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Yohimbe
''Corynanthe johimbe'', synonym ''Pausinystalia johimbe'', common name yohimbe, is a plant species in the family Rubiaceae native to western and central Africa (Nigeria, Cabinda, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea). Extracts from yohimbe have been used in traditional medicine in West Africa as an aphrodisiac, and have been marketed in developed countries as dietary supplements. The extracts and supplements have no proven effectiveness and pose safety concerns due to variable yohimbine levels and potential adverse effects, such as hypertension and insomnia. Synonyms Botanical According to Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Plants of the World Online, the accepted name is ''Corynanthe johimbe'' K.Schum (first published in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 3: 94, 1901) and it has the following recognised synonyms: Homotypic: *''Pausinystalia johimbe'' (K.Schum.) Pierre in Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 61: 130 (1906) *''Pseudocinchona johimbe'' (K.Schum.) A.Chev. in : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yohimbine
Yohimbine, also known as quebrachine, is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the African tree '' Pausinystalia johimbe'' (yohimbe); also from the bark of the unrelated South American tree '' Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco''. Yohimbine is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and has been used in a variety of research projects. It is a veterinary drug used to reverse sedation in dogs and deer. While yohimbine behaves as an aphrodisiac in some mammals, it does not do so in humans. It has been prescribed as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, although its reported clinical benefits were modest and it has largely been superseded by the PDE5 inhibitor class of drugs. Substances that have purported to be extracts from the yohimbe tree have been marketed as dietary supplements for various purposes, but they contain highly variable amounts of yohimbine, if any; no published scientific evidence supports their efficacy. Uses Sexual dysfunction and aphrodisiac Yohimbe extracts, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yohimbe
''Corynanthe johimbe'', synonym ''Pausinystalia johimbe'', common name yohimbe, is a plant species in the family Rubiaceae native to western and central Africa (Nigeria, Cabinda, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea). Extracts from yohimbe have been used in traditional medicine in West Africa as an aphrodisiac, and have been marketed in developed countries as dietary supplements. The extracts and supplements have no proven effectiveness and pose safety concerns due to variable yohimbine levels and potential adverse effects, such as hypertension and insomnia. Synonyms Botanical According to Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Plants of the World Online, the accepted name is ''Corynanthe johimbe'' K.Schum (first published in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 3: 94, 1901) and it has the following recognised synonyms: Homotypic: *''Pausinystalia johimbe'' (K.Schum.) Pierre in Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 61: 130 (1906) *''Pseudocinchona johimbe'' (K.Schum.) A.Chev. in : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pau De Cabinda
Pau or PAU may refer to: Places * Pau (Aachen), a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany * PAU, an agricultural university in Punjab, India * Pau (river), a river of south-western France (Gave de Pau) * Pau, Edom, a city in the Bible * Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France, a city ** Arrondissement of Pau, a district containing the French city * Pau, Sardinia, a municipality * Pau, Spain, a municipality * La Pau (Barcelona Metro), a station * Lac Pau, a lake near Caniapiscau, Quebec, Canada - see Lac Pau (Caniapiscau) Water Aerodrome People * Pau (given name) * Pau (surname) * Maria de la Pau Janer (born 1966), Spanish writer Schools * Pacific Adventist University, Papua New Guinea * Palo Alto University, in Palo Alto, California, United States * ''Polska Akademia Umiejętności'', Polish Academy of Learning * Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad, see Selectividad * Punjab Agricultural University, India Other uses * Pau (unit), a unit of capacity used in Brunei, Malaysia, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have difficulty sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep for as long as desired. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depression (mood), depressed mood. It may result in an increased risk of accidents of all kinds as well as problems focusing and learning. Insomnia can be short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month. The concept of the word ''insomnia'' has two distinct possibilities: insomnia disorder (ID) or insomnia symptoms, and many abstracts of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews often underreport on which of these two possibilities the word refers to. Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. Conditions that can result in insomnia include psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, menopause ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbal Tonic
In herbal medicine, a herbal tonic (also tonic herbs, tonic herbalism) is used to help restore, tone and invigorate systems in the Human body, body or to promote general health and Wellness (alternative medicine), well-being. A herbal tonic is a Solution (chemistry), solution or other preparation made from a specially selected assortment of plants known as herbs. They are steeped in water and drunk either hot or cool. Herbal tonics are believed to have healing properties ranging from relieving muscle and joint pain and extend as far as inhibiting some cancers. Herbal tonics can be dated as far back as 4,000 years ago – as a practice thought to have originated under the sphere of Traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese Medicine. They were also used in Ayurveda, Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, Unani practices as well as in Native America. Initially, the use of herbal tonics was embedded within these traditional medicinal practices and cultures. Today, herbal tonics are con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Africa
West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territories, United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R. Masson, Catherine Anne Pattillo, "Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS): is it desirable and how could it be achieved?" (Introduction). International Monetary Fund, 2001. The population of West Africa is estimated at around million people as of , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 were female and 192,309,000 male.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, custom data acquired via webs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raubasine
Ajmalicine, also known as δ-yohimbine or raubasine, is an antihypertensive drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure. It has been marketed under numerous brand names including Card-Lamuran, Circolene, Cristanyl, Duxil, Duxor, Hydroxysarpon, Iskedyl, Isosarpan, Isquebral, Lamuran, Melanex, Raunatin, Saltucin Co, Salvalion, and Sarpan. It is an alkaloid found naturally in various plants such as ''Rauvolfia'' spp., ''Catharanthus roseus'', and ''Mitragyna speciosa''. Ajmalicine is structurally related to yohimbine, rauwolscine, and other yohimban derivatives. Like corynanthine, it acts as a α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist with preferential actions over α2-adrenergic receptors, underlying its hypotensive rather than hypertensive effects. Additionally, it is a very strong inhibitor of the CYP2D6 liver enzyme, which is responsible for the breakdown of many drugs. Its binding affinity at this receptor is 3.30 nM. Biosynthesis Two moieties are involved in the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corynanthine
Corynanthine, also known as rauhimbine, is an alkaloid found in the ''Rauvolfia'' and ''Corynanthe'' (including ''Pausinystalia'') genera of plants. It is one of the two diastereoisomers of yohimbine, the other being rauwolscine. It is also related to ajmalicine. Corynanthine acts as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, α1-adrenergic and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, α2-adrenergic receptor receptor antagonist, antagonist with approximately 10-fold binding selectivity, selectivity for the former site over the latter. This is in contrast to yohimbine and rauwolscine which have around 30-fold higher affinity for the α2-adrenergic receptor over the α1-adrenergic receptor. As a result, corynanthine is not a stimulant (or an aphrodisiac for that matter), but a depressant, and likely plays a role in the antihypertensive properties of ''Rauvolfia'' extracts. Like yohimbine and rauwolscine, corynanthine has also been shown to possess some activity at serotonin receptors. See also * Ajmalici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytochemical
Phytochemicals are naturally-occurring chemicals present in or extracted from plants. Some phytochemicals are nutrients for the plant, while others are metabolites produced to enhance plant survivability and reproduction. The fields of extracting phytochemicals for manufactured products or applying scientific methods to study phytochemical properties are called ''phytochemistry''. An individual who uses phytochemicals in food chemistry manufacturing or research is a ''phytochemist''. Phytochemicals without a nutrient definition have no confirmed biological activities or proven health benefits when consumed in plant foods. Once phytochemicals in a food enter the digestion process, the fate of individual phytochemicals in the body is unknown due to extensive metabolism of the food in the gastrointestinal tract, producing phytochemical metabolites with different biological properties from those of the parent compound that may have been tested in vitro. Further, the bioavaila ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tincture
A tincture is typically an extract of plant or animal material dissolved in ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Solvent concentrations of 25–60% are common, but may run as high as 90%.Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst In chemistry, a tincture is a solution that has ethanol as its solvent. In herbal medicine, alcoholic tinctures are made with various ethanol concentrations, which should be at least 20% alcohol for preservation purposes. Other solvents for producing tinctures include vinegar, glycerol (also called glycerine), diethyl ether and propylene glycol, not all of which can be used for internal consumption. Ethanol has the advantage of being an excellent solvent for both acidic and basic (alkaline) constituents. A tincture using glycerine is called a glycerite. Glycerine is generally a poorer solvent than ethanol. Vinegar, being acidic, is a better solvent for obtaining alkaloids but a poorer solvent for acidic components. For individuals who choose not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extraction (chemistry)
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a Matrix (chemical analysis), matrix. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an Chemical equilibrium, equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent. The term ''washing'' may also be used to refer to an extraction in which impurities are extracted from the solvent containing the desired Chemical compound, compound. Types of extraction * Liquid–liquid extraction ** Acid-base extraction ** Supercritical fluid extraction * Solid-liquid extraction ** Solid-phase extraction ** Maceration ** Ultrasound assisted extraction, Ultrasound-assisted extraction ** Microwave-assisted extraction ** Heat reflux extraction ** Instant controlled pressure drop extraction (:fr:Détente instantanée contrôlée, Détente instantanée contrôlée) * Perstraction Laboratory applica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
