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Yuan Fen
''Yuán'' ( zh, t=緣, zh, s=缘, first=t, poj=iân, p=yuán, j=jyun4) or ''Yuanfen'' ( zh, t=緣分, zh, s=缘分, first=t, poj=iân-hūn, p=yuánfèn, j=jyun4fan6), "fateful coincidence," is a concept in Chinese society describing good and bad chances and potential relationships. It can also be translated as "destiny, luck as conditioned by one's past", or "natural affinity among friends." It is comparable to the concept of ''karma'' in Buddhism, but is interactive rather than individual. The driving forces and causes behind are said to be actions done in previous incarnations. Scholars Yang Kuo-shu and David Ho have analysed the psychological advantages of this belief: by assigning causality of negative events to beyond personal control, people tend to maintain good relationships, avoid conflict, and promote social harmony; likewise, when positive events are seen as a result of , personal credit is not directly assigned, which reduces pride on one side of the relationship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karma
Karma (, from , ; ) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences. In Indian religions, the term more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptively called the principle of karma, wherein individuals' intent and actions (cause) influence their future (effect): Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier Reincarnation, rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and worse rebirths. In some scriptures, however, there is no link between rebirth and karma. In Hinduism, karma is traditionally classified into four types: Sanchita karma (accumulated karma from past actions across lifetimes), Prārabdha karma (a portion of Sanchita karma that is currently bearing fruit and determines the circumstances of the present life), Āgāmi karma (future karma generated by present actions), and Kriyamāṇa karma (immediate karma created by current actions, which may y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ming Yun
''Ming yun'' () is a concept of the personal life and destiny in the Chinese folk religion. ''Ming'' means 'life', 'right', or 'destiny', and ''yun'' means 'circumstance' or 'individual choice'. ''Mìng'' is given and influenced by Tian 'heaven', akin to the Mandate of Heaven of monarchs as identified by Mencius. ''Ming yun'' is thus perceived as being both fixed, flexible, and open-ended.Lizhu, Na. 2013. p. 21 See also * ''Bao ying ''Bàoyìng'' ( zh, c=報應) is a concept of cosmic and moral reciprocity in the Chinese folk religion. It implies that people dwell in a moral universe, a universe that is kept ordained by mores, good actions, thus moral retribution is in fac ...'' * '' Yuanfen'' * '' Wu'' References Sources * Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China'. Fudan University, 2013.{{China-reli-stub Concepts in Chinese folk religion Confucianism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concepts In Chinese Folk Religion
A concept is an abstract idea that serves as a foundation for more concrete principles, thoughts, and beliefs. Concepts play an important role in all aspects of cognition. As such, concepts are studied within such disciplines as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logical and psychological structure of concepts, and how they are put together to form thoughts and sentences. The study of concepts has served as an important flagship of an emerging interdisciplinary approach, cognitive science. In contemporary philosophy, three understandings of a concept prevail: * mental representations, such that a concept is an entity that exists in the mind (a mental object) * abilities peculiar to cognitive agents (mental states) * Fregean senses, abstract objects rather than a mental object or a mental state Concepts are classified into a hierarchy, higher levels of which are termed "superordinate" and lower levels termed "subordinate". Additi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphonse Lemerre
Alphonse Lemerre (; Canisy, Normandy, France, 1838 – Paris, France, 1912) was a 19th-century French editor and publisher, known especially for having been the first to publish many of the Parnassian poets. Lemerre's imprints popularized the Elzévir type derived from the Roman-inspired work of Louis Perrin from Lyon. Life Alphonse Lemerre was the eighth child of his parents. In 1850, at age 12, he was an errand-boy in Saint-Lô. In 1860, he moved to Paris and quickly rose to prominence, becoming the "Prince de l'édition" (Prince of Publishing) and made his publisher's mark famous, which had the Latin motto ''Fac et spera'' ("''Agis et espère''" in French, "Do and Hope" in English). He opened a bookshop at 23 passage Choiseul. His shop also occupied other odd number addresses (23-33, 47). In 1865, he began to edit Parnassian poets in Louis-Xavier de Ricard's revue ''L'Art'', which had ten issues between November 2, 1865, and January 6, 1866. The November issue had an a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fudan University
Fudan University (FDU) is a public university, national public university in Yangpu, Shanghai, Yangpu, Shanghai, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education (China), Ministry of Education and is co-funded with the Shanghai Municipal People's Government, Shanghai Municipal Government. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. The university was originally founded by the Chinese Jesuits, Jesuit priest Ma Xiangbo in 1905. It is a member of the C9 League. History 1905–1917: college-preparatory school The university traces its origins to Fudan College, established in 1905 by Chinese Jesuit priest Ma Xiangbo. Prior to founding Fudan, Ma had established Aurora University (Shanghai), Aurora College, where the Society of Jesus frequently opposed and intervened in student movements. This led Ma to create a new institution, Fudan College, as a preparatory school for higher education with government funding, offering th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bao Ying
''Bàoyìng'' ( zh, c=報應) is a concept of cosmic and moral reciprocity in the Chinese folk religion. It implies that people dwell in a moral universe, a universe that is kept ordained by mores, good actions, thus moral retribution is in fact a divine retribution, cosmic retribution. It determines fate, as written in the Book of Documents: "on the doer of good, heaven sends down all blessings, and on the doer of evil, he sends down all calamities." () In Chinese Buddhism, Buddhism and Daoism, bàoyìng is equated to the concept of dharma, dharmic retribution. The cosmic significance of ''bào yìng'' is better understood exploring other two traditional concepts of fate and meaning: * , the personal destiny, in which is "life" or "right", the given status of life, and defines "circumstance" and "individual choice"; is given and influenced by the transcendent force , that is the same as the "Mandate of Heaven, divine right" () of ancient rulers as identified by Mencius. Per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu (awareness)
''Wu'' () is a concept of awareness, consciousness, or spiritual enlightenment in the Chinese folk religion and Chinese Buddhism. Chinese Buddhism The term originally appeared Chinese Buddhism as a shortened form of ''juéwù'' (), a term seen in the 南本涅槃經 (a 36-volume translation of the '' Mahaparinibbana Sutta'') and 六十華嚴經 (a 60-volume translation of the '' Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra''). It is related to bodhi (), but usually describes a much earlier, initial insight. The equivalent term in Japanese Buddhism is ''satori''. A related term is "opening of awareness" ''kāiwù'' ( zh, c=開悟). Fan and Chen (2013), in their discussion of Chinese folk religion (see below), translate ''juéwù'' literally as "awakening of awareness". Chinese folk religion According to scholarly studies, many practitioners who have recently "reverted" to the Chinese traditional religion use the term ''juéwù'' or ''kāiwù'' to describe their initial insight into the inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serendipity
Serendipity is an unplanned fortunate discovery. The term was coined by Horace Walpole in 1754. The concept is often associated with scientific and technological breakthroughs, where accidental discoveries led to new insights or inventions. Many significant discoveries in history were serendipitous, including penicillin, Post-it notes, Popsicles, and the microwave oven, arising from unforeseen circumstances that were then recognized and capitalized upon. Definition Christian Busch views serendipity as "active luck", where chance encounters and human action come together. A missed flight or a casual walk in the park can lead to new friendships, interests, or even career opportunities. While serendipity in popular usage is often understood as a matter of pure chance, scientific discussions emphasize the crucial role of human agency—recognizing, interpreting, and acting upon unexpected opportunities. This interaction between chance and conscious action has been a key theme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Social Relations
Chinese social relations are typified by a reciprocal social network. Often social obligations within the network are characterized in familial terms. The individual link within the social network is known by '' guanxi'' (关系/關係) and the feeling within the link is known by the term '' ganqing'' (感情). An important concept within Chinese social relations is the concept of face, as in many other Asian cultures. A Buddhist-related concept is '' yuanfen'' (缘分/緣分). As articulated in the sociological works of leading Chinese academic Fei Xiaotong, the Chinese—in contrast to other societies—tend to see social relations in terms of networks rather than boxes. Hence, people are perceived as being "near" or "far" rather than "in" or "out". See also * Culture of China ** Chinese tea culture ** Kowtow A kowtow () is the act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground. In East Asian cult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Mythology
Chinese mythology () is mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature throughout the area now known as Greater China. Chinese mythology encompasses a diverse array of myths derived from regional and cultural traditions. Populated with engaging narratives featuring extraordinary individuals and beings endowed with magical powers, these stories often unfold in fantastical mythological realms or historical epochs. Similar to numerous other mythologies, Chinese mythology has historically been regarded, at least partially, as a factual record of the past. Along with Chinese folklore, Chinese mythology forms an important part of Chinese folk religion and Taoism, especially older popular forms of it. Many narratives recounting characters and events from ancient times exhibit a dual tradition: one that presents a more historicized or euhemerized interpretation, and another that offers a more mythological perspective. Numerous myths delve into the creation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Predestination
Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism, also known as theological determinism. History Pre-Christian period Some have argued that the Book of Enoch contains a deterministic worldview that is combined with dualism. The book of Jubilees seems to harmonize or mix together a doctrine of free will and determinism. Ben Sira affirms free will, where God allows a choice of bad or good before the human and thus they can choose which one to follow. New Testament period There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the views on predestination of first-century AD Judaism, out of which Christianity came. Josephus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Divine Providence
In theology, divine providence, or simply providence, is God's intervention in the universe. The term ''Divine Providence'' (usually capitalized) is also used as a names of God, title of God. A distinction is usually made between "general providence", which refers to God's God the Sustainer, continuous upholding of the existence and natural law, natural order of the universe, and "special providence", which refers to God's extraordinary intervention in the life of people. Miracles and even divine retribution, retribution generally fall in the latter category. Etymology "Divine" evolved in the late 14th century to mean "pertaining to, in the nature of or proceeding from God or a god". This came from the Old French , with a similar meaning, and that from the Latin , meaning "of a god", in turn from , with similar meaning, which was related the Latin , meaning god or deity. The word "providence" comes from Latin meaning foresight or prudence, and that in turn from "ahead" and " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
