100-pounder Breech-loader

The Armstrong RBL 7-inch gun, also known as the 110-pounder, was a heavy caliber Armstrong gun, an early type of rifled breechloader.

William Armstrong's innovative combination of a rifled built-up gun with breechloading had proven suitable for small cannon. When it was applied to a 7-inch gun, it proved that the pressure caused by the explosive charge that was required to propel a 110-pound shot was too much for his breechloading system.

Description

The Armstrong "screw" breech mechanism used a heavy block inserted in a vertical slot in the barrel behind the chamber, with a large hollow screw behind it which was manually screwed tight against the block after loading. A metal cup on the front of the block, together with the pressure of the screw behind it, provided "obturation" and sealed the breech to prevent escape of gasses rearward on firing. The sliding-block was known as the "vent-piece", as the vent tube was inserted through it to fire the gun. In modern terms it was a vertical sliding-block.

To load the gun, the vent-piece was raised, the shell was inserted through the hollow screw and rammed home into the bore, and the powder cartridge was likewise inserted through the screw into the chamber. The vent-piece was lowered, the screw was tightened, a tube was inserted in the top of the vent-piece, and the gun was fired.

Shells had a thin lead coating which made them fractionally larger than the gun's bore, and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of windage as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smoothbore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

On top of each powder cartridge was a "lubricator" consisting of tallow and linseed oil between two tin plates, backed by a felt wad coated with beeswax and finally by millboard. The lubricator followed the shell down the bore, the lubricant was squeezed out between the tin plates and the wad behind it cleaned out any lead deposits left from the shell coating, leaving the bore clean for the next round.

History

This method had already proved successful in the much smaller RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt field gun, and the British Government requested it be implemented for heavy guns despite Armstrong's protests that the mechanism was unsuited to heavy guns:

The gun as first made weighed 72 cwt (8,064 lb) but the heavier 82 cwt (9,184 lb) version, incorporating a strengthening coil over the powder chamber, was the first to enter service in 1861. It was intended to replace the smoothbore muzzle-loading 68-pounder gun, and was intended to be Britain's first modern rifled breech-loading naval gun. The lighter 72 cwt version eventually entered service in 1863 for land use only.

The British government's Select Committee on Ordnance held lengthy hearings in 1862 and 1863 on the relative merits of the Armstrong breechloaders compared to other breechloaders and muzzle-loaders. It finally announced:

It was considered that with a maximum gunpowder propellant charge of only 12 pounds (soon reduced to 11 lb for the 82 cwt gun and 10 lb for the 72 cwt gun) the gun was incapable of a high enough muzzle velocity to penetrate the armour of enemy ships:

Critics also considered that the manual labour needed to raise the heavy (136 lb) vent piece out of the breech before reloading was an unnecessary combat impediment. Another objection raised was that obturation (i.e. sealing of the breech on firing) depended on how tightly the gunners turned the breech screw after loading:

As these limitations were imposed by the current Armstrong breechloading design, and as no other suitable breechloading mechanism was available, production of the 110-pounder was discontinued in 1864 and Britain reverted to muzzle-loading heavy guns. The remaining guns were moved to the role of fortress artillery where they remained in post for much of the Victorian era.

The abandonment of the Armstrong breech-loading design led Britain to begin a major program of building rifled muzzle-loaders to equip its fleet. The Armstrong 110-pound gun was succeeded by various RML 7 and 8-inch guns. 7-inch Armstrong breech-loaders under construction at the time of cancellation were completed as RML 64-pounder muzzle-loaders. However, the gun construction method developed by Armstrong for breech-loaders, of a wrought-iron "A" tube surrounded by wrought-iron coils, was considered sound and was retained for the first generation of new rifled muzzle-loaders in the mid-1860s.

When Britain returned to breech-loaders in 1880 it used the Elswick cup and the French De Bange obturation systems, both of which used the power of the gun's firing to achieve obturation rather than manual labour.

Use in action

The gun was used extensively by Royal Navy ships against land fortifications in the Bombardment of Kagoshima and Bombardment of Shimonoseki in 1863 and 1864. We have two descriptions of the same incident aboard at the Bombardment of Kagoshima in August 1863:

The guns, while functioning well when correctly handled, were hence seen to be difficult and potentially dangerous to use under the stress of combat.

During the New Zealand Wars, the gun was used in the bombardment of the Maori fortifications at Gate Pa on 29 April 1864. Although subjected to one of the fiercest bombardments of the wars, the Maori defenders were protected by anti-artillery bunkers and went on to repel the British force, inflicting heavy casualties.

Ammunition

RBL 7 inch gun projectile diagrams.jpg,
RBL 7-inch gun cartridge diagrams.jpg,
110 pounder shell.JPG,

Surviving examples

An 82cwt gun
at Victoria Barracks, Sydney

An 82cwt gun
at Saint Helier, Jersey

A 72cwt gun
at Fort Nelson, Portsmouth, UK. It is fitted with a replica breech and carriage.
* At Fort Henry, Ontario, Canada

A 72 cwt gun at Quebec Citadel, Canada

A 72 cwt gun at Fort No. 1, Lévis, Quebec

See also

* Armstrong Gun
* List of naval guns

Notes and references

Bibliography

Treatise on Ammunition. War Office, UK, 1877

Treatise on the construction and manufacture of ordnance in the British service. War Office, UK, 1877

Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service. War Office, UK, 1879

Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE


Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE

* Alexander Lyman Holley
"A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor" published by D Van Nostrand, New York, 1865
* Lieutenant-Colonel C H Owen R.A.
"The principles and practice of modern artillery". Second edition, published by John Murray, London, 1873
* W.L. Ruffell

* W.L. Ruffell, ttps://web.archive.org/web/20080606003204/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/arm/arm5.htm "The Armstrong Gun Part 5: British revert to Muzzle Loading"

External links

Handbook for the 7-inch R. B. L. guns of 72 cwt. and 82 cwt. on Moncrieff and sliding carriages Land service 1892
at State Library of Victoria


at Victorian Forts website


* ttp://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/7rblno16.htm Diagram of 82 cwt gun on casemate platform, at Victorian Forts website
Photos at Flickr

{{DEFAULTSORT:RBL 07-inch
Naval guns of the United Kingdom
EOC naval guns
178 mm artillery
Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
Coastal artillery
175 mm artillery