome to his native Gaeta on March 1, where he was ordained as a priest on 9 March 1118. He was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on 10 March. Pandulphus Pisanus was ordained a lector and an exorcist on the same day. He then fled to Pisa and ultimately to France, where he remained until his death at the Abbey of Cluny on 29 January 1119. In his absence, the papal vicar in Rome was Cardinal Petrus, the Bishop of Porto.Falco of Benevento, in: Ludovico Antonio Muratori, ''Rerum Italicarum Scriptores'' Tomus V, p. 93.


Notes


References


Bibliography

* Furst, C. G. (1966).'' Kennen Wir die Wahlern Gelsius' II?'', In:'' Festschrift Karl Pivec. Zum 60 Geburtstag von gewidmet Kollegen'', edited by Anton Haidacher, Hans Eberhard Mayer, ed. Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Leopold-Franzens-Universität, 1966, pp. 69–80. * Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). ''History of Rome in the Middle Ages''. Volume IV. 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896) ook VIII chapter 2 pp. 377–389. * Hüls, Rudolf (1977). '' Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130'', Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. * Jaffé, Philipp, ''Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum p. Chr. n. 1198'' ; 2nd ed. by S. Löwenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald Vol 1. Leipzig, 1888. * Klewitz, H. W. (1957). '' Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg'', Darmstadt 1957. * Robinson, I. S. (1990). '' The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovations'', Cambridge University Press 1990. *


External links

*J. P. Adams
"Sede Vacante 1118 (January 21—January 24, 1118)"
in:

Notes, by J. P. Adams, on Papal Elections and Conclaves from the 11th to the 21st Centuries.'' Retrieved: 5 August 2021. *

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1118 Year 1118 ( MCXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * August 15 – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dies after a 37-year reign, in which he has regained control over wester ...
12th-century Catholicism 1118 in Europe Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 12th century in the Papal States