Ćići
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Ćić (plural Ćići, , , ) is an
ethnonym An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...
and
exonym An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate them ...
in a broader sense for all the people who live in the mountainous
Ćićarija Ćićarija (; ; ; ) is a mountainous plateau in the northern and northeastern part of the Istria peninsula, long and wide. It mostly lies in Croatia, while its northern part lies in southwestern Slovenia (the traditional region of Inner Carniol ...
area in
Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...
and
Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...
. Alongside the term ''Ćiribirci'', in the narrow sense, it is an exonym referring to a community of the
Istro-Romanians The Istro-Romanians ( or ) are a Romance languages, Romance ethnic group native to or associated with the Istria, Istrian Peninsula. Historically, they inhabited vast parts of it, as well as the western side of the island of Krk until 1875. Howe ...
in the village
Žejane Žejane (; ) is a village in the eastern part of the mountainous Ćićarija area in Istria, in western Croatia. Administratively it belongs to the municipality of Matulji in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. In 2011, the population of Žejane was 130. ...
in a small part of eastern Ćićarija and the villages around the former
Lake Čepić Lake Čepić (, ) was the only natural lake in Istria, Croatia. It was drained in 1932 with a long tunnel near Plomin to the sea. The surface of the vast green valley was transformed into a fertile field for agriculture. The field's area is aro ...
west of the
Učka The Učka (, ) is a mountain range in western Croatia. It rises behind the Opatija riviera, on the eastern side of the Istrian peninsula. It forms a single morphological unit together with the Ćićarija range which stretches from the Bay of T ...
range in
Istria Istria ( ; Croatian language, Croatian and Slovene language, Slovene: ; Italian language, Italian and Venetian language, Venetian: ; ; Istro-Romanian language, Istro-Romanian: ; ; ) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. Located at th ...
, Croatia.


Etymology

The first, unspecified thesis of possible Romance origin was given by
Franz Miklosich Franz Miklosich (, also known in Slovene as ; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovenian philologist and rector of the University of Vienna. Early life Miklosich was born in the small village of Radomerščak near the Lower Styrian town ...
in 1860 when he designated all ''Čiči'' as "overall Slavicized
Romanians Romanians (, ; dated Endonym and exonym, exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a Culture of Romania, ...
".
Linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...
and
phonologist Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often prefer ...
Josip Ribarić (1880–1954), a native of Vodice in Ćićarija, disproved this thesis with historical documents,
anthroponyms Anthroponymy (also anthroponymics or anthroponomastics, from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος ''anthrōpos'', 'human', and ὄνομα ''onoma'', 'name') is the study of ''anthroponyms'', the proper names of human beings, both individual and colle ...
and language dialects in the
karst Karst () is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone and Dolomite (rock), dolomite. It is characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. Ther ...
. According to him, the term ''Ćići'' initially referred to the
Romance-speaking The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The fi ...
Balkan population, the same as ''
Morlachs Morlachs ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Morlaci, Морлаци; ; ) is an exonym used for a rural Christian community in Herzegovina, Lika and the Dalmatian Hinterland. The term was initially used for a bilingual Vlach pastoralist community in the mountain ...
'' (i.e. ''
Vlachs Vlach ( ), also Wallachian and many other variants, is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula ...
'') and became an
exonym An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate them ...
for all newcomers to the karst plateau. Ribarić noted the thesis by Arthur Byhan (1899), which asserted that ''Chichi'' (ch/ci=ć) comes from the Italian word ''cicaleccio'' (from verb ''cicalare''), which means "insistent and confused (indistinct) talking". They were so named by the Slavs because they couldn't understand them.
Petar Šimunović Petar Šimunović (19 February 1933 – 5 August 2014) was a Croatian linguist, onomastician, dialectologist, lexicographer, and academic member of HAZU. He was considered as the most prominent Croatian Onomastics, onomastician (since the second ...
similarly proposed Croatian verb variations ''čičerati'' or ''čičarati'', ''čačarat'' and ''k'ik'rat'', which mean "speak". Ribarić noted that Croats in Istria meant "speaking Istro-Romanian" when using the term ''čičerati'' and the term ''drakulati'' (from ''draku'', "dragon, devil") was used in the villages of
Male Mune Male Mune () is a village in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, in the western part of Croatia. Administratively, it belongs to the municipality of Matulji Matulji is a municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, northwestern Croatia. It is locate ...
and
Vele Mune Vele Mune () is a village in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, in the western part of Croatia. Administratively it belongs to the municipality of Matulji. Population See also * Male Mune Male Mune () is a village in Primorje-Gorski Kota ...
for the speech of Žejane. Šimunović proposed the interrogative pronoun ''ći'' (''što/ča''?) in the meaning "what?", while Ribarić the syllable ''či'' appeared in all the mentioned words that the Romance speaking Vlachs often used and was unusual to the Slavs. Ribarić noted two other terms that could supply the origin; ''Cincari'' for
Aromanians The Aromanians () are an Ethnic groups in Europe, ethnic group native to the southern Balkans who speak Aromanian language, Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language. They traditionally live in central and southern Albania, south-western Bulgari ...
in
Macedonia Macedonia (, , , ), most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a former administr ...
,
Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...
and
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
and ''Ćiribirci'' in Istria. In
Istro-Romanian language The Istro-Romanian language () is an Eastern Romance languages, Eastern Romance language, spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of Istria in Croatia, as well as in the diaspora of this people. It is sometimes abbreviated to IR. ...
was noted the secondary
palatalization Palatalization may refer to: *Palatalization (phonetics), the phonetic feature of palatal secondary articulation *Palatalization (sound change) Palatalization ( ) is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulati ...
, in village Šušnjevica ''t'' becomes ''ț'' ("c"), in Nova Vas and Žejane becomes ''č''. The term ''Cincari'' or ''Tsinstari'' comes from
Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Colloquial, Popular, Spoken or Vernacular Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. ''Vulgar Latin'' a ...
''tsintsi'', Megleno-Romanian ''ținți'', meaning numeral five and as such deriving tsintsi-ținți-cinci-činči-(n)-čiči-ćići. The term ''Ćiribîrci'' derives from ''Čiribiri'', from ''čire'' (lat. qui ne, ține-cine-țire-cire-čire, ''who''/''you'') and ''bire'' from ''bine'' (lat. bene, ''good''), meaning a greeting "hold well". Ignaz Hermann Bidermann in 1877 interpreted it as a derivative of "''ćîć''" from
genitive In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can ...
plural of "čičā", which derives from Slavic word "čiko" or "čika" meaning old man, or uncle. Ribarić opposed it and noted "''Ćìć''" is in nominative singular, and "čiča" is not found in any Istrian dialect. Ćić or Čič, in
Northern Chakavian Northern Chakavian () is a dialect of the Chakavian variety of Croatian. It is spoken in eastern Istria, outskirts of Žminj and Pazin, Croatian Littoral up to Bakar, on the islands of Cres and northern Lošinj, north of Central Chakavian. T ...
as ''Ćȉć'' is pronounced more softly than in
Shtokavian Shtokavian or Štokavian (; sh-Latn, štokavski / sh-Cyrl, italics=no, штокавски, ) is the prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin stand ...
dialect, in Italian same as Shtokavian, while in Žejane as ''Čȉč''. Other exonyms and its variations include ''Čičerani'', ''Cicerani'', ''Čiribiri'', ''Čiribirci''. The residents, especially older generations of Ćićarija, for themselves rather used ethnonym ''Slovinci'' or ''Slavinci'' and for language ''Slovinski'' or ''Slavinski''. Over the centuries the national and political name of Croats in Ćićarija was forgotten for some time, mostly due to lack of cultural institutions and the national revival influenced by Slovenian priests and teachers.


History

The term is mostly mentioned in Croatia. First mentions date from the early 15th century as a surname in Istria in the 1463
Glagolitic The Glagolitic script ( , , ''glagolitsa'') is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed that it was created in the 9th century for the purpose of translating liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic by Saints Cyril and Methodi ...
psalter A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms, often with other devotional material bound in as well, such as a liturgical calendar and litany of the Saints. Until the emergence of the book of hours in the Late Middle Ages, psalters were ...
by priest Petar Fraščić. It referred to a group who, under
Ivan Frankopan Giovanni Frangipani or in croatian language Ivan VI Frankapan or Ivan Anž Frankapan (also known as Ivaniš; died 20 November 1436) was a Croatian nobleman who ruled as Ban of Croatia from 1432 to 1436. He was one of the nine sons of the Croatian ...
, plunder Istrian territory beneath mountain Učka. In 1499, the Carinthian parish priest, Jakob Urnest, mentioned territory ''Czyschnlandt'' between Croatian and Bosnian kingdoms (''zwischn Wossen und Krabaten''), which some consider to be the
Cetina The Cetina () is a river in southern Croatia. It has a length of and its basin covers an area of . From its source, Cetina descends from an elevation of above sea level to the Adriatic Sea. It is the most water-rich river in Dalmatia.Naklada Nap ...
river region in southern Croatia. Some individual cases, such as the penal records of Trieste from the year 1500, contain an inscription of an accused who, when asked of his home country, replied ''Ciccio da
Segna Senj is a town on the upper Adriatic coast in Croatia, in the foothills of the Mala Kapela and Velebit mountains. The symbol of the town is the Nehaj Fortress () which was completed in 1558. For a time this was the seat of the Uskoks, who w ...
'' (Senj), while another man declared himself as ''Ciccio da S. Michele di Leme (Lim valley in Istria)''. Villages in Western Ćićarija (
Lanišće Lanišće () is a village and municipality in the mountainous Ćićarija area, Istria, Croatia. In 2011, the population of the village itself was 88, with a total of 329 residents in the municipality. Over 92.40% of the population are Croats. Ther ...
municipality),
Golac Golac (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina in the Littoral region of Slovenia on the border with Croatia. The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and belongs to the Koper Diocese In Ecclesiastica ...
(Slovenia) and Eastern Ćićarija, Vele Mune and Male Mune,
Žejane Žejane (; ) is a village in the eastern part of the mountainous Ćićarija area in Istria, in western Croatia. Administratively it belongs to the municipality of Matulji in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. In 2011, the population of Žejane was 130. ...
(which is located in the
Matulji Matulji is a municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, northwestern Croatia. It is located west of the city of Rijeka, north of the town of Opatija, and it borders Slovenia. Matulji is first mentioned in written History, historical sources in ...
municipality and part of Rašpor or Podgrad estate), were mentioned in the 13th and early 14th century. Those villages, as seen from 1414 and 1419 documents, became almost deserted and so exempted from taxation in the war between Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia. From 1469 till 1501, many Turk raids occurred in the karst. Because of this, the possibility of migration and organized settlement is disputable. In the early 1500s, Krsto Frankopan was involved in the struggle between Venice and Austria at the borderland of eastern Istria, Rašpor (Croatian Ćićarija) and Podgrad (Slovenian Ćićarija) citadel estates. It resulted in the Frankopan's destruction of the Rašpor citadel because of a peace agreement in 1521 that made Podgrad Austrian and Rašpor Venetian property. Afterwards, western Jelovice, Novaki, Vodice and eastern Vele Mune and Male Mune and Žejane village became Austrian property. The exact date is unknown, but between 1510 and 1525, Frankopan settled villages Vele Mune, Male Mune and Žejane. In the document, settled families were mentioned. Most of their surnames persist post-millennium. In 1523 and 1527, ''Tschitschen'' and ''Tschizen aus Krabatten'' were settled in the estate of Lupoglav. In 1528, ''Tschitschen'' were mentioned in regard of possible settling in
Modruš Modruš is a village, former episcopal see, and current Latin Church The Latin Church () is the largest autonomous () particular church within the Catholic Church, whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics. T ...
and other lands as a resistance against
Martolos The ''martolos'' was an internal security force of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans (''Rumelia''), mostly active between the 15th to 17th centuries. It initially constituted out of the local mostly Christian populations ( Rum Millet), but over ti ...
. In 1539, royal commissioner Erasmo von Thurn submitted a request by Ćići to King Ferdinand I, asking if they could be given some deserted land on karst and Istria. This was partially accepted. In 1530, the Ćići were prohibited from purchasing grain in
Novo Mesto Novo Mesto (; ; also known by #Name, alternative names) is the List of cities and towns in Slovenia, seventh-largest city of Slovenia. It is the economic and cultural centre of the traditional region of Lower Carniola (southeastern Slovenia) and ...
and
Metlika Metlika (; ''Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru,'' vol. 6: ''Kranjsko''. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 10.) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Metlika ...
in
Lower Carniola Lower Carniola ( ; ) is a traditional region in Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south an ...
.


Language

In 1877,
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay Jan Niecisław Ignacy Baudouin de Courtenay, also Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay (; 13 March 1845 – 3 November 1929), was a Polish linguist and Slavic studies, Slavist, best known for his theory of the phoneme and allophone, phoneti ...
noticed that in Male Mune, Vele Mune, Podgrad and Ćići, the people spoke
Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian ( / ), also known as Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is a pluricentric language with four mutually i ...
in the
Chakavian dialect Chakavian or Čakavian (, , , proper name: or own name: ''čokovski, čakavski, čekavski'') is a South Slavic supradialect or language spoken by Croats along the Adriatic coast, in the historical regions of Dalmatia, Istria, Croatian L ...
. In 1884, Viljem Urbas and in 1891
Milan Rešetar Milan Rešetar (February 1, 1860 – January 14, 1942) was a linguist, historian and literary critic from Dubrovnik. Biography Rešetar was born in Dubrovnik. After the gymnasium in Dubrovnik, he studied classical philology and Slavic languages ...
, assumed the existence of
Shtokavian Shtokavian or Štokavian (; sh-Latn, štokavski / sh-Cyrl, italics=no, штокавски, ) is the prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin stand ...
elements in their speech and areas with Chakavian-Shtokavian sub dialect. Ribarić, who is notable for making the first dialects map in Istria, observed multiple dialects in Karst. People from the Slovenian part mostly spoke the
Kajkavian dialect Kajkavian is a South Slavic supradialect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia and Gorski Kotar. It is part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, being transitional to the supradialects of Čakavian, Štokavian ...
and were called by the nicknames '' "Brkini"'', "'' Šavrini"'' or "''Kraševci"''. The Chakavian-Kajkavian dialect was spoken by people in the lower part of the
Lanišće Lanišće () is a village and municipality in the mountainous Ćićarija area, Istria, Croatia. In 2011, the population of the village itself was 88, with a total of 329 residents in the municipality. Over 92.40% of the population are Croats. Ther ...
municipality, in the villages Lanišće, Podgaće, Prapoće, Račja Vas, Klenovšćak, Kropinjak, Brest and Slum. It was mainly used within the village, as many adults also spoke Chakavian-Shtokavian. In Istria, the Kajkavian and Kajkavian-Chakavian speaking people used the exonym ''Bezjak''. As those people lived in Ćićarija, they were called ''Ćići'', which they did not accept as ''Brkini.'' The Ćići who spoke Chakavian-Shtokavian, although they did not differ in lifestyle, sometimes scornfully used the exonym ''Bezjaci'' when referring to them. Likewise, the nickname Ćić was scornfully used by Bezjaks and other Istrians as well. The Middle Chakavian dialect of Ikavian accent, which was spoken in Dalmatia, Krbava and now parts of western Bosnia, is represented in some villages of part of the
Matulji Matulji is a municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, northwestern Croatia. It is located west of the city of Rijeka, north of the town of Opatija, and it borders Slovenia. Matulji is first mentioned in written History, historical sources in ...
municipality: Lipa, Rupa, Šapjane, Pasjak, Brdce, Veli Brgud, Mali Brgud, Vele Mune, Male Mune and Žejane, and in Slovenian villages of the
Ilirska Bistrica Ilirska Bistrica (; ; , before 1927: ''Bisterza,'' Hungarian: ''Illírbeszterce'') is a town in the Inner Carniola region of southwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica. Name The name ''Ilirska ...
municipality: Podgrad, Starod, Račice,
Podbeže Podbeže (; ) is a village north of Podgrad in the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. Mass graves Podbeže is the site of a mass grave and an unmarked grave from the end of the Second World War. Both graves ...
, while Obrov, Poljane and
Skadanščina Skadanščina (; ) is a small village in the Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina in the Littoral region of Slovenia close to the border with Croatia. Mass grave Skadanščina is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Bukovje ...
in
Hrpelje-Kozina The Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina (; ) is a municipality in the Littoral region of Slovenia.Hrpelje-Kozina muni ...
(see
Čičarija dialect The Čičarija dialect (''čiško narečje'', ''čički dialekt''Rigler, Jakob. 1963. ''Južnonotranjski govori''. Ljubljana: SAZU, pp. 11–12.) is a Slovene dialects, Slovene dialect in the Littoral dialect group. It is spoken in a few villages i ...
). Ribarić found Chakavian-Shtokavian elements in Žejane. The Village Brgudac was included in
Southern Chakavian Southern Chakavian () or Ikavian Chakavian is a dialect of the Chakavian variety of Croatian. It is spoken in the area south of the Central Chakavian area, in a narrow strip of Dalmatian littoral and the neighbouring islands: outskirts of Spli ...
Ikavian dialect. Chakavian-Shtokavian of the Ikavian accent, is represented in the upper part of the Lanišće municipality in the villages of Rašpor, Črnehi, Trstenik, Dane, Vodice, and Jelovice. The accent can also be found in the Slovenian Hrpelje-Kozina municipality, the village
Golac Golac (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina in the Littoral region of Slovenia on the border with Croatia. The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and belongs to the Koper Diocese In Ecclesiastica ...
and smaller villages Gojaki, Zagrad, Brdo.


Culture

Ćići are
Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
. Almost all village churches date at least since the 16th century (some renovated and rebuilt by 20th century), but according to historical sources and late
Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High Middle Ages, High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved f ...
elements some churches date since early 14th century. They made their living with semi-nomadic shepherding, selling lambs and wool and using the milk to make various dairy products, particularly cheese. Pastures and meadows were used as hay fields and in autumn, for grazing. However, for grazing in winter, they migrated to southern Istria. Farming covered personal needs, mostly potato, cabbage, beans, beet and less wheat, barley, oat and corn. Substantial income was acquired from forestry, cutting firewood, logging transported by
draft horse A draft horse (US) or draught horse (UK), also known as dray horse, carthorse, work horse or heavy horse, is a large horse bred to be a working animal hauling freight and doing heavy agricultural tasks such as plowing. There are a number o ...
s and most often making ''k(a)rbunica'', a wood pile covered with soil, producing
charcoal Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, ca ...
. After 1945, agriculture and forestry weren't enough to maintain living standards. In Istria the Ćići in Ćićarija and in village Žejane were known for now almost extinct practice of singing folk songs, called bugarštine. This way of singing in Istria is known as ''bugarenje'', while in Ćićarija also as ''pivati po starinsku'', ''rozgat'', ''kantat'', ''guditi'' (Vodice, Dane, Jelovice, Golac), and ''žaliti'' (mourn). Males and females sing differently. The ''guditi or ''žaliti,'' (laments) is performed mostly by women everyday and when someone dies. In ''bugarenje'' are present melancholic verses of lyric, lyric-epic and epic poetry while the verses are short decasyllabics. Themes of epic poetry are mostly related to the Ottoman occupation. In contrast to epic poetry in
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...
and other parts of the Balkans, only three Turkish words (harač, ćorda, delija) were mentioned. The tradition of rain ritual '' prporuša'' was present until 20th century.


See also

*
Morlachs Morlachs ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Morlaci, Морлаци; ; ) is an exonym used for a rural Christian community in Herzegovina, Lika and the Dalmatian Hinterland. The term was initially used for a bilingual Vlach pastoralist community in the mountain ...
*
Vlachs of Croatia The term ''Vlachs'' () was initially used in medieval Croatian and Venetian history for a Romance-speaking pastoralist community, called "Vlachs" and "Morlachs", inhabiting the mountains and lands of the Croatian Kingdom and the Republic of Venic ...
*
Istro-Romanians The Istro-Romanians ( or ) are a Romance languages, Romance ethnic group native to or associated with the Istria, Istrian Peninsula. Historically, they inhabited vast parts of it, as well as the western side of the island of Krk until 1875. Howe ...


References

;Notes ;Bibliography * * * *


External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Cici Ethnonyms Istro-Romanians Eastern Romance peoples in Croatia Historical ethnic groups of Europe