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Year-round School
Year-round school is the practice of having students attend school without the traditional summer vacation, which is believed to have been made necessary by agricultural practices in the past, the agrarian school calendar consisted of a short winter and a short summer could help with planting in the spring and harvest in the fall. In cities, schools were open most of the year (In 1842, New York City schools were open 248 days a year, although school attendance was not yet mandatory). (Now, as of 2024, there are usually 180 days per total school year.) Summers were very hot before air conditioning was invented, so upper class and eventually middle-class families would flee the cities and take their children to the countryside, so schools in cities eventually started taking summers off. In the late 19th century a push was made for the standardization of urban and rural school calendars, and so the modern system was created. 10 percent of US public schools are currently using a year- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summer Vacation
The term summer vacation or summer break refers to a school break in the summer between school years and the break in the school academic year. Students are off anywhere between two weeks to three and a half months. Depending on the country and district, staff might be partially or fully excluded. In Spain, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Greece, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Lebanon, Romania and Russia, the summer break is normally three months, compared to two to six weeks (sometimes 3 months) in Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, the Netherlands, Germany and Mexico. Criticisms and support The research around the impact of summer vacation is mixed. " Summer learning loss" (or "summer slide") is the perceived loss of learning students experience due to interrupted education, but the exact consequences of extended breaks is unclear. Some research highlights that school holidays can be stressful periods for children from low-income fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Education Association
The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union in the United States. It represents public school teachers and other support personnel, faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college students preparing to become teachers. The NEA has 2.8 million members and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The NEA had a budget of $399 million in 2023 along with an endowment of $428 million. Becky Pringle is the NEA's current president. During the early 20th century, the National Education Association was among the leading progressive advocates of establishing a United States Department of Education.Slawson, Douglas J. (2005)Department of Education Battle, 1918-1932 Public Schools, Catholic Schools, and the Social Order Driven by pressure from teacher organizing, by the 1970s the NEA transformed from an education advocacy organization to a rank-and-file union. In the decades since, the association has continued to represent organ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classroom Overcrowding
As an educational reform goal, class size reduction (CSR) aims to increase the number of individualized student-teacher interactions intended to improve student learning. A reform long holding theoretical attraction to many constituencies, some have claimed CSR as the most studied educational reform of the last century. Until recently, interpretations of these studies have often been contentious. Some educational groups like the American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association are in favor of reducing class sizes. Others argue that class size reduction has little effect on student achievement. Many are concerned about the costs of reducing class sizes.Eric Hanushek (1999“The Evidence on Class Size,” in ''Earning and learning: How schools matter'', edited by Susan E. Mayer and Paul E. Peterson (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution): 131-168 The two most prominent CSR studies are Project STAR, which was conducted in the mid- to late-80s in Tennessee and Projec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teachers College Press
Teachers College Press is the university press of Teachers College, Columbia University. Founded in 1904, Teachers College Press has published professional and classroom materials for over a century and currently publishes 70 titles per year. History *1889: The City of New York grants a provisional charter to found a college for the training of teachers. *1892: The New York College for the Training of Teachers changes its name to Teachers College and receives a permanent charter. *1898: Teachers College affiliates with Columbia University. *1904: The Bureau of Publications is established as the official professional publishing agency for Teachers College. *1965: The Bureau of Publications is renamed Teachers College Press. *1971: Teachers College Press is admitted into the American Association of University Presses. Directors Notable authors * Richard Allington * Jean Anyon * Michael Apple * Arthur Applebee * William Ayers * James A. Banks * David Berliner * El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Urban Economics
The ''Journal of Urban Economics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering urban economics. It is considered the premier journal in the field of urban economics. It was established in 1974 by Edwin Mills and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Nathaniel Baum-Snow (University of Toronto) and Kristian Behrens (Université du Québec à Montréal). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 3.637. Edwin Mills was editor from 1974 to 1991. Jan K. Brueckner was editor from 1991 to 2007. Stuart Rosenthal was editor from 2007 to 2023. References External links *{{Official website, https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-urban-economics Urban economic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Issues
Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education involves unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on subjects, such as science education, language education, and physical education. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the mental states and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena. The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
School Types
A school is the educational institution (and, in the case of in-person learning, the Educational architecture, building) designed to provide learning environments for the teaching of students, usually under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsory education, compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools that can be built and operated by both government and private organization. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the ''School#Regional terms, Regional terms'' section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university. In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary (elementary in the U.S.) and secondary (middle scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Policy
Education policy consists of the principles and policy decisions that influence the field of education, as well as the collection of laws and rules that govern the operation of education systems. Education governance may be shared between the local, state, and federal government at varying levels. Some analysts see education policy in terms of Social engineering (political science) , social engineering. Education takes place in many forms for many purposes through many institutions. Examples of such educational institutions may include early childhood education centers, kindergarten to 12th grade schools, two- and four-year colleges or universities, graduate and professional education institutes,adult education , adult-education establishments, and Job training, job-training schemes. The educational goals of these institutions influence education policy. Furthermore, these education policies can affect the education people engage in at all ages. Examples of areas subject to deba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
