104 (barge)

''104'' (also known as ''Barge 104'', or ''No.104'') was an American whaleback barge in service between 1890 and 1898. The fourth whaleback constructed, she was built between October 1889 and February 1890, in Duluth, Minnesota by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for McDougall's fleet of the same name, based in Buffalo, New York. She was a whaleback, a class of distinctive, experimental ship designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. ''104'' entered service on April 21, hauling iron ore from Two Harbors, Minnesota.

On November 10, 1898, while being towed out of Cleveland harbour with a cargo of coal bound for Duluth, she broke away from the tug ''Alva B.'' ''104'' crashed into Cleveland's west breakwater. She sank quickly, with her crew being rescued by the Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service. ''104'' was a total loss, becoming the first whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.

History

Background

''104'' was a whaleback, an innovative but not widely accepted ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them "pig boats".

After McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer ''Charles W. Wetmore'' to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer ''City of Everett''. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner ''Christopher Columbus'', whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.

Design and construction

''104'' (also known as ''Barge 104'', or ''No.104'') was constructed between October 1889 and February 1890 in Duluth, Minnesota by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on October 23, 1889. ''104'' was launched on February 6, 1890, becoming the fourth whaleback built by Alexander McDougall's company. ''104'' was identical to ''105'' and ''107'', launched in April 1890 in Duluth, and August 1890 in Superior, Wisconsin, respectively. She had an overall length of (length between perpendiculars of or ). Her hull was (or ) wide, and (or ) deep. ''104'' had a gross tonnage of 1,295 (or 1,295.44, tons) tons, and a net tonnage of 1,230 (some sources state 1,230.69, or 1,231) tons. She had a cargo carrying capacity of 3,300 tons. ''104'' was an unrigged barge, and was towed by a steam-powered ship.

Service history

''104'' was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was enrolled in Duluth, Minnesota, on April 12, 1890, and was given the US official number #53257. Her home port was Buffalo. ''104'' entered service on April 21, carrying iron ore from Two Harbors, Minnesota. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio.

On April 24, 1896, while upbound, in tow of the whaleback freighter ''A.D. Thompson'' in the Detroit River near a coal dock in Detroit, Michigan, ''104'' was struck amidships, near the waterline by the wooden bulk freighter ''Philip Minch''. ''A.D. Thompson'' and ''104'' proceeded up the Detroit River, as ''104'' did not immediately begin to fill with water, and her pumps kept her dry. However, as the two vessels entered Lake St. Clair, ''104''s pumps could no longer keep up with the influx of water, causing her to sink into (or ) of water. The wrecking tug ''Saginaw'', equipped with a steam pump, was immediately dispatched to pump ''104'' dry.

On June 8, 1896, ''104'' and the whaleback barge ''134'' broke away from the whaleback freighter ''James B. Colgate'' in a storm. As neither of them had enough time to drop anchors in order to avoid grounding, both of them ran aground on Chequamegon Point. ''104'' and ''134'' were found to be aground in of water, embedded in sand and intact. They were released by ''James B. Colgate'' and the tugs ''B.B. Inman'' and ''J.W. Ward''.

Final voyage

Late in the evening on November 10, 1898, ''104'', with 7 crewmen on board, was being towed out of Cleveland harbour by the tug ''Alva B.'' in a heavy storm. She was loaded with a cargo of coal bound for Duluth, Minnesota. Due to the heavy seas, ''104'' broke away from ''Alva B.'', and crashed into Cleveland's west breakwater, approximately northwest of the Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service. After pounding against the breakwater, ''104'' rapidly sank. Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service were notified of ''104''s situation, arriving at the scene with a lifeboat. The poor weather prevented the rescuers from throwing a line to ''104''. Instead, they maneuvered their life boat inside the breakwater. Using ropes and heaving sticks, the rescuers managed to remove ''104''s crew, and put them on the breakwater. There were no injuries, or loss of life in the wreck. ''104''s enrollment surrendered on January 14, 1899, in Buffalo, New York. An article published on November 14, in The Times Herald of Port Huron, Michigan reported that ''104'' had already broken up. She was a total loss, becoming the first whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.

Notes

References

Sources

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{{DEFAULTSORT:104, barge
1890 ships
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota
Maritime incidents in 1896
Maritime incidents in 1898
Whaleback ships
Shipwrecks of Lake Erie
Merchant ships of the United States
Barges of the United States
Shipwrecks of the Ohio coast
Ships sunk in storms