Śikṣāsamuccaya

Shantideva (Sanskrit: Śāntideva; ; ; ; ) was an 8th-century CE Indian philosopher, Buddhist monk, poet, and scholar at the mahavihara of Nalanda. He was an adherent of the Mādhyamaka philosophy of Nāgārjuna. Abhayadatta Sri also lists Shantideva as one of the eighty-four mahasiddhas and is known as Bhusuku Pa (布苏固巴).

Two works of Shantideva are extant, the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra'' and the ''Śikṣāsamuccaya'', both of which were written with the intention of being training manuals for one who intends to follow the path of the bodhisattva. The Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra in particular was the subject of both Indian and Tibetan commentaries during the period it was written and has also received large amounts of attention from both academics and lay practitioners in recent years as well including a commentary written by the 14th Dalai Lama.

Biography

There are two sources of Shantideva's life composed by the Tibetan historians; Buton Rinchen Drub and Taranatha. Recent scholarship has also brought to light a short Sanskrit life of Shantideva in a 14th-century Nepalese manuscript.

According to one source, Shantideva was born in the Saurastra region (in modern-day Gujarat), son of a King Kalyanavarman, and went by the name Śantivarman. But Vibhūticandra's ''Bodhicaryāvatāratātparyapañjikā Viśeṣadyotanī'', the earliest extant biography of Shantideva, details that he was born in Southern India, in the city of Sringara, and his father was a King Mañjuśrīvarman. As per Vibhūticandra, Shantideva ran away from home on the advice of his mother and travelled to Bengal and then Magadha. He served in the court of a Magadhan king and after leaving, arrived in Nalanda. During his stay in Nalanda, he was given the nickname, Bhūsuku due to his practice of Samadhi.

According to Pema Chödrön, "Shantideva was not well-liked at Nalanda" due to his idleness.

According to legend, Shantideva was goaded by his fellow monks into giving a talk to the entire university body while sitting on a large lion throne with the hope that on being exposed as unable to recite any scriptures, he would leave the monastery on his own accord. Shantideva easily climbed the throne and recited stanza 9.35 of '' The Way of the Bodhisattva''. The legend continues that at this point, the bodhisattva Manjushri appeared and then suddenly disappeared together with Shantideva. Following this event, when the monks investigated his cells, they discovered his three works, the Sūtrasamuccaya, the Śikṣāsamuccaya, and the completed Bodhicaryāvatāra.

Conversionary activities in Magadha

Bu Ston details several tales from Shantideva's life which detail how he converted 500 Magadhans to Buddhism. It is said that Shantideva lived alongside the non-Buddhists while they were experiencing a natural disaster which led to them suffering from starvation. As he was appointed the head of these people, Shantideva demonstrated his supernatural abilities as he managed to make a single bowl of rice suffice for all of the 500. Similar stories are found in other sources detailing how Santideva would feed hundreds of beggars.

Works

''Śikṣāsamuccaya''

The ''Śikṣāsamuccaya'' ("Training Anthology") is a prowith work in 19 chapters. It is organized as a commentary on 27 short mnemonic verses known as the ''Śikṣāsamuccaya Kārikā''. It consists primarily of quotations (of varying length) from sūtras, authoritative texts considered to be the word of the Buddha—generally those sūtras associated with Mahāyāna tradition, including the ''Samadhiraja Sutra''.

''Bodhicaryavatara''

Shantideva is particularly renowned as the author of the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra''. A variety of English translations exist, sometimes glossed as "A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life" or "Entering the Path of Enlightenment." It is a long poem describing the process of enlightenment from the first thought to full buddhahood and is still studied by Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhists today.

An introduction to and commentary on the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra'' by the 14th Dalai Lama called ''A Flash of Lightning in the Dark of Night'' was printed in 1994. A commentary on the Patience chapter was provided by the Dalai Lama in ''Healing Anger'' (1997), and his commentaries on the Wisdom chapter are in ''Practicing Wisdom'' (2004)
Kunzang Palden
has written a commentary based on that given by Patrul Rinpoche, translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Patrul was a wandering monk of great scholarship who dedicated his life to propagating the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra''.

Philosophical views

Personal identity and free will

Following the Buddha, Śāntideva believed that our innate investment in an inherent, personal, self or essence is not only groundless but toxic. Goodman suggests that Śāntideva also touches on the problem of free will in the ''Bodhicaryāvatāra'', writing that "whatever transgressions (aparādha) and vile actions (pāpa) there are, all arise through the power of conditioning factors, while there is nothing that arises independently."

Ethical views

In line with his views on personal identity and the nature of the self, Śāntideva wrote that one ought to "stop all the present and future pain and suffering of all sentient beings, and to bring about all present and future pleasure and happiness", in what may have been "the very earliest clearly articulated statement of that view, preceding Jeremy Bentham by approximately a thousand years".

His basis for preferring altruism over egoism is that "the continuum of consciousness, like a queue, and the combination of constituents, like an army, are not real. The person who experiences suffering does not exist." Similarly, he asks, "when happiness is dear to me and others equally, what is so special about me that I strive after happiness only for myself?"

Bodhicitta

The Bodhisattva is the central focus for both of the texts attributed to Shantideva. Bodhicitta is the mind that is focused on attaining the status of bodhisattva. The early chapters of the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra are focused on praising the virtuous qualities of bodhicitta and also on how to strengthen and maintain it.

Shantideva states:

Shantideva also argued that the development of Bodhicitta was beneficial not just to those who are following the path of the Bodhisattva but also to those who are pursuing their well-being and happiness. His view is that the mind of one who has developed Bodhicitta is the solution to countering mental afflictions ( klesas) such as cravings (Taṇhā) and anger ( krodha).

Generosity

References to generosity (known as Dāna in the Indian tradition), can be found throughout both of Shantideva's extant works. Shantideva mainly views generosity as a specific mental state where an individual has renounced all of their possessions. It does not necessarily refer to the distribution of one's own possessions. The bodhisattva achieves the mental state of "generosity" by renouncing three things; the body, the possessions, and karmic merit. This is viewed by Shantideva as an important requirement for one who is on the path of the Bodhisattva. Shantideva also states in the Bodhicaryāvatāra that he believes generosity to be beneficial by comparing it with nirvana:

Hence from this passage, Shatideva believes the perfection of generosity to be liberation. This conception of generosity is therefore twofold with generosity benefiting oneself and benefiting others at the same time.

Footnotes

References

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* Śāntideva, Cecil Bendall and W. H. D. Rouse (transl.) (1922)
Śikshā-samuccaya: a compendium of Buddhist doctrine
compiled by Śāntideva chiefly from earlier Mahāyāna Sūtras, London: Murray
* Richard Mahoney (2016),
Of the progresse of the Bodhisattva: the bodhisattvamārga in the Śikṣāsamuccaya
', Oxford: Indica et Buddhica,
* L. D. Barnett (transl.) (1909)
"The Path of light rendered for the first time into Engl. from the Bodhicharyāvatāra of Śānti-Deva: a manual of Mahā-yāna Buddhism"
New York: Dutton

External links

English translation; Readable HTML.

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Shantideva by Amod Lele

Talk about Shantideva by Stephen Batchelor

Engaging in Bodhisattva Behavior, full unpublished translation of the Bodhicaryavatara by Alexander Berzin

Commentary to Bodhicaryavatara by Patrul Rinpoche (in English )

Śikṣāsamuccaya of Śāntideva: Sanskrit Buddhist text
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{{Authority control

Bodhisattvas
8th-century Buddhists
Indian Buddhist yogis
Indian scholars of Buddhism
Indian Buddhist monks
Mahasiddhas
Monks of Nalanda
Mahayana Buddhists
Madhyamaka scholars
Scholars from Gujarat
7th-century births
8th-century deaths
Year of death unknown
8th-century Indian philosophers
8th-century Indian monks
Consequentialists
Poets of Charyapada