Beta-arrestin-2, or β-arrestin2, also known as arrestin beta-2, is an intracellular
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''ARRB2''
gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...
.
Members of
arrestin
Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors.
Arrestins were first discovered in the late '80s as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulatin ...
/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related ...
s and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals,
as well as having signalling roles in their own right.
Arrestin beta 2, like
arrestin beta 1
Arrestin, beta 1, also known as ARRB1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ARRB1'' gene.
Function
Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled ...
, was shown to inhibit
beta-adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like be ...
function in vitro. It is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of synaptic receptors. Besides the brain, a
cDNA
In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded forms and in both natural and engin ...
for arrestin beta 2 was isolated from
thyroid gland
The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans, it is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck below the Adam's apple. It consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by ...
, and thus it may also be involved in hormone-specific desensitization of
TSH receptors. Multiple
alternatively spliced
Alternative splicing, alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative RNA splicing, splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants. For example, some exons of a gene ma ...
transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.
The protein may interact with the agonist
DOI in
5-HT2A receptor signaling.
Arrestin beta 2 is crucial for the development of
tolerance to
morphine
Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are ...
and other
opioid
Opioids are a class of Drug, drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the Papaver somniferum, opium poppy plant. Opioids work on opioid receptors in the brain and other organs to produce a variety of morphine-like effects, ...
s.
Interactions
Arrestin beta 2 has been shown to
interact with
*
AP2B1
AP-2 complex subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2B1'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of two large chain components of the AP2 adaptor complex, which serves to link clathrin to receptors in c ...
,
*
PSCD2,
*
Mdm2,
and
*
RALGDS
Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that is encoded by the ''RALGDS'' gene in humans.
Interactions
RALGDS has been shown to interact with:
* Arrestin beta 1,
* Arrestin beta 2,
* HRAS,
* KRAS,
* MRAS,
* RAP1A, ...
.
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{Membrane proteins
Genes
Human proteins