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Zeranol
Zeranol (, , ) (brand names Frideron, Ralabol, Ralgro, Ralone, Zerano; developmental code names MK-188, P-1496), or zearanol, also known as α-zearalanol or simply zearalanol, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the resorcylic acid lactone group related to mycoestrogens found in fungi in the ''Fusarium'' genus and is used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary medicine. Zeranol is approved for use as a growth promoter in livestock, including beef cattle, under the brand name Ralgro (by Merck Animal Health) in the United States. In Canada, it is approved for use in beef cattle only. Its application is not approved for use in the European Union. However, it is marketed under the brand name Ralone in Spain. Although zeranol may increase cancer cell proliferation in already existing breast cancer, dietary exposure from the use of zeranol-containing implants in cattle is insignificant. Zeranol may be found as a contaminant in fungus-infected crops. It is 3 to 4 times more pot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beef Hormone Controversy
The beef hormone controversy or beef hormone dispute is a disagreement over the use of growth hormones in beef production. In 1989, the European Communities banned the import of meat that contained artificial beef growth hormones, although they were approved for use in the United States. In 2003 estradiol-17β was permanently banned, while provisionally banning five others. World Trade Organization (WTO) rules permit such bans, but only where a signatory presents valid scientific evidence that the ban is a health and safety measure. Canada and the United States opposed this ban, taking the EU to the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. In 1997, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body ruled against the EU. It remains one of the most intractable agricultural trade controversies since the establishment of the WTO. It is not the same as the UK–EU dispute over bovine spongiform encephalopathy, although both have been termed the "beef war". History EU ban The EU banned estradiol, progeste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoestrogen
Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as estrogenic mycotoxins. Some important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Although all of these can be produced by various ''Fusarium'' species, zearalenol and zearalanol may also be produced endogenously in ruminants that have ingested zearalenone. Alpha-zearalanol is also produced semisynthetically, for veterinary use; such use is prohibited in the European Union. Mechanism of action Mycoestrogens act as agonists of the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Sources Mycoestrogens are produced by various strains of fungi, many of which fall under the genus ''Fusarium''. ''Fusarium'' fungi are filamentous fungi that are found in the soil and are associated with plants and some crops, especially cereals. Zearalenone is mainly produced by ''F. graminearum'' and ''F. culmorum'' strains, which inhabit different areas depending on temperature and humidity. ''F. graminearum'' pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoestrogens
Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as estrogenic mycotoxins. Some important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Although all of these can be produced by various ''Fusarium'' species, zearalenol and zearalanol may also be produced endogenously in ruminants that have ingested zearalenone. Alpha-zearalanol is also produced semisynthetically, for veterinary use; such use is prohibited in the European Union. Mechanism of action Mycoestrogens act as agonists of the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Sources Mycoestrogens are produced by various strains of fungi, many of which fall under the genus ''Fusarium''. ''Fusarium'' fungi are filamentous fungi that are found in the soil and are associated with plants and some crops, especially cereals. Zearalenone is mainly produced by ''F. graminearum'' and ''F. culmorum'' strains, which inhabit different areas depending on temperature and humidity. ''F. graminearum'' pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zearalanone
Zearalanone (ZAN) is a mycoestrogen that is a derivative of zearalenone (ZEN). Zearalanone can be extracted from foodstuffs along with aflatoxin Aflatoxins are various toxicity, poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain Mold (fungus), molds, especially ''Aspergillus'' species such as ''Aspergillus flavus'' and ''Aspergillus parasiticus''. According to the USDA, "The ...s in the same time by a specific immunoaffinity column. See also * α-Zearalenol * β-Zearalenol * Taleranol * Zeranol References Estrogens Lactones Resorcinols Mycotoxins {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
β-Zearalenol
β-Zearalenol is a nonsteroidal estrogen of the resorcylic acid lactone group related to mycoestrogens found in '' Fusarium spp''. It is the β epimer of α-zearalenol and along with α-zearalenol is a major metabolite of zearalenone formed mainly in the liver but also to a lesser extent in the intestines during first-pass metabolism The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the .... A relatively high proportion of α-zearalenol is formed from zearalenone compared to β-zearalenol in humans. β-Zearalenol is about the same or slightly less potent as an estrogen relative to zearalenone. See also * Taleranol (β-zearalanol) * Zeranol (α-zearalanol) * Zearalanone References {{DEFAULTSORT:Zearalenol, alpha- Lactones Mycoestrogens Mycotoxins Resorcinols Triols Heteroc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
α-Zearalenol
α-Zearalenol is a nonsteroidal estrogen of the resorcylic acid lactone group related to mycoestrogens found in '' Fusarium spp''. It is the α-epimer of β-zearalenol. Along with β-zearalenol, it is a major metabolite of zearalenone formed mainly in the liver but also to a lesser extent in the intestines during first-pass metabolism The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug before it reaches the .... A relatively low proportion of β-zearalenol is metabolized from zearalenone compared to α-zearalenol in humans. α-Zearalenol is about three to four times more potent as an estrogen relative to zearalenone. See also * Taleranol (β-zearalanol) * Zeranol (α-zearalanol) * Zearalanone References {{DEFAULTSORT:Zearalenol, alpha- Lactones Mycoestrogens Mycotoxins Resorcinols Resorcinol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zearalenone
Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some ''Fusarium'' and '' Gibberella'' species. Specifically, the '' Gibberella zeae'', the fungal species where zearalenone was initially detected, in its asexual/ anamorph stage is known as ''Fusarium graminearum.'' Several ''Fusarium'' species produce toxic substances of considerable concern to livestock and poultry producers, namely deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone. Particularly, ZEN is produced by '' Fusarium graminearum'', '' Fusarium culmorum'', '' Fusarium cerealis'', '' Fusarium equiseti'', '' Fusarium verticillioides'', and '' Fusarium incarnatum''. Zearalenone is the primary toxin that binds to estrogen receptors, causing infertility, abortion or other breeding problems, especially in swine. Often, ZEN is detected together with deoxynivalenol in contaminated samples and its toxicity needs to be considered in combination ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oral Administration
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the Human mouth, mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications. Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as Injection (medicine), injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow. Terminology ''Per os'' (; ''P.O.'') is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth". The expression is used in medicine to describe a treatment that is taken orally (but not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a Breast lump, lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, Milk-rejection sign, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with Metastatic breast cancer, distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include obesity, a Sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, an early age at Menarche, first menstruation, having children late in life (or not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. About five to ten percent of cases are the result of an inherited genetic predisposition, including BRCA mutation, ''BRCA'' mutations among others. Breast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited Substances
The world is the totality of entities, the whole of reality, or everything that exists. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the world as unique, while others talk of a "plurality of worlds". Some treat the world as one simple object, while others analyze the world as a complex made up of parts. In scientific cosmology, the world or universe is commonly defined as "the totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be". Theories of modality talk of possible worlds as complete and consistent ways how things could have been. Phenomenology, starting from the horizon of co-given objects present in the periphery of every experience, defines the world as the biggest horizon, or the "horizon of all horizons". In philosophy of mind, the world is contrasted with the mind as that which is represented by the mind. Theology conceptualizes the world in relation to God, for example, as God's creation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veterinary Drugs
An animal drug (also veterinary drug) refers to a drug intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in animals. Regulation United States The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the broad mandate under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 et seq.) to assure the safety and effectiveness of animal drugs and their use in all animals, including farm animals. The division of the FDA responsible for this is the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). The equivalents of the Investigational New Drug and New Drug Application are known as the Investigational New Animal Drug and New Animal Drug Application, respectively. The FDA enumerates veterinary drug approvals in the FDA Green Book. Drugs approved by the FDA for use in veterinary medicine are structurally similar to drugs approved for use in humans, owing to highly conserved physiology across species, and half of drugs approved for animals are separately approved for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resorcinols
Resorcinol (or resorcin) is a phenolic compound. It is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)2. It is one of three isomeric benzenediols, the 1,3-isomer (or '' meta''-isomer). Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles that are readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, but insoluble in chloroform and carbon disulfide. Production Resorcinol is produced in several steps from benzene, starting with dialkylation with propylene to give 1,3-diisopropylbenzene. Oxidation and Hock rearrangement of this disubstituted arene gives acetone and resorcinol. Resorcinol is a relatively inexpensive chemical. It is produced in only a very few locations around the world (as of 2010 only four commercial plants were known to be operative: in the United States, Germany, China, and Japan), and is the determining factor in the cost of PRF adhesives. Production in the United States ended in 2017 with the closure of Indspec Chemical's plant in Petrolia, Pennsylvania. Man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
