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The following multigraphs are used in the
Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, Mongolic, Uralic languages, Uralic, C ...
. The palatalized consonants of
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
and other languages written as C- are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the
languages of the Caucasus The Caucasian languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Linguistic comparison allows t ...
, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate ' tense' ('strong') consonants and
long vowel In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived or actual duration of a vowel sound when pronounced. Vowels perceived as shorter are often called short vowels and those perceived as longer called long vowels. On one hand, many languages do not d ...
s; sequences with , , for
labialized Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
consonants; and sequences with or for
ejective consonant In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a Airstream mechanism#Glottalic initiation, glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with Aspirat ...
s or
pharyngealized Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound. IPA symbols In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indicate ...
consonants and vowels.
Tatar Tatar may refer to: Peoples * Tatars, an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" * Volga Tatars, a people from the Volga-Ural region of western Russia * Crimean Tatars, a people from the Crimea peninsula by the B ...
also has discontinuous digraphs. See
Cyrillic digraphs The Cyrillic script family contains many specially treated two-letter combinations, or digraphs, but few of these are used in Slavic languages. In a few alphabets, trigraphs and even the occasional tetragraph or pentagraph are used. In earl ...
for examples.


А

: * Archi: : * Archi: : * Dungan: : * Chechen: * Ingush: * Tabasaran: : * Archi:


В

: * Shughni:


Г

: * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Tabasaran: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: * Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
(though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph). : *
Aleut language Aleut ( ) or is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of ...
(Bering dialect): : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Bezhta: * Crimean Tatar: * Dargwa: * Kabardian: *
Karachay-Balkar Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
: * Kumyk: * Lezgian: * Ossetian: * Tabasaran: *
Tatar Tatar may refer to: Peoples * Tatars, an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" * Volga Tatars, a people from the Volga-Ural region of western Russia * Crimean Tatars, a people from the Crimea peninsula by the B ...
: word-final : * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: : * Abaza: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Abaza: * Abkhaz: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Bezhta: * Dargwa: * Kumyk: * Lezgian: * Shughni: * Tabasaran: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush: : * Abaza:


Ӷ

: * Abkhaz: : * Abkhaz:


Д

* Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Belarusian: * Bulgarian: * Crimean Tatar: * Dargwa: * Kabardian: *
Karachay-Balkar Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
: (Karachay); (Balkar) * Komi: * Lezgian: * Ossetian: *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: * Tabasaran: * Ukrainian: * Abaza: * Abaza: * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Belarusian: * Bulgarian: * Dargwa: * Kabardian: * Komi: * Lezgian: * Ossetian: *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: * Shughni: * Tabasaran: * Ukrainian: : * Adyghe: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : * Yakut: : * Abkhaz:


Е

* Archi: * Archi: * Archi:


Ё

: * Dungan: : * Chechen:


Ж

* Abaza: * Archi: * Tabasaran: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: usually not a digraph, and pronounced (palatalized to before and palatalizing vowels). However, in the word дождь ("rain") and its derivatives, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (devoiced to in the nominative singular of дождь). The unpalatalized pronunciation in these words (unlike words with or ) is uncommon and considered nonstandard. : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: usually not a digraph, and pronounced . However, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (though this is becoming increasingly outdated). : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : * Adyghe: : * Adyghe: : * Abaza: * Abkhaz: * Adyghe: * Kabardian: : * Abkhaz:


З

: * Archi: * Lezgian: *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (regular) or (conservative Moscow pronunciation) (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)


Ӡ

: * Abkhaz:


И

: * Archi: : * Archi: : * Chechen: * Mongolian: : * Archi:


Й

: *
Moksha ''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
:


К

: * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: or *
Khanty The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as " Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the K ...
: : * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Tabasaran: : * Archi: : * Chechen: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: or * Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
(though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph). : * Chechen * Ingush * Kabardian: * Kabardian: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Crimean Tatar: * Dargwa: * Ingush: * Kabardian: *
Karachay-Balkar Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
: * Kumyk: or * Lezgian: * Ossetian: * Tabasaran: *
Tatar Tatar may refer to: Peoples * Tatars, an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" * Volga Tatars, a people from the Volga-Ural region of western Russia * Crimean Tatars, a people from the Crimea peninsula by the B ...
: : * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: : * Abaza: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Abaza: * Abkhaz: * Aghul: * Archi: or * Avar: * Dargwa: * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: or * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush or * Kabardian: or * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Avar: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: : * Abaza: : * Itelmen: *
Nivkh Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to: * Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'') * Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages * Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:


Қ

: * Abkhaz: : * Abkhaz:


Ҟ

: * Abkhaz: : * Abkhaz:


Ӄ

: * Itelmen: *
Nivkh Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to: * Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'') * Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages * Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:


Л

: * Archi: : * Archi: : *
Moksha ''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
: * Mongolian: : * Adyghe: * Archi: * Avar: * Kabardian: : * Archi: : * Avar: : * Abaza: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Archi: * Avar: * Kabardian: : * Archi:


Н

: *
Karachay-Balkar Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
: * Kumyk: or * Uzbek: : * Crimean Tatar: : * Yakut: * In the
cyrillization of Chinese The cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius system is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian ...
it is used for a word-final , equivalent to
pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
.


Ң

: *
Khanty The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as " Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the K ...
:


О

: * Chechen: * Ingush: : * Selkup: : * Dungan : * Archi: * Shughni: : * Archi: : * Chechen: * Kumyk: * Nogai: : * Archi:


П

* Aghul: * Archi: * Chechen * Tabasaran: : * Ossetian: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush * Kabardian: * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Adyghe: : * Itelmen: *
Nivkh Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to: * Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'') * Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages * Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:


Р

: *
Moksha ''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
: : * Chechen: * Ingush


С

: * Archi: * Lezgian: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)


Т

: * Archi: * Lezgian: or : * Abaza: : * Aghul: * Archi: * Chechen: * Tabasaran: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : * Abaza: * Komi: : * Ossetian: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush * Kabardian: * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Lezgian: : * Adyghe: : * Itelmen: *
Nivkh Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to: * Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'') * Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages * Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:


Ҭ

: * Abkhaz:


У

: * Chechen: * Ingush: : * Shughni: : * Archi: * Shughni: : * Archi: : * Aghul: * Chechen: * Kumyk: * Lezgian: * Nogai: * Tabasaran: : * Chechen: : * Archi:


Ү

: * Turkmen: (until 1993, in that year the
Turkmen alphabet The Turkmen alphabet refers to variants of the Latin script, Latin alphabet, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic script, Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language. The modified variant of the Latin script, Latin alphabe ...
became
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
)


Ф

: * Aghul: : * Abaza: * Kabardian:


Х

: * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: *
Khanty The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as " Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the K ...
: or : * Kabardian: * Ossetian: : * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Dargwa: * Kabardian: * Lezgian: * Ossetian: * Tabasaran: : * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Abaza: * Abkhaz: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush: * Kabardian: * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Lezgian: : * Aghul: * Avar: : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush : * Abaza:


Ҳ

: * Abkhaz:


Ц

: * Archi: * Lezgian: or : * In the
cyrillization of Chinese The cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius system is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian ...
it is used for and , equivalent to
pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
and, before an iotated vowel, . : * Adyghe: : * Aghul: * Avar: * Tabasaran: : * Archi: : * Ossetian: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush * Kabardian: * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Lezgian: : * Avar:


Ҵ

: * Abkhaz:


Ч

: * Abaza: * Archi: * Tabasaran: : * In the
cyrillization of Chinese The cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius system is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian ...
it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
. : * Aghul: * Avar: * Tabasaran: : * Adyghe: * Ossetian: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: * Aghul: * Archi: * Avar: * Chechen: * Dargwa: * Ingush * Lezgian: * Tabasaran: : * Abaza: * Archi: : * Avar: : * Itelmen:


Џ

: * Abkhaz:


Ш

: * Abaza: * Archi: * Tabasaran: : *
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
: (though this is a predictable effect of assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph) : * Adyghe: : * Adyghe: : * Abkhaz: : * Abkhaz: : * Abaza: * Adyghe: : * Adyghe:


Щ

: * Archi: : * Kabardian:


Ы

: * Tsakhur:


Э

: * Shughni: : * Dungan: : * Archi: * Shughni: : * Archi: : * Archi:


Ю

: * In the
cyrillization of Chinese The cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius system is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian ...
it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
. : * Chechen:


Я

: * Dungan: : * Chechen: * Ingush


: * Adyghe: * Kabardian: : * Budukh: * Kabardian (dialectal):


See also

*
List of Cyrillic letters This is a list of letters of the Cyrillic script. The definition of a Cyrillic letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of 'Cyrillic' and the general category of 'Letter'. An overview ...
*
Tetragraph A tetragraph, , is a sequence of four letters used to represent a single sound (phoneme), or a combination of sounds, that do not necessarily correspond to the individual values of the letters. In German, for example, the tetragraph ''tsch'' repre ...
*
Pentagraph A pentagraph (from the , ''pénte'', "five" and γράφω, ''gráphō'', "write") is a sequence of five letters used to represent a single sound (phoneme), or a combination of sounds, that do not correspond to the individual values of the letters ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Cyrillic Multigraphs Cyrillic digraphs Trigraphs (orthography)